Up to Exam 2 Flashcards
Understand and explain the state terrorism paradigm.*
sponsors: those states that actively promote terrorism and have been formally designated as rogue states of state sponsored under US law
enablers: stats that operate in an environment in which “being a part of the problem means not just failing to cooperate fully in countering terrorism but also doing some things that help enable it to occur
cooperators: “cooperation on counter terrorism is often feasible despite significant disagreements on other subjects”
warfare
genocide
assassinations
torture
Interpret some incidents of state-initiated international violence as state terrorism.*
1981 to 1988 US directed guerrilla war against leftist Sandinista regime in Nicaragua incorporated elements of the state patronage model (US proxy committed human rights violations)
Interpret some incidents of state-initiated domestic violence as state terrorism.*
apartheid
What types and degrees of violence do state terrorists use?
Scales of violence Warfare (civil and domestic) Genocide Assassinations Torture
What are the two kinds of state involvement?
state terrorism: direct action authoritarian totalitarian
state-sponsored terrorism: cooperative with another group
Auto-genocide
Self-genocide. When members of the same ethnic or religious group commit genocide against fellow members.
Axis of evil
In January 2002, U.S. President Bush identified Iraq, Iran, and North Korea as the axis of evil. In that speech, he promised that the United States “will not permit the world’s most dangerous regimes to threaten us with the world’s most destruc-tive weapons.”
Two types of state sponsored terrorism
- –patronage (active participation in and encouragement of terrorist behavior)
- –assistance (tacit participation In and encouragement of terrorist behavior)
Boland Amendment
A bill passed by Congress in Decem-ber 1982 that forbade the expenditure of U.S. funds to overthrow the Sandinista government.
African National Congress (ANC)
The principal anti-apartheid movement in predemocracy South Africa.
Anfal campaign
A genocidal campaign waged by the Iraqi army in 1988 against its Kurdish population. Mustard gas and nerve agents were used against civilians.
Apartheid
The former policy of racial separation and white supremacy in South Africa.
Ba’ath Party
A pan-Arab nationalist party.
State Sponsorship patronage
Foreign policy
-occurs when a government champions a politically violent movement or group—-a proxy—- that is operating beyond its borders because it supports the countries interests
Domestic polity
-regime engages in direct violent repression against a domestic enemy
Contras
Rightist Nicaraguan counterrevolutionaries trained and supported by the United States during the 1980s.
Crazy states
States where behavior is not rational, in which the people live at the whim of the regime or a dominant group. Some crazy states have little or no central authority and are ravaged by warlords or militias. Other crazy states have capricious, impulsive, and violent regimes in power that act out with impunity.
Death squads
Rightist paramilitaries and groups of people who have committed numerous human rights violations. Many death squads in Latin America and elsewhere have been sup-ported by the government and the upper classes.
Episode-specific sponsorship
State-sponsored terrorism limited to a single episode or campaign.
Ethnic cleansing
A term created by Serb nationalists dur-ing the wars following the breakup of Yugoslavia. It described the suppression and removal of non-Serbs from regions claimed for Serb settlement. A euphemism for genocide.
Four Olds
During the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in China, Maoists waged an ideological struggle to eliminate what they termed the Four Olds: old ideas, old culture, old customs, and old habits.
Genocidal domestic state terrorism
State-initiated genocide. The state either involves itself directly in the genocidal campaign or deploys proxies to carry out the genocide.
Genocide
The suppression of a targeted demographic group with the goal of repressing or eliminating its cultural or physical distinctiveness. The group is usually an ethno-nationalist, reli-gious, or ideological group.
State sponsorship: Assistance
foreign policy
- occurs when a government champions a politically violent proxy operating behind its borders
domestic policy
- occurs when a regime engages in indirect violent repression against an enemy
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
A period from 1965 to 1969 in China during which the Communist Party insti-gated a mass movement to mobilize the young postrevolution generation. Its purpose was to eliminate so-called revisionist ten-dencies in society and to create a newly indoctrinated revolution-ary generation.
House Un-American Activities Committee
A congressional committee created in the aftermath of a Red Scare during the 1930s to investigate threats to American security.
Inkatha Freedom Party
A Zulu-based movement in South Africa.
