Up to Exam 1 Flashcards
Syrup
Alcohol content: low <5%
Sugar content: sweet- sucrose, glycerin, sorbitol
Elixirs
Alcohol Content: Medium 3-25%
Sugar Content: Not sweet to slightly sweet
Tincture
Alcohol content: high > 40%
Sugar content: generally not sweetened topical/oral
What is the minimum concentration of sucrose that will preserve syrup?
85% w/v
65% w/w
Emulsions
2 phase systems with 3 components- lipid phase, aqueous phase, and an emulsifier
liquid in liquid
used topically: creams and lotion; orally: poor tasting; IV: fats
w/o, o/w
emulsifying agent
surfactant containing hydrophilic and lipophilic regions that concentrates at the interface of 2 insoluble liquids to provide a barrier that allows droplets to form
HLB
Hydrophile Lipophile Balance
A higher HLB means
hydrophilic, more water soluble, o/w
Low HLB means
lipophilic, more oil soluble, w/o
Oils have specific HLBs needed to
emulsify
Blending of surfactants
allows pharmacist to get best phase ratio stability by using more than one emulsifier
emulsifier range
2-5% w/v of formula
Do emulsions form spontaneously?
no, need energy
Ways to form emulsions
agitation, trituration, homogenization
Acacia gum
gum arabic
emulsifier
HLB 11-12
Wet gum method
english method
triturate in mortar and pestle acacia and at phase til mucus-like. oil is then added in small quantities slowly
can use a bottle to shake/electric mixer
O:W:E = 4: 2: 1
Dry gum method
continental method
acacia and oil are combined rapidly til creamy and hear a snapping sound
all of aqueous phase with all other ingredients added to it are rapidly combined with trituration
O:W:E = 4:2:1
Desired properties of emulsions
small droplet size
slow aggregation of droplets
ease of re-dispersement
Are creaming and flocculation reversible?
yes, redistribute by shaking
Are breaking and coalescence reversible?
no
How to find the amount of emulsifier needed?
- identify oil phase
- find required HLB for oil phase through allegation medial
- calculate the amount of emulsifier we will use (2-5%) using the alligation alternate
- If emulsifiers are liquids use specific gravity to convert grams to volume
Suspensions
liquid preparations containing solid particles dispersed through a liquid phase in which the particles are not soluble
used in oral, topical, IM, Otic, SQ, Ophthalmic, NOT IV
Advantages of Suspensions
tab/caps can be easily swallowed this way
mask the taste of api
disadvantages of suspensions
unstable
textures
Wetting agent
surfactant dissolved in water used to decrease the contact angle between a solid surface and the liquid
displaces air trapped on surfaces of solid particles and replacing the air with liquid to help disperse solids
examples: Propylene glycol and glycerin
Flocculating Agents
enhance particle dispersability
electrolytes with charge opposite of the suspended particles to negate the surface charge
forms floccules held loosely together by van der Walls forces
decr in caking
incr in ease of redispersement by shaking bottle
examples: NaCl, KCL, Ca salts, citrates
Suspending Agent
reduces sedimentation rate of insoluble particles that are dispersed in a liquid vehicles
incr viscosity of liquid vehicle, which slows down settling
Ora plus is?
a suspending agent
has antifoaming
Ora-sweet is?
a sweet vehicle
Desired properties of suspension
fine particle size (0.5-3 micron) of solid
uniform dispersion of solid in liquid
slow sedimentation rate
smaller particles suspend longer
easily redispersed
Stokes Law
relates sedimentation velocity to density of liquid and solid, viscosity, particle size
Sedimentation Factor
volume of settled particles per total volume
If the sedimentation factor is closer to 1 it is desirable. This is because it shows the stability of?
floccules
Bentonite Magma is?
a suspending agent/ viscosifier
What do you need to consider for vet compounding?
Licensed vet prescription, abbreviations, labeling
valid vet-client patient relationship
USP, AVMA, FDA, FD&C guidelines
only make when dosage form/concentration/size is unavailable — NO mimics
food safety, drug form, flavoring, excipients
not for resale, office stock is emergencies only
can use for non approved use
What is extralabel use (ELU)?
prescribing human and animal approved products for non approved use as long as a vet client patient relationship exists
Is compounding from bulk drug substance legal?
NO
unless it is an used for an antidote, euthanasia, or depopulation
What should be considered for veterinary patients?
pet, food source, performance, exotic, zoo, nature
size, structure, fat, % water, absorption
different BSA equation
horizontal orientation
biochemical and physiological
ability to vomit
willingness, ability to understand and trust
communication with owner
What are some specialized dosage forms for animals?
custom flavored capsules and tablets
chews
feeds/solutions/powders mixed with food products
darts
What flavors do cats prefer? Why?
fish or savory
they don’t have sweetness receptors
What flavors do horses prefer?
alfalfa, blue-grass, caramel, cherry, clover, forage, apple, oats, carrots, sweets
What flavors do dogs prefer?
beef, cheese, liver, marshmallow, molasses, raspberry, strawberry, peanut butter
What flavors do primates prefer?
banana, chocolate, raspberry
What flavors do cattle prefer?
alfalfa, anise, licorice, blue-grass, clover, forage, maple, meal, molasses
What flavors do reptiles prefer?
banana cream and lemon custard