Up to Exam 3

Question 1

what is domestic terrorism?

Answer 1

-Perpetrator targets victims within own/same country, with same citizenship
–“to further ideological goals stemming from domestic influences” (FBI)
–Conducted by terrorists based and operating entirely within the US without foreign intervention (FBI)
–Terrorist acts conducted “within territorial jurisdiction of US” without “international ties” or influence (Patriot Act)
–There is no federal charge for domestic terrorism in the US (though plenty of other charges can be used! And there are some state laws.)

Question 2

Basic types of Left wing extremism arising in the 1960’s examples

Answer 2

•Arose in the 1960s
–Rise of Black Power Advocated political independence, economic self-sufficiency, and a cultural reawakening
–Growth of the New Left
advocated a philosophy of direct action to confront mainstream establishment values
Generational rebellion
–Entho-nationalist (Puerto Rico)
•Generational Rebellion: New Left Terrorism
–The Weatherman/Weather Underground Organization
Ethno-nationalist terrorism
–FALN
•Leftist Hard Cores
–May 19 Communist Organization
•Single-issue violence (environment, animals)

Question 3

right wing terrorism and religion

Answer 3

Characterized by “self-defined value systems”
• Religious Politics and the Christian Right
– mostly Protestant fundamentalist movement that links strict Christian values to political agendas
• Antigovernment Patriots
–True heirs of the ideals of framers of US Constitution
• Racial Supremacy
• Racial Mysticism

Question 4

homegrown racism in the United States

Answer 4

• Homegrown Racism: The Legacy of the Ku Klux Klan
– Developed the following ideology:
oRacial supremacy
o Violent assertion of Klan racial doctrine
o Protestant Christian supremacy
o Ritualistic symbolism, greetings, and fraternal behavior
o American cultural nationalism (also known as nativism)

Question 5

Use of Force

Three types of Maximum use of force (military)

Answer 5

Suppression campaign
-long term operations against terrorist cadres, their bases, and support apparatuses and are uniquely adapted to the conditions of each terrorist environment
- military and paramilitary
Punitive Strikes (reprisals)
Preemptive strikes (in advance of an incident)

Question 6

Use of Force
Coercive Covert Operations
Special operation forces

Answer 6

coercive covert operations that seek to destabilize, degrade and destroy terrorist groups
- coercive covert operations seek to destabilize, degrade and destroy terrorist groups

• highly trained military and police units that specialize in unconventional operation

Question 7

Operations other than war:
Repressive options
Four

Answer 7

Nonviolent covert operations
–nonviolent covert operations encompass a number of options are often quite creative and are inherently secretive (infiltration, disinformation, cyberwar, surveillance)
Intelligence
Enhanced Security/Hardening Targets
–Deter and or make attacks more difficult
Economic sanctions

Question 8

Operations other than war:
Conciliatory (talking/negotiation)
Three

Answer 8

Diplomatic options
– the use of channels of communication to secure a counterterrorist objective (negations, peace processes)
Social Reform
– respond to grievances, undercut precipitation causes of terrorist attacks/support
Concessionary Options
– pay ransom, broadcast propaganda, ect.

Question 9

Social Reform and New Terrorism

Answer 9

an individuals experience of social alienation
social solidarity/belonging
“about the group, not God”
“the success of terrorists in recruiting is no accident. Recruiters seem to know exactly what potential members are missing in their lives, and they likewise know how to provide it. Recruiters assert themselves as purveyors of friendship and community, and they target lonely and isolated individuals who seem to lack both”
Mink (2015)

Question 10

right wing racial mysticism terrorism

Answer 10

• Racial Mysticism: Neo-Nazi Terrorism
– Belief in the racial holy war, called Rahowa
– Has led to lone-wolf terrorism and hate crimes
• Patriot Threats
• Moralist Terrorism

Question 11

Understanding the Persistence of Violent Ideologies in the United States

Answer 11

• Trends suggest that extremists persist in promulgating conspiracy theories and attracting true believers to their cause
• There continues to be sporadic violence from militia members, racial supremacists, and single-issue terrorists

Question 12

The Use of Force

Maximum Use of Force

Answer 12

–Suppression Campaigns
o Long-term operations against terrorist cadres, their bases, and support apparatuses and are uniquely adapted to the conditions of each terrorist environment
o Military and Paramilitary
–Punitive strikes (reprisals)
–Preemptive strikes (in advance of an incident)

Question 13

Legalistic Responses

Answer 13

•Law Enforcement and Counterterrorism
–International cooperation
•Domestic Laws and Counterterrorism
•International Law: Legalistic Responses by the World Community
–Treaties, courts/tribunals
–International Court of Justice and International Criminal Court
o Myanmar’s Rohingya

Question 14

Resilience

Answer 14

•Hardy (2015) study of UK counterterrorism efforts
•General definition (many, debated)
–“the ability to absorb the impact of, and then recover from, a shock or disturbance” (p. 79
)o“’limited knowledge and uncertain futures’” (p. 80)
•Emphasis on home population, not terrorists

•Benefits and Dangers
–Governmental accountability OR abuse
o Freedom of speech, religion
–Maintain status quo (when maybe it needs to change?)