Jamahiriya Security Organization (JSO)
The Libyan state security agency during the reign of Muammar el-Qaddafi. Apparently responsible for promoting Libya’s policy of state-sponsored terrorism.
Janjaweed
An alliance of Arab militias in Darfur, Sudan. When a rebellion broke out among African residents of Darfur in early 2003, the Sudanese government armed and provided air support for a Janjaweed campaign of ethnic cleansing. About 2 million Africans became refugees when they were forced from the land, and about 50,000 were killed. The Janjaweed systematically sexually assaulted African women and girls.
Joint operations supportive sponsorship
State- sponsored terrorism in which state personnel participate in the terrorist enterprise.
Khmer Rouge
A Cambodian Marxist insurgency that seized power in 1975. During its reign, between 1 and 2 million Cambo-dians died, many of them in the infamous Killing Fields.
Kurdistan
The regional homeland of the Kurdish people. It is divided between Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey.
Kurds
An ethno-nationalist group in the Middle East. Several nationalist movements fought protracted wars on behalf of Kurdish independence.
What is domestic terrorism by the state?
politically motivated application of force inside its own borders.
domestic terrorist threats can be supplemented by what?
death squads
paramilitaries
Logistically supportive sponsorship
State-sponsored terrorism in which the state provides a great deal of logistical support to the terrorists but stops short of directly participating in the terrorist incident or campaign.
Muslim Brotherhood
a transnational Sunni Islamic funda-mentalist movement that is very active in several North African and Middle Eastern countries. It has been implicated in terrorist violence committed in Egypt, Syria, and elsewhere.
Official domestic state terrorism
Terrorism under-taken as a matter of official government policy.
Palestine Islamic Jihad (PIJ)
The PIJ is not a single organization but a loose affiliation of factions. It is an Islamic fun-damentalist revolutionary movement that seeks to promote jihad, or holy war, and to form a Palestinian state; it is responsible for assassinations and suicide bombings.
Palmer Raids
A series of raids in the United States during the administration of President Woodrow Wilson targeting commu-nist and other leftist radical groups.
Pan Am Flight 103
An airliner that exploded over Lockerbie, Scotland, on December 21, 1988. In the explosion, 270 people were killed, including all 259 passengers and crew and 11 persons on the ground. Libya was implicated in the incident.
Iran-Contra scandal
Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North’s efforts to circumvent the Boland Amendment were revealed by the press when a covert American cargo plane was shot down inside Nicaragua and an American mercenary was captured.
What are the different types of Domestic terrorism
Unofficial repression: vigilante
Repression as policy: official domestic state terrorism
Mass Repression in domestic state terrorism: Genocide
Describe vigilante domestic state terrorism
- political violence perpetrated by nongovernmental groups and individuals
- -the goal of vigilante state terrorist is to violently preserve the preferred order
- does the government fail to prevent their actions, even if it doesn’t condone them…
Examples: anti-government militias
Paramilitaries
A term used to describe rightist irregular units and groups that are frequently supported by governments or progovernment interests. Many paramilitaries have been respon-sible for human rights violations.
People’s Liberation Army
The Chinese communist national army, founded by Mao Zedong.
Phoenix Program
A three-year campaign conducted dur-ing the Vietnam War to disrupt and eliminate the administrative effectiveness of the communist Viet Cong.
Red Guards
Groups of young Communist radicals who sought to purge Chinese society during the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution.
Red Scares
Periodic anticommunist security crises in the United States, when national leaders reacted to the perceived threat of communist subversion.
Sandinistas
A Marxist movement in Nicaragua that seized power after a successful insurgency against the regime of Anastasio Somoza Debayle. The Sandinista regime became the object of an American-supported insurgency.
State assistance
Tacit state participation in and encour-agement of extremist behavior. Its basic characteristic is that the state, through sympathetic proxies and agents, implicitly takes part in repression, violence, and terrorism.
State patronage
Active state participation in and encour-agement of extremist behavior. Its basic characteristic is that the state, through its agencies and personnel, actively takes part in repression, violence, and terrorism.
Torture
Physical and psychological pressure and degradation.
Warfare
Making war against an enemy. In the modern era, it usually refers to conventional and guerrilla conflicts.
