Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

END OF YEAR NEURO-ORTHO > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

What is Vertigo?

A

Spinning sensation of movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Explain Peripheral Vertigo

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What can we use to diagnose and treat for BPPV?

A
  • Dix Hallpike to diagnose
  • Treated with Epleys
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Explain Central Vertigo

A

Originates in CNS (Brainstem or cerebellum)
- Not specifically triggered by head movement or positions
Associated with:
- Headache
- Diplopia
- Limb weakness
- Nystagmus

  • Delay in nystagmus of vertigo in dix hallpike (2-5 seconds)
  • Horizontal or rotary nystagmus but also vertical
  • Nystagmus can change direction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Vertebral artery insufficiency - Pathophysiology

A

Compression or obstruction of one or both vertebral arteries, usually due to atherosclerosis, neck trauma, or vertebral bone spurs.

The reduced blood flow can cause transient or permanent neurologic deficits,

including dizziness, vertigo, headaches, visual changes, weakness, numbness, or difficulty speaking or swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Vertebral artery insufficiency - Demographics/Riskfactor?

A

Any age
Usually older adults

  • Hypertension
  • Diabetes
  • History of smoking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The classic cardinal signs of VAI are…

A

“5D’s 3N’s”

  • Drop attacks
  • Dizziness
  • Dysphasia
  • Dysarthria
  • Diplopia
  • Nystagmus
  • Nausea
  • Numbness

Positive Cranial Nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Meralgia Parasthetica Pathophysiology?

A
  • Compression of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
  • As it passes through the inguinal ligament
  • Sensory disturbances in the outer though
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Meralgia Parasthetica demographics?

A

Adults
Overweight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Meralgia Parasthetica Signs and symptoms?

A

Sensory:
Numbness, tingling, burning, pain outer thigh

  • Unilateral

Sensation worsens in prolonged:
- Standing
- Walking
- Activity

Hypersensitivity:
- Touch and pressure

Motor:
- Very RARE
- Weakness/atrophy in the thigh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Multiple Sclerosis - Overview/demographic

A

The most common disabling neurological disease of young adults
- 20 to 40 years(Can occur at any age)
- Women 3:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Multiple Sclerosis - Pathophysiology?

A

The immune system attacks and damages myelin, leading to inflammation and scarring. This disrupts communication between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

MS - Signs and Symptoms?

A

Sensory disturbances (numbness, tingling and burning)
Motor:
- Weakness
- Spasticity
- Difficulty with coordination and balance

Visual:
- Optic neuritis
- Fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Types of MS?

A

Types of MS
- Relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS)
Periods of relapses followed by partial or complete recovery
- Secondary progressive MS (SPMS)
Gradual worsening of symptoms following initial relapsing-remitting phase
- Primary progressive MS (PPMS)
Steady progression, NO relapse or remissions
Progressive-relapsing MS (PRMS)
Steady progression, occasional relapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Comparison between MS and Meralgia Parasthetica

A
  • Meralgia parasthetica specifically outer thigh
  • MS is more widespread and varied

Motor disturbances
- Mainly MS
* Spasticity
* Weakness
* Coordination

Both sensory disturbances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Myasthenia Gravis

A

Myasthenia gravis is a chronic autoimmune disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction, causing muscle weakness and fatigue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Myasthenia Gravis - Pathophysiology

A

The body’s immune system attacks the acetylcholine receptors on the muscle cells, which prevents the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from effectively communicating with the muscles. This leads to muscle weakness, especially in the eyes, face, throat, and limbs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Myasthenia Gravis - Demographics?

A
  • Women under 40
  • Men over 60
  • 14-20 per 100,000
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Myasthenia Gravis - Risk Factors?

A
  • Family history
  • Thyroid disorders
  • Lupus
20
Q

Myasthenia Gravis - Signs and Symptoms

A

Muscle weakness
- More pronounced with repeated or sustained activity
- Proximal muscles

  • Ocular symptoms
  • Ptosis
  • Diplopia
  • Difficulty with eye movements
  • Bulbar symptoms
  • Dysphagia
  • Dysarthria
  • Weakness of facial muscles
21
Q

What is Horners syndrome?

A

neurological condition caused by damage to the sympathetic nervous system

22
Q

Horners syndrome demographic?

