Up to Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Syrup
A
Alcohol content: low <5%
Sugar content: sweet- sucrose, glycerin, sorbitol
2
Q
Elixirs
A
Alcohol Content: Medium 3-25%
Sugar Content: Not sweet to slightly sweet
3
Q
Tincture
A
Alcohol content: high > 40%
Sugar content: generally not sweetened topical/oral
4
Q
What is the minimum concentration of sucrose that will preserve syrup?
A
85% w/v
65% w/w
5
Q
Emulsions
A
2 phase systems with 3 components- lipid phase, aqueous phase, and an emulsifier
liquid in liquid
used topically: creams and lotion; orally: poor tasting; IV: fats
w/o, o/w
6
Q
emulsifying agent
A
surfactant containing hydrophilic and lipophilic regions that concentrates at the interface of 2 insoluble liquids to provide a barrier that allows droplets to form
7
Q
HLB
A
Hydrophile Lipophile Balance
8
Q
A higher HLB means
A
hydrophilic, more water soluble, o/w
9
Q
Low HLB means
A
lipophilic, more oil soluble, w/o
10
Q
Oils have specific HLBs needed to
A
emulsify
11
Q
Blending of surfactants
A
allows pharmacist to get best phase ratio stability by using more than one emulsifier
12
Q
emulsifier range
A
2-5% w/v of formula
13
Q
Do emulsions form spontaneously?
A
no, need energy
14
Q
Ways to form emulsions
A
agitation, trituration, homogenization
15
Q
Acacia gum
A
gum arabic
emulsifier
HLB 11-12
16
Q
Wet gum method
A
english method
triturate in mortar and pestle acacia and at phase til mucus-like. oil is then added in small quantities slowly
can use a bottle to shake/electric mixer
O:W:E = 4: 2: 1
17
Q
Dry gum method
A
continental method
acacia and oil are combined rapidly til creamy and hear a snapping sound
all of aqueous phase with all other ingredients added to it are rapidly combined with trituration
O:W:E = 4:2:1
18
Q
Desired properties of emulsions
A
small droplet size
slow aggregation of droplets
ease of re-dispersement
19
Q
Are creaming and flocculation reversible?
A
yes, redistribute by shaking
20
Q
Are breaking and coalescence reversible?
A
no
21
Q
How to find the amount of emulsifier needed?
A
- identify oil phase
- find required HLB for oil phase through allegation medial
- calculate the amount of emulsifier we will use (2-5%) using the alligation alternate
- If emulsifiers are liquids use specific gravity to convert grams to volume
22
Q
Suspensions
A
liquid preparations containing solid particles dispersed through a liquid phase in which the particles are not soluble
used in oral, topical, IM, Otic, SQ, Ophthalmic, NOT IV
23
Q
Advantages of Suspensions
A
tab/caps can be easily swallowed this way
mask the taste of api
24
Q
disadvantages of suspensions
A
unstable
textures
25
Wetting agent
surfactant dissolved in water used to decrease the contact angle between a solid surface and the liquid
displaces air trapped on surfaces of solid particles and replacing the air with liquid to help disperse solids
examples: Propylene glycol and glycerin
26
Flocculating Agents
enhance particle dispersability
electrolytes with charge opposite of the suspended particles to negate the surface charge
forms floccules held loosely together by van der Walls forces
decr in caking
incr in ease of redispersement by shaking bottle
examples: NaCl, KCL, Ca salts, citrates
27
Suspending Agent
reduces sedimentation rate of insoluble particles that are dispersed in a liquid vehicles
incr viscosity of liquid vehicle, which slows down settling
28
Ora plus is?
a suspending agent
has antifoaming
29
Ora-sweet is?
a sweet vehicle
30
Desired properties of suspension
fine particle size (0.5-3 micron) of solid
uniform dispersion of solid in liquid
slow sedimentation rate
smaller particles suspend longer
easily redispersed
31
Stokes Law
relates sedimentation velocity to density of liquid and solid, viscosity, particle size
32
Sedimentation Factor
volume of settled particles per total volume
33
If the sedimentation factor is closer to 1 it is desirable. This is because it shows the stability of?
floccules
34
Bentonite Magma is?
a suspending agent/ viscosifier
35
What do you need to consider for vet compounding?