Year Zero
The ideological designation given by the Khmer Rouge to the beginning of their genocidal consolidation of power.
What is repression as Policy: Official domestic state terrorism
Practice regularly during the 20th century
Goals: preserve an existing order, maintain state authority through demonstrations of state power
Example: Stalin’s Great Terror
Purges
Labor/Death Camps
what is Mass Repression in domestic state terrorism
the elimination of a group as a matter of state policy or communal dissident violence by one group against another
Genocide
Deemed a crime under international law since 1946
Rohingya in Myanmar
Ethnic Cleansing v Genocide
ethnic-cleansing– not killing, just removing
genocide– removing entirely
What are the four reason why states would use terrorism as a foreign policy?
Moral support
– occurs when a government openly embraces the main beliefs and principles of a cause
Technical Support: supportive sponsorship
– occurs when a government provides aid and comfort to a championed cause
Selective if episode specific participation
– refers to government support for a single incident or series of incidents
Active participation/ Joint Operations
– occurs when government personnel carry out campaigns in cooperation with a championed proxy
Advantages of critical approaches to terrorism
Notice detail and complexity Tailor the response increasing security/measures of counterintelligence question "controlling the narrative" Refined categories labeling leads to legitimacy history, context, environment
Disadvantages of critical approaches to terrorism
causality
knowledge and Power (don’t appreciate being questioned)
if we don’t have categories
what are three types of dissident terrorism
Revolutionary
Nihilist
Nationalist
describe revolutionary dissident terrorism
revolutionary dissident terrorism want to destroy an existing order through armed conflict and to build a relatively well-designed new society
they have issues with the existing order (regressive, corrupt, oppressive)
describe Nihilist Dissident terrorism
many consider this as historical, not present
revolution for the sake of revolution
they do not have a clear idea of what the new government is going to be
19th century philosophical movement
only scientific truth could end ignorance
religion, nationalism, and traditional values (especially family values) are the root of ignorance
anarchist ties
describe nationalist dissident terrorism
the aspirations of a people
the goal of a nationalist dissident is to mobilize a particular demographic group against another group or government
motivated by the desire for some degree of national autonomy
asymmetrical warfare
little state as big state
the use of conventional unexpected and nearly unpredictable methods of political violence
A term used to describe tactics, organizational configurations, and methods of conflict that do not use previously accepted or predictable rules of engagement.
small group has little chance of beating the big environment
what is the appeal of asymmetrical conflict
terrorists are quantitatively and qualitatively weaker than security forces
allows terrorists to deliver maximum propaganda and symbolic blows against a strong enemy
asymmetrical warfare and finance
transnational crime, personal fortunes, extortion, foundations, ect.
who has the most money
antistate terrorism
terrorists working against the government
Dissident terrorism directed against a particular government or group of governments.
occurs within the borders of a particular county or where those interests are found in other countries
communal terrorism
Group-against-group terrorism, in which rival demographic groups engage in political violence against each other.
three categories
ethno-nationalist
religious
ideological
targets in terrorism
symbolism
Timothy McVay (unibomber)
attacked ATF building
9/11 World Trade Center
weapons in terrorism
old and new
sliding scale of technological sophistication and threat potential
conventional weapons vs weapons of mass destruction
describe terrorist cells and the lone wolf model
cells
emerged at the end of the 20th century
indistinct command and organizational organizational configurations
avoids total annihilation if group gets attacked
can’t inform on entire group
harder to kill
Lone wolf
Understand and explain the dissident terrorism paradigm
revolutionary terrorism: the threat or use of political violence aimed at effecting complete revolutionary change
sub-revolutionary terrorism: the threat or use of political violence aimed at effecting various changes in a particular political system ( but not aimed at abolishing it )
establishment terrorism: the threat or use of political violence by an established political system against internal or external opposition
Interpret some incidents of dissident-initiated political violence as antistatic terrorism
Dissident terrorism directed against a particular government or group of governments.
Red Army faction in West Germany
Interpret some incidents of dissident initiated political violence as communal terrorism
Group-against-group terrorism, in which rival demographic groups engage in political violence against each other.
ethno-nationalist
religious
ideological
Apartheid, Rwanda, Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka
Discuss central operational attributes of the New Terrorism
New morality
- suicide bombers (religion-motivated)
- cells and lone wolfs
Explain the concept of primary and secondary motives for religious terrorism
Example: jihad
Jihad=in the way of god (primary meaning)
jihad= to wage war in the way of god (secondary meaning)
western interpretation
greater jihad and lesser jihad
Understand the historical context of religious terrorism
Judeo-christian antiquity christian crusades the assassins a secret cult of murder modern arab islamist extremism
Interpret some incidents of religious-motivated political violence as state-sponsored religious terrorism
Iran.
Interpret some incidents of religious-motivated political violence as dissident-sponsored religious terrorism
Boko haram, al qaeda, aum shinrikyo
Discuss the future of religious terrorism
Central feature of new terrorism
- extremist religious propaganda cannot be prevented
- a new generation of islamist extremists has been primed
- al quad has become more than an organization…. it has evolved to become a symbol and an ideology
- the jihadist movement has become a globalized phenomenon
- christian extremists continue to promote a religious motivation for the war on terrorism
Under the state terrorism paradigm, a “rogue state” would most likely be classified as what?
sponsor
enabler
cooperator
facilitator
sponsor
Most state sponsors of terrorism do not make any attempt to conceal their involvement.
True
False
false
State terrorism is usually the most organized and potentially far-reaching form of terrorism.
True
False
True
A so-called “crazy state” is most characterized by which of the following?
a weak constitution that does not prohibit abuses by the state
an authoritarian regime with unelected leaders
a totalitarian state with the pretense of elections
people subject to the whim and caprice of a regime or dominant group
people subject to the whim and caprice of a regime or dominant group
he group known as Jamahiriya Security Organization was headquartered out of which country?
Lebanon
Libya
Saudia Arabia
Syria
Libya
Moral support of terrorism can involve agreement with a movement’s motives but not its tactics.
True
False
True
So-called “social” or “ethnic cleansing” usually involves the repression or genocide of what kind of people?
undesirables
dissidents
subversives
extremists
undesirable
In a genocidal state terrorism environment, sometimes the targeted group can be induced to commit genocide against its fellow members.
True
False
True
Genocide has been regarded as a crime under international law since what year?
1932
1946
1963
1977
1946
Provision of military training and/or munitions to a terrorist group is what kind of support?
moral or ideological
logistical or technical
episodic or selective
joint or active
logistical or technical
In a terrorism as domestic policy environment, nongovernmental vigilantes usually organize themselves into paramilitaries and death squads.
True
False
True
Which of the following is an example of state patronage as opposed to state assistance as a subtype of state sponsorship?
the Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University
Pakistani assistance to extremists in Jammu and Kashmir
United States intervention in Nicaragua
the Cultural Revolution in China
United States Intervention in Nicaragua
Which of the following is the best example of a joint or active form of state sponsorship?
Iranian support for anti-Israeli causes
Syrian assassinations in Lebanon
the Pan Am Flight 103 disaster
the Phoenix Program in Vietnam
The Phoenix program in Vietnam
The Palestinian movement has elements of both antistate and communal dissident terrorism.
True
False
True
Communal dissident terrorism aims to defeat the state and often has a profit motive.
True
False
False
Conflicts that linger on for years, do not rivet the world’s attention, and tend to grow more vicious as time goes on are called what?
insane
intractable
mechanistic
unstoppable
intractable
Which continent has the most ethnonationalist communal terrorism?
Africa
Asia
Europe
Latin America
Africa
Antistate dissident terrorists not only believe that defeat is unthinkable but also that victory is what?
unthinkable
inevitable
never fully achieved
an enormous task
inevitable
Which of the following groups is the best example of nationalist dissident terrorism?
Hezbollah in Lebanon
Cuban revolutionaries
the Red Brigade in Italy
the Provisional Irish Republican Army
Provisional Irish Republican Army
Modern, “new” dissident terrorist behavior includes or involves all the following except what?
indiscriminate killing
child soldiers
vertical organization
lone-wolf missions
vertical organization
Ideological communal terrorism took hold mostly in what part of the world?
capitalist economies
developed countries
former colonies
island nations
Former colonies
Which of the following refers to the threat or use of political violence by an established political system against internal or external opposition?
revolutionary terrorism
subrevolutionary terrorism
establishment terrorism
dissident terrorism
establishment terrorism
Many nationalist dissident terrorists incorporate ideological or religious agendas into their movement.
True
False
True
Antistate dissidents, except in unique historical and political situations, usually take on all the following forms except ______.
communal
nationalist
nihilist
revolutionary
communal
Communal conflict between religious groups is also known as what?
civil conflict
internecine conflict
joint conflict
sectarian conflict
sectarian conflict
Botulinum toxin (botulism)
A rather common form of food poisoning. It is a bacterium rather than a virus or fungus and can be deadly if inhaled or ingested even in small quantities.
Terrorist Cells
Autonomous groups of terrorists who may be loosely affili-ated with a larger movement but who are largely independent of hierarchical control.
Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP)
A faction of the Palestine Liberation Organization, which split from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine in 1969 and further split into two factions in 1991. It is a Marxist organization that believes in ultimate victory through mass revo-lution, and it has committed small bombings and assaults against Israel, including border raids.
Dissident terrorism
Bottom-up terrorism perpetrated by individuals, groups, or movements in opposition to an existing political or social order.
Abu Sayyaf
A Muslim insurgency on the island of Basilan in the Philippines; the group has ideological and other links to Al Qaeda. Founded by Abdurajak Janjalani, who was killed by Filipino police in 1998.
Al-Aqsa Martyr Brigades
A Palestinian nationalist move-ment affiliated with the Palestine Liberation Organization. Noted for its use of suicide bombers, it has committed terrorist violence against Israelis
Ayyash, Yehiya (“The Engineer”)
A Palestinian terror-ist bomb maker affiliated with HAMAS. He was responsible for scores of Israeli casualties and was eventually assassinated by a remotely controlled explosive device hidden in his cell phone.
Force 17
An elite security unit within Al Fatah, founded in 1970. It has engaged in paramilitary and terrorist attacks and has served as Yasir Arafat’s guard force.
HAMAS (Islamic Resistance Movement)
A Palestinian Islamic movement that waged a protracted terrorist campaign against Israel
Hawala
An ancient transnational trust-based system used to transfer money via brokers.
Izzedine al-Qassam Brigade
A militant movement within the overarching HAMAS movement of Palestinian Islamic revolutionaries.
Kach (Kahane Chai)
Militant movements in Israel that car-ried on after Rabbi Meir Kahane was assassinated. They advocate the expulsion of Arabs from territories claimed as historically Jewish land. Kach means “only thus.” Kahane Chai means “Kahane lives.”
Netwar
An emerging method of conflict that uses network forms of organization and information-age strategies, doctrines, and technologies. Participants in these networks are dispersed small groups who operate as a “flat” organizational network rather than under chains of command.
Palestine Liberation Front (PLF)
The PLF split from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine—General Com-mand in the mid-1970s and further split into pro-PLO, pro- Syrian, and pro-Libyan factions. The pro-PLO faction was led by Abu Abbas, who committed a number of attacks against Israel.
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)
Founded in 1967 by George Habash, it is a Marx-ist organization that advocates a multinational Arab revolution, and it has been responsible for dramatic international terrorist attacks. Its hijacking campaign in 1969 and 1970, its collaboration with Western European terrorists, and its mentorship of Carlos the Jackal arguably established the model for modern interna-tional terrorism.
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command (PFLP-GC)
Ahmid Jibril formed the PFLP-GC in 1968 when he split from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) because he considered the PFLP too involved in politics and not sufficiently committed to the armed struggle against Israel. The PFLP-GC was probably directed by Syria and has been responsible for many cross-border attacks against Israel
Qassam
A relatively unsophisticated surface-to-surface missile developed by the military arm of HAMAS in Gaza. Thousands of Qassams have been fired into Israel. Newer designs of the rocket are more sophisticated.
RDX
The central component of most plastic explosives.
Red Army Faction (RAF)
A leftist terrorist movement active in West Germany during the 1970s and 1980s. Also referred to as the Baader-Meinhof Gang.
Red Brigade
A leftist terrorist movement active in Italy dur-ing the 1970s and 1980s.
Semtex
A high-grade and high-yield plastic explosive origi-nally manufactured in Czechoslovakia when it was a member of the Soviet Bloc
Signature method
Methods that become closely affiliated with the operational activities of specific extremist groups.
Weather Underground Organization (WUO)
The adopted name of the Weathermen after they moved underground.
Zapatista National Liberation Front
Leftist rebels originally centered in Chiapas, Mexico. During the late 1990s, they engaged in guerrilla fighting that ended when they were integrated into the Mexican political process
Afghan Arabs
A term given to foreign volunteers, mostly Arabs, who fought as mujahideen during the war against the occupation of Afghanistan by the Soviet Army.
Albigensian Crusade
A Christian Crusade in southern France during the 13th century. Legend holds that concerns were raised about loyal and innocent Catholics who were being killed along with members of the enemy Cathar sect. The pope’s repre-sentative, Arnaud Amaury, allegedly replied, “Kill them all. God will know his own.”
Aum Shinrikyō
A cult based in Japan and led by Shoko Asahara. Responsible for releasing nerve gas into the Tokyo subway system, injuring 5,000 people.
Beka’a Valley
A valley in eastern Lebanon that became a cen-ter for political extremism and a safe haven for terrorists.
Boko Haram
An Islamist insurgency active in northeast Nigeria and bordering nations. Founded in 2002, its name is roughly translated as “Western education is forbidden.”
Cadres
Politically indoctrinated and motivated activists. Fre-quently the core of a revolutionary movement
Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)
The chief Pakistani security service.
Fund for the Martyrs
An Iranian fund established for the benefit of Palestinian victims of the intifada against Israel.
Greater jihad
In Muslim belief, an individual struggle to do what is right in accordance with God’s wishes. All people of faith are required to do what is right and good.
Holy Spirit Mobile Force
A cultic insurgency in Uganda inspired and led by Alice Lakwena. In late 1987, she led thousands of her followers against the Ugandan army. To protect themselves from death, the fighters anointed themselves with holy oil, which they believed would ward off bullets. Thousands of Lakwena’s followers were slaughtered in the face of automatic weapons and artillery fire.
Islamic jihad
A label adopted by some Islamic terrorists seek-ing to establish an Islamic state. Groups known as Islamic Jihad exist in Lebanon, Palestine, and Egypt.
Jihad
A central tenet in Islam that literally means a sacred “struggle” or “effort.” Although Islamic extremists have inter-preted jihad to mean waging holy war, it is not synonymous with the Christian concept of a crusade.
Jihadi
one who wages jihad
Laskar Jihad (Militia of the Holy War)
An armed Islamic group organized in April 2000 in Indonesia. Under the leadership of Ja’afar Umar Thalib, the group waged a communal holy war in Indonesia, primarily against Christians on Indonesia’s Molucca Islands.
Lesser jihad
The defense of Islam against threats to the faith. This includes military defense and is undertaken when the Muslim community is under attack.
Lord’s Resistance Army
Josef Kony reorganized Uganda’s cultic Holy Spirit Mobile Force into the Lord’s Resistance Army. He blended together Christianity, Islam, and witchcraft into a bizarre mystical foundation for his movement. The group was exceptionally brutal and waged near-genocidal terrorist campaigns—largely against the Acholi people that it claimed to champion.
Okhrana
The secret police of czarist Russia. Responsible for writing the anti-Semitic Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion.
Order of Assassins
A religious movement established in the Middle East during the 11th century. It sought to purge the Islamic faith and resist the Crusader invasions. The Assassins were noted for using stealth to kill their opponents.
Phansi
A rope used by the Thuggees of India to ritualistically strangle their victims.
Pogroms
Anti-Semitic massacres in Europe that occurred peri-odically from the time of the First Crusade through the Nazi Holocaust. Usually centered in Central and Eastern Europe.
Pope Urban II
The Roman Catholic pope from 1088 to 1099 who commissioned the first Christian Crusade with the goal of seizing Jerusalem and other territories from Muslim control. He promised forgiveness for sins to all who fought for the Crusade.
Qods (Jerusalem) Force
A unit of Iran’s Revolutionary Guards Corps that promotes the “liberation” of Jerusalem from non-Muslims.
