Untitled spreadsheet - Sheet1 Flashcards
1
Q
components of CNS
A
brain and spinal cord
2
Q
components of PNS
A
cranial nerves from brain/brainstem
3
Q
What does somatic innervation involve?
A
Structures of the body wall (periphery) including limbs, skin, skeletal muscle, bone
4
Q
What does visceral innervation involve?
A
Structures in the body cavity such as internal organs, serous membranes, and organs
5
Q
afferent vs