Licensed vet prescription, abbreviations, labeling
valid vet-client patient relationship
USP, AVMA, FDA, FD&C guidelines
only make when dosage form/concentration/size is unavailable — NO mimics
food safety, drug form, flavoring, excipients
not for resale, office stock is emergencies only
can use for non approved use
36
What is extralabel use (ELU)?
prescribing human and animal approved products for non approved use as long as a vet client patient relationship exists
37
Is compounding from bulk drug substance legal?
NO
unless it is an used for an antidote, euthanasia, or depopulation
38
What should be considered for veterinary patients?
pet, food source, performance, exotic, zoo, nature
size, structure, fat, % water, absorption
different BSA equation
horizontal orientation
biochemical and physiological
ability to vomit
willingness, ability to understand and trust
communication with owner
39
What are some specialized dosage forms for animals?
custom flavored capsules and tablets
chews
feeds/solutions/powders mixed with food products
darts
40
What flavors do cats prefer? Why?
fish or savory
they don’t have sweetness receptors
41
What flavors do horses prefer?
alfalfa, blue-grass, caramel, cherry, clover, forage, apple, oats, carrots, sweets
42
What flavors do dogs prefer?
beef, cheese, liver, marshmallow, molasses, raspberry, strawberry, peanut butter
43
What flavors do primates prefer?
banana, chocolate, raspberry
44
What flavors do cattle prefer?
alfalfa, anise, licorice, blue-grass, clover, forage, maple, meal, molasses
45
What flavors do reptiles prefer?
banana cream and lemon custard
46
What flavors do birds prefer?
grape, orange, molasses, pina colada, millet
47
Will cats take tablets or capsules voluntarily?
no
48
What formulations are preferable to cats?
liquid formulations like suspensions
transdermal
49
What are compounding resources for veterinary patients?
USP monographs for vet products
Plumb’s Vet Drug Handbook
Saunder’s Handbook of Vet Drugs
JAPhA
Pharmacy today
FDA and AVMA
Human compounding resources
50
Neonate ages
birth to 1 month
51
Infant ages
1 month to 2 years
52
Children ages
2 years to 12 years
53
Adolescent ages
12 to 16 years
54
What are some physiological/ pharmacokinetic differences for pediatric patients?
Less drug needed to get an effect
ADME processes differ
Dosing recommendation based on weight
55
What is the handbook for pediatrics?
Harriet Lane Handbook of Pediatrics
56
If dosed by body weight/ BSA, what are the best formulations to achieve the desired dose?
syrups and suspensions
57
Can tablets be individualized to pediatric patients
no
58
What are some formulation attributes of pediatric oral dosage forms?
taste, smell, and looks
not too similar to candy
stable drug
antimicrobial preservative
easy to measure and give accurate dose-admin devices
childproof protection on containers
59
Challenges to compliance for pediatric patients?
Oral- swallowing ability, taste, dosage form
Topical- cover when indicated
IV- venous access and vein integrity issues
PR- no data in neonates
increased difficulty of admin with age
willingness, ability to understand and trust
special needs
60
Ophthalmic and Nasal preparation dosage forms
solutions
suspensions
emulsions
ointment
gels
61
Functions of ophthalmics
lubricating eyes, aiding immune system, and removing irritant
62
What are the three types of tears?
basal, reflex, and emotional
63
What is the salt content of ophthalmics similar to?
blood plasma
64
How long should patients be counseled to wait between drops?
5 minutes
65
What is the pH of ophthalmics?