Revolutionary Guards Corps
Iranian Islamic revolution-aries who have been deployed abroad, mainly to Lebanon, to pro-mote Islamic revolution.
Revolutionary Justice Organization
An adopted alias of Lebanon’s Hezbollah.
Thuggee
A mystical cult that existed for centuries in India. Members ritualistically murdered travelers to honor the goddess Kali.
Sunni Muslims differ from Shia Muslims in all the following ways except ______.
leaders are more political than religious
only the Prophet and Qu’ran are authoritative
following the Five Pillars
rejecting successors to Muhammed before Ali
Following the five pillars
Which religious group not only practices terrorism but also runs a number of business ventures including supermarkets, bakeries, bookshops, and clothing stores?
Hamas
Hezbollah
PIJ
Qods Force
Hezbollah
The Islamist jihad is the same as the Christian Crusades.
True
False
False
Which religious terrorist group in antiquity came up with the saying “Kill them all, and let God sort them out”?
the Crusaders
the Assassins
the Thuggee
the Sicarii
The Crusaders
What was the name of the radical Islamic group which took hold in the Philippines after al-Qa’ida moved to Afghanistan?
Laskar Jihad
Abu Sayyaf
Aum Shinrikyo
Okhrana
Abu Sayyaf
Al-Qa’ida is best described as a movement or loose network of like-minded Islamic revolutionaries.
True
False
True
In the modern era, along with religious terrorism, there has been an increase in frequency, scale of violence, and global reach.
True
False
True
Which Muslim terrorist had his likeness and name as well-known as Osama bin Laden?
al-Zarqawi
al-Maqdisi
ul-Ansar
King Fahd
al-Zarqawi
Among right-wing religious extremists, there is often a convergence of scapegoating and what else?
rationalism
tolerance
intellectualism
mysticism
mysticism
During the insurgency in Iraq, religious extremists of either Sunni or Shia denomination attacked what non-Muslim institutions (often owned by Christians)?
churches and schools
banks and stock exchanges
libraries and bookstores
liquor stores and barber shops
liquor stores and barber shops
The Pakistan–India conflict is as volatile as the Arab–Israeli rivalry but with many times more manpower and firepower.
True
False
True
Josef Kony’s terrorist group in Uganda, the Lord’s Resistance Army, blended together Christianity, Islam, and what else?
Buddhism
Zoroastrianism
witchcraft
universalism
witchcraft
Which of the following religious terrorist groups carried out a nerve gas attack on a subway system?
Aum Shinrikyo
Laskar Jihad
Mouvement Islamique Arme
Stern Gang
Aum Shinrikyo
extra credit
2001
Iran
what is the definition of religious terrorism?
a type of political violence motivated by an absolute belief that an otherworldly power has sanctioned- and command- terrorist violence for the greater glory of the faith.
The terrorists believe the acts committed in the name of the faith will be forgiven by the otherworldly power and perhaps rewarded in an afterlife
International terrorism always requires terrorists to leave their home country.
True
False
false
motivations for religious terrorism
defending, ensuring the predominance, and the glory of fighting in the name of one’s faith
maintain gain of land, riches of war
crossover with other motivations: nationalism, independence, act
Which of the modern “isms” that international terrorists use to justify their ideology makes reference to multinational corporations?
imperialism
colonialism
neocolonialism
Zionism
neocolonialism
The area of the world which has been the softest target for terrorist spillover is ______.
Asia
Europe
Latin America
North America
Europe
International terrorists often position operatives in foreign countries.
True
False
True
Al-Qa’ida sleeper cells do not usually receive external funding until they are activated for specific missions.
True
False
True
Which of the following are the best examples of terrorist targets with unambiguous international consequences?
embassies and passenger carriers
tourists and military personnel
visiting scholars and scientists
celebrities and entertainers
embassies and passengers carriers
The concept of a coordinated international terrorist network presumes which of the following?
terrorist groups talk to each other
terrorist groups support each other
governments sponsor terrorists
all of these
all of these
Which kind of international terrorist environment is the one where terrorists would be content with any state sponsor?
monolithic
strong multipolar
weak multipolar
cell-based
weak multipolar
A few mujahideen and Afghan Arabs fought in Afghanistan, Bosnia, and Iraq, but no place else.
