Up to Exam 2 Flashcards
Understand and explain the state terrorism paradigm.*
sponsors: those states that actively promote terrorism and have been formally designated as rogue states of state sponsored under US law
enablers: stats that operate in an environment in which “being a part of the problem means not just failing to cooperate fully in countering terrorism but also doing some things that help enable it to occur
cooperators: “cooperation on counter terrorism is often feasible despite significant disagreements on other subjects”
warfare
genocide
assassinations
torture
Interpret some incidents of state-initiated international violence as state terrorism.*
1981 to 1988 US directed guerrilla war against leftist Sandinista regime in Nicaragua incorporated elements of the state patronage model (US proxy committed human rights violations)
Interpret some incidents of state-initiated domestic violence as state terrorism.*
apartheid
What types and degrees of violence do state terrorists use?
Scales of violence Warfare (civil and domestic) Genocide Assassinations Torture
What are the two kinds of state involvement?
state terrorism: direct action authoritarian totalitarian
state-sponsored terrorism: cooperative with another group
Auto-genocide
Self-genocide. When members of the same ethnic or religious group commit genocide against fellow members.
Axis of evil
In January 2002, U.S. President Bush identified Iraq, Iran, and North Korea as the axis of evil. In that speech, he promised that the United States “will not permit the world’s most dangerous regimes to threaten us with the world’s most destruc-tive weapons.”
Two types of state sponsored terrorism
- –patronage (active participation in and encouragement of terrorist behavior)
- –assistance (tacit participation In and encouragement of terrorist behavior)
Boland Amendment
A bill passed by Congress in Decem-ber 1982 that forbade the expenditure of U.S. funds to overthrow the Sandinista government.
African National Congress (ANC)
The principal anti-apartheid movement in predemocracy South Africa.
Anfal campaign
A genocidal campaign waged by the Iraqi army in 1988 against its Kurdish population. Mustard gas and nerve agents were used against civilians.
Apartheid
The former policy of racial separation and white supremacy in South Africa.
Ba’ath Party
A pan-Arab nationalist party.
State Sponsorship patronage
Foreign policy
-occurs when a government champions a politically violent movement or group—-a proxy—- that is operating beyond its borders because it supports the countries interests
Domestic polity
-regime engages in direct violent repression against a domestic enemy
Contras
Rightist Nicaraguan counterrevolutionaries trained and supported by the United States during the 1980s.
Crazy states
States where behavior is not rational, in which the people live at the whim of the regime or a dominant group. Some crazy states have little or no central authority and are ravaged by warlords or militias. Other crazy states have capricious, impulsive, and violent regimes in power that act out with impunity.
Death squads
Rightist paramilitaries and groups of people who have committed numerous human rights violations. Many death squads in Latin America and elsewhere have been sup-ported by the government and the upper classes.
Episode-specific sponsorship
State-sponsored terrorism limited to a single episode or campaign.
Ethnic cleansing
A term created by Serb nationalists dur-ing the wars following the breakup of Yugoslavia. It described the suppression and removal of non-Serbs from regions claimed for Serb settlement. A euphemism for genocide.
Four Olds
During the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in China, Maoists waged an ideological struggle to eliminate what they termed the Four Olds: old ideas, old culture, old customs, and old habits.
Genocidal domestic state terrorism
State-initiated genocide. The state either involves itself directly in the genocidal campaign or deploys proxies to carry out the genocide.
Genocide
The suppression of a targeted demographic group with the goal of repressing or eliminating its cultural or physical distinctiveness. The group is usually an ethno-nationalist, reli-gious, or ideological group.
State sponsorship: Assistance
foreign policy
- occurs when a government champions a politically violent proxy operating behind its borders
domestic policy
- occurs when a regime engages in indirect violent repression against an enemy
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
A period from 1965 to 1969 in China during which the Communist Party insti-gated a mass movement to mobilize the young postrevolution generation. Its purpose was to eliminate so-called revisionist ten-dencies in society and to create a newly indoctrinated revolution-ary generation.
House Un-American Activities Committee
A congressional committee created in the aftermath of a Red Scare during the 1930s to investigate threats to American security.
Inkatha Freedom Party
A Zulu-based movement in South Africa.
Jamahiriya Security Organization (JSO)
The Libyan state security agency during the reign of Muammar el-Qaddafi. Apparently responsible for promoting Libya’s policy of state-sponsored terrorism.
Janjaweed
An alliance of Arab militias in Darfur, Sudan. When a rebellion broke out among African residents of Darfur in early 2003, the Sudanese government armed and provided air support for a Janjaweed campaign of ethnic cleansing. About 2 million Africans became refugees when they were forced from the land, and about 50,000 were killed. The Janjaweed systematically sexually assaulted African women and girls.
Joint operations supportive sponsorship
State- sponsored terrorism in which state personnel participate in the terrorist enterprise.
Khmer Rouge
A Cambodian Marxist insurgency that seized power in 1975. During its reign, between 1 and 2 million Cambo-dians died, many of them in the infamous Killing Fields.
Kurdistan
The regional homeland of the Kurdish people. It is divided between Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey.
Kurds
An ethno-nationalist group in the Middle East. Several nationalist movements fought protracted wars on behalf of Kurdish independence.
What is domestic terrorism by the state?
politically motivated application of force inside its own borders.
domestic terrorist threats can be supplemented by what?
death squads
paramilitaries
Logistically supportive sponsorship
State-sponsored terrorism in which the state provides a great deal of logistical support to the terrorists but stops short of directly participating in the terrorist incident or campaign.
Muslim Brotherhood
a transnational Sunni Islamic funda-mentalist movement that is very active in several North African and Middle Eastern countries. It has been implicated in terrorist violence committed in Egypt, Syria, and elsewhere.
Official domestic state terrorism
Terrorism under-taken as a matter of official government policy.
Palestine Islamic Jihad (PIJ)
The PIJ is not a single organization but a loose affiliation of factions. It is an Islamic fun-damentalist revolutionary movement that seeks to promote jihad, or holy war, and to form a Palestinian state; it is responsible for assassinations and suicide bombings.
Palmer Raids
A series of raids in the United States during the administration of President Woodrow Wilson targeting commu-nist and other leftist radical groups.
Pan Am Flight 103
An airliner that exploded over Lockerbie, Scotland, on December 21, 1988. In the explosion, 270 people were killed, including all 259 passengers and crew and 11 persons on the ground. Libya was implicated in the incident.
Iran-Contra scandal
Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North’s efforts to circumvent the Boland Amendment were revealed by the press when a covert American cargo plane was shot down inside Nicaragua and an American mercenary was captured.
What are the different types of Domestic terrorism
Unofficial repression: vigilante
Repression as policy: official domestic state terrorism
Mass Repression in domestic state terrorism: Genocide
Describe vigilante domestic state terrorism
- political violence perpetrated by nongovernmental groups and individuals
- -the goal of vigilante state terrorist is to violently preserve the preferred order
- does the government fail to prevent their actions, even if it doesn’t condone them…
Examples: anti-government militias
Paramilitaries
A term used to describe rightist irregular units and groups that are frequently supported by governments or progovernment interests. Many paramilitaries have been respon-sible for human rights violations.
People’s Liberation Army
The Chinese communist national army, founded by Mao Zedong.
Phoenix Program
A three-year campaign conducted dur-ing the Vietnam War to disrupt and eliminate the administrative effectiveness of the communist Viet Cong.
Red Guards
Groups of young Communist radicals who sought to purge Chinese society during the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution.
Red Scares
Periodic anticommunist security crises in the United States, when national leaders reacted to the perceived threat of communist subversion.
Sandinistas
A Marxist movement in Nicaragua that seized power after a successful insurgency against the regime of Anastasio Somoza Debayle. The Sandinista regime became the object of an American-supported insurgency.
State assistance
Tacit state participation in and encour-agement of extremist behavior. Its basic characteristic is that the state, through sympathetic proxies and agents, implicitly takes part in repression, violence, and terrorism.
State patronage
Active state participation in and encour-agement of extremist behavior. Its basic characteristic is that the state, through its agencies and personnel, actively takes part in repression, violence, and terrorism.
Torture
Physical and psychological pressure and degradation.
Warfare
Making war against an enemy. In the modern era, it usually refers to conventional and guerrilla conflicts.
Year Zero
The ideological designation given by the Khmer Rouge to the beginning of their genocidal consolidation of power.
What is repression as Policy: Official domestic state terrorism
Practice regularly during the 20th century
Goals: preserve an existing order, maintain state authority through demonstrations of state power
Example: Stalin’s Great Terror
Purges
Labor/Death Camps
what is Mass Repression in domestic state terrorism
the elimination of a group as a matter of state policy or communal dissident violence by one group against another
Genocide
Deemed a crime under international law since 1946
Rohingya in Myanmar
Ethnic Cleansing v Genocide
ethnic-cleansing– not killing, just removing
genocide– removing entirely
What are the four reason why states would use terrorism as a foreign policy?