7.4
66
What should be considered for ophthalmics?
pH, tonicity, sterility, particulates, and preservatives
67
Particulates must be less than
10 microns
68
Eye solutions and ointments must be?
buffered, isotonic, sterile, and preserved
69
Eye solutions do not have to be preserved if ?
they are to be used in less than 24 hours
70
Otic solutions do not have to be isotonic nor sterile when?
it is for a perforated eardrum
71
pH of tears
7.4
can accommodate 6.5-8.5
72
Buffer capacity of ophthalmics
0.01-0.1
73
pH of nasal cavity
5-8
74
How would you describe the buffer capacity of the nasal cavity?
mild
75
Buffers maintain
homeostasis
76
pH can degrade
drugs
77
H^+ ions can stimulate ?
pain receptors and tissue swelling
78
Phosphate buffer
buffer used for alkaline drugs
isotonic but stings
pH 5
aka Sorensons solution
monosodium phosphate and dibasic sodium phosphate
79
Borate Buffer
buffer system used for acidic drugs
can’t be used systemically because toxic to RBC
Boric acid and sodium hexaborate
80
About how much buffer should you use in a solution ?
1/3rd of the solution’s total volume
81
pH is the measure of ?
acidity
82
pKa defines?
the strength of the acid
83
isotonicity
osmotic pressure of a solution = osmotic pressure of body fluids
300mOsm/L
84
If an isotonic solution was not prepared correctly what could happen?
deals with patient comfort, could cause damage if wrong
85
If the solution is hypotonic what do you add?
NaCl to increase tonicity
86
If the solution is hypertonic what do you add?
Water to dilute
87
What size filter sterilizes?
0.22 micron
88
A sterile glove box and laminar air flow hood are part of?
clean room preparation
89
Preservatives must be in
all multi-dose containers
90
Preservatives are never used in
surgical use or 24 hr post operation
91
Benzalkonium chloride 0.013%
most common preservative
treats gram positive organisms, yeast, and fungi
add antioxidant to this to get greater microbial effect
cannot store in PVP plastic
can be autoclaved
92
Why is benzalkonium chloride bad for contact lenses?
it binds to them
advise patients to have 1 hour between contacts and drops
93
Phenylmercuric acetate 0.004%
Phenlymercuric nitrate 0.004%
thimerosal 0.01%
quaternary ammonium salts
Chlorobutanol 0.5%
Are all?
preservatives
94
Ingredient Sources
must be USP monograph sources
manufactured products as vehicles
already sterile drugs
95
What do viscosity enhancers do?
smooth and decrease drainage into the lacrimal-nasal drain
increases residence time
96
PV alcohol 1.4%
MC 2%
HPMC 1%
Are all examples of?
viscosity enhancers
97
Dosage considerations for ophthalmics and nasal preparations
has to fit in 1/2 drops
drop calculation
dropper needs to be calibrated
98
What is the beyond use date for ophthalmics and nasal preparations ?
28 days
99
What color caps do anti-infectives ophthalmics and nasal preparations have?
tan
100
What color caps do anti-inflammatory and steroid ophthalmics and nasal preparations have?
pink
101
What color caps do mydriatic and cycloplegic ophthalmic and nasal preparations have?
red
102
What color caps do miotic ophthalmic and nasal preparations have?
dark green
103
Ointment
oleaginous, anhydrous, occlusive, greasy, increased drug effect because it stays on the skin longer
104
Cream
contains water, needs preservative, thick liquid/soft solid, vanishes, increase presence of solid compared to lotion
105
Lotion
less than 5% suspensions/emulsions o/w or w/o, contain water, pourable
106
Paste
greater than 20% solids, difficult to spread, absorb water, no flow at body temperature, sticks to mucus, good for dental procedures, sticks to excoriated skin, absorbs skin secretions
107
Gel
no use of base
colloid
tapes and gauze
108
5 types of ointment bases
oleaginous bases
absorption bases
w/o emulsion bases
o/w emulsion bases
water miscible bases
109
eutectic
2/+ solids when mixed together become a liquid
110
Lanolin
made of wool alcohols, sterol esters, comes from sebaceous glands of wool bearing animals
111
Geometric dilution
combining ingredients by visually doubling volume with each addition and mixing to create homogeneity
112
Levigation
particle size reduction aided by a wetting agent
decreases surface tension between powder and base
113
Spatulation
combining of materials into a homogenous mix by continuously smoothing the mass out on a smooth surface with a spatula
114
Compounding equipment for topical preparations examples
mortar and pestle
unguator
ointment mill
plastic bag
pill tile/ointment slab
ointment pad