True
False
false
Which group of people, from the 1960s on, succeeded in becoming the leading practitioners of international terrorism on the world stage?
Armenians
Kurdish
Palestinians
South Moluccans
Palestinians
Historical Perspectives on religious violence
religious terrorism can be communal, genocidal, nihilistic or revolutionary
state, non-state, lone wolves, cells
there is an ongoing debate of whether individuals who commit those acts should be considered terrorists or freedom fighters, just as with other types of terrorism
Defining international terrorism requires the target be an international symbol and what else?
American security interests are involved
diplomats, tourists, or academics are the target
religious motivation be absent or secondary
international political-psychological effects
international political psychological effects
Which of the following is not an example of a stateless revolutionary group?
Al-Qa’ida
Armenian Secret Army
Japanese Red Army
Palestinian nationalists
Armenian Secret army
Define international terrorism.*
asymmetrical warfare when a target is a global symbol and the political psychological effects go beyond a purely domestic agenda dissident terrorist groups and extremist movements have regularly acted in solidarity with international interests, such as class struggle and national liberation
Discuss the reasons for international terrorism.*
spillover effect
Explain terrorist networks and environments.*
*
Understand the international dimension of the New Terrorism.*
a fundamental aspect of new terrorism
Historical examples of Religious Violence
Judeo-Christian Antiquity
Christian Crusades
the assassins
Indian thugees
Modern Arab Islamist Extremism
various political phases took place during the 20th century
They had a significant influence on activism among Arab Nationalists and intellectuals
There were also secular phases, including
- -anticolonial nationalist
- -pan-arab nationalism
- -secular leftist radicalism
understanding Jihad and a Primary Religious Motive
observation the current incidence of religious terrorism is disproportionally but not solely committed by radical Islamist
the degree of misunderstanding in the West about the historical and cultural origins of the growth of radical interpretations of Islam
- -greater jihad
- -lesser jihad
in the west, we misunderstand islam
state sponsored religious terrorism
National cases:
Iranian support for Lebanon’s Hezbollah
Iranian support for Palestinian islamist
Regional case: Pakistan and India
Nonstate/dissident religious terrorism in the Modern Era
political violence conducted by groups of fervent religious true believers with faith in the sacred righteousness of their cause
- cult (Japanese cult)
- scapegoating (one group is blaming a specific group for what’s wrong with the world)
- religious movement
- religious organization
- insurgency
- nationalist
Trends and Projections for Religious Terrorism
religion is a central feature of new terrorism
extremist religious propaganda cannot be prevented
A new generation of islamist extremists has been primed
al qaeda has become more than an organization- it evolved to become a symbol and ideology
the jihadist movement has become a globalized phenomenon
Christinan extremists continue to promote a religious motivation for the war on terrorism
mohamadu reading
transnational
militaryness
far enemy
not new and different because of religion
There WERE political goals
removing empirical puppets (Americans) neo anti-colonialism
remove hegemonic power
Islamic world
The Spill Over Effect
“spills over onto the world’s stage”
Characteristics that distinguish international terrorism
Domestic attacks against victims with an international profile
Operations in a foreign country
Unambiguous International Implications in International Terrorism
International consequences are clear
attacks on embassies
hijackings as international spillovers
Reasons for International Terrorism
Ideological reasons: modern “isms” and international revolutionary solidarity
Imperialism: justified empire building
Neocolonialism: exploitation by western interests
Zionism: resistance agains Israel and its supporters, attacks agains jewish people
practical reasons for international terrorism: perceived efficiency
maximum publicity
maximum psychological anxiety
pragmatism: practical affects (ransoms)
tactical reasons for international terrorism
adapting theory to operations
historical reasons for international terrorism
perceptions of international terrorism, particularly from the West
three reasons why terrorism is unacceptable to the west
Western governments have adopted an ideology of democratic justice as a norm
The West is often a target of terrorism
The West recognizes accepted methods of warfare
different types of international terrorist networks
Monolithic terrorist environments
Strong multipolar terrorist environments
Weak multipolar terrorist environments
Cell-based terrorist environments