Moral support
– occurs when a government openly embraces the main beliefs and principles of a cause
Technical Support: supportive sponsorship
– occurs when a government provides aid and comfort to a championed cause
Selective if episode specific participation
– refers to government support for a single incident or series of incidents
Active participation/ Joint Operations
– occurs when government personnel carry out campaigns in cooperation with a championed proxy
Advantages of critical approaches to terrorism
Notice detail and complexity Tailor the response increasing security/measures of counterintelligence question "controlling the narrative" Refined categories labeling leads to legitimacy history, context, environment
Disadvantages of critical approaches to terrorism
causality
knowledge and Power (don’t appreciate being questioned)
if we don’t have categories
what are three types of dissident terrorism
Revolutionary
Nihilist
Nationalist
describe revolutionary dissident terrorism
revolutionary dissident terrorism want to destroy an existing order through armed conflict and to build a relatively well-designed new society
they have issues with the existing order (regressive, corrupt, oppressive)
describe Nihilist Dissident terrorism
many consider this as historical, not present
revolution for the sake of revolution
they do not have a clear idea of what the new government is going to be
19th century philosophical movement
only scientific truth could end ignorance
religion, nationalism, and traditional values (especially family values) are the root of ignorance
anarchist ties
describe nationalist dissident terrorism
the aspirations of a people
the goal of a nationalist dissident is to mobilize a particular demographic group against another group or government
motivated by the desire for some degree of national autonomy
asymmetrical warfare
little state as big state
the use of conventional unexpected and nearly unpredictable methods of political violence
A term used to describe tactics, organizational configurations, and methods of conflict that do not use previously accepted or predictable rules of engagement.
small group has little chance of beating the big environment
what is the appeal of asymmetrical conflict
terrorists are quantitatively and qualitatively weaker than security forces
allows terrorists to deliver maximum propaganda and symbolic blows against a strong enemy
asymmetrical warfare and finance
transnational crime, personal fortunes, extortion, foundations, ect.
who has the most money
antistate terrorism
terrorists working against the government
Dissident terrorism directed against a particular government or group of governments.
occurs within the borders of a particular county or where those interests are found in other countries
communal terrorism
Group-against-group terrorism, in which rival demographic groups engage in political violence against each other.
three categories
ethno-nationalist
religious
ideological
targets in terrorism
symbolism
Timothy McVay (unibomber)
attacked ATF building
9/11 World Trade Center
weapons in terrorism
old and new
sliding scale of technological sophistication and threat potential
conventional weapons vs weapons of mass destruction
describe terrorist cells and the lone wolf model
cells
emerged at the end of the 20th century
indistinct command and organizational organizational configurations
avoids total annihilation if group gets attacked
can’t inform on entire group
harder to kill
Lone wolf
Understand and explain the dissident terrorism paradigm
revolutionary terrorism: the threat or use of political violence aimed at effecting complete revolutionary change
sub-revolutionary terrorism: the threat or use of political violence aimed at effecting various changes in a particular political system ( but not aimed at abolishing it )
establishment terrorism: the threat or use of political violence by an established political system against internal or external opposition
Interpret some incidents of dissident-initiated political violence as antistatic terrorism
Dissident terrorism directed against a particular government or group of governments.
Red Army faction in West Germany
Interpret some incidents of dissident initiated political violence as communal terrorism
Group-against-group terrorism, in which rival demographic groups engage in political violence against each other.
ethno-nationalist
religious
ideological
Apartheid, Rwanda, Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka
Discuss central operational attributes of the New Terrorism
New morality
- suicide bombers (religion-motivated)
- cells and lone wolfs
Explain the concept of primary and secondary motives for religious terrorism
Example: jihad
Jihad=in the way of god (primary meaning)
jihad= to wage war in the way of god (secondary meaning)
western interpretation
greater jihad and lesser jihad
Understand the historical context of religious terrorism
Judeo-christian antiquity christian crusades the assassins a secret cult of murder modern arab islamist extremism
Interpret some incidents of religious-motivated political violence as state-sponsored religious terrorism
Iran.
Interpret some incidents of religious-motivated political violence as dissident-sponsored religious terrorism
Boko haram, al qaeda, aum shinrikyo
Discuss the future of religious terrorism
Central feature of new terrorism
- extremist religious propaganda cannot be prevented
- a new generation of islamist extremists has been primed
- al quad has become more than an organization…. it has evolved to become a symbol and an ideology
- the jihadist movement has become a globalized phenomenon
- christian extremists continue to promote a religious motivation for the war on terrorism