A

Any age

23
Q

Horner’s syndrome causes?

A

blockage or damage to the sympathetic nerves that lead to your eyes

24
Q

What is Guillain-Barré syndrome

A

The body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the peripheral nerves

25
Q

Guillain-Barré syndrome Prevalance

A

1-2 per 100,000
- Adults and older individuals
- Following infection

26
Q

Guillain-Barré syndrome signs and symptoms?

A

Weakness and tingling sensation in the legs
- Spread to arms and upper body

Progresses over hours to weeks
Leads to paralysis
Difficulty breathing
Heart rate irregulaties
- Can lead to respiratory failure

Sensory symptoms
- Numbness
- Pain
- Paraesthesia

27
Q

Describe everything about Neuropraxia

A

Least severe out of all peripheral nerve damage
* Temporary conduction blockage WITHOUT axonal damage

Caused:
- Compression
- Mild trauma

Symptoms:
- Numbness
- Weakness
- Loss of function

  • Resolves within weeks to months
  • NOT permanent
28
Q

Describe everything about Axonotmesis

A

Disruption of axons but preservation of connective tissue framework

  • Caused:
    o Severe trauma
    o Crushing injuries
    o Traction
  • Symptoms:
    o Sensory deficits
    o Muscle weakness
    o Impaired reflexes
29
Q

Describe everything about Neurotmesis

A

Most severe type
Complete transection of the nerve

Caused:
o Severe trauma
- Lacerations
- Gunshot wounds
- Severe crush injuries

  • Complete loss of nerve function distal to injury
  • Very limited recovery
30
Q

What is Polyneuropathies

A

A group of disorders that affect multiple nerves throughout the body

31
Q

Polyneuropathies - Pathophysiology

A

Damage to the peripheral nerves that carry signals between the body and the brain, resulting in a variety of symptoms

32
Q

Polyneuropathies - Signs and Symptoms

A

Numbness and Tingling:
Sensations of numbness and tingling in the limbs.

Weakness:
Decreased strength and muscle power in the affected limbs.

Muscle Wasting:
Loss of muscle mass and strength over time.

Difficulty with Coordination and Balance:
Challenges in coordinating movements and maintaining balance.

Symptoms Progression:
These symptoms may worsen over time and can significantly impact mobility and daily activities.

33
Q

What is Neurogenic Claudication

A

A type of pain or discomfort that is caused by compression or irritation of the nerves in the spine

34
Q

Neurogenic Claudication - Pathophysiology

A

Pressure on the nerves in the spinal column,

typically due to arthritis or spinal stenosis, which results in pain and numbness

35
Q

Neurogenic Claudications - Signs and Symptoms

A

Pain, numbness, or weakness in the legs, particularly when standing or walking

36
Q

What is Vascular Claudication?

A

A type of pain or discomfort that is caused by decreased blood flow to the legs

37
Q

Vascular Claudication - Pathophysiology?

A

Narrowing or blockage of the arteries that supply blood to the legs, which results in pain and cramping

38
Q

Vascular Claudication - Signs and Symptoms?

A

Pain, cramping, or weakness in the legs, particularly during physical activity

39
Q

What test can be done to help identify wheterh claudication is vascular or neurogenic?

A

Van gelderen test

40
Q

What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

A

A progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects the nerve cells that control voluntary muscles

41
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - Pathophysiology

A

Degeneration of the motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord, resulting in muscle weakness, stiffness, and atrophy

42
Q

Amytrophic Lateral Sclerosis - Signs and symptoms

A

Muscle weakness and atrophy, difficulty with speaking, swallowing, and breathing

43
Q

What is Neurosyphilis?

A
  • Occurs when T pallidum infects brain or spinal cord (syphilis of the brain and spinal cord)
  • Tabes dorsalis is a slow demyelinating conditions of the posterior columns causing high stepping and slap foot
44
Q

Symptoms of tabes dorsalis

A
  • Trouble with balance
  • Loss of coordination
  • Incontinence
  • Altered walk
  • Vision probs
  • Pain in abdomen
45
Q

What is Parkinson’s Disease

A

A progressive disorder of the nervous system that affects movement

END OF YEAR NEURO-ORTHO (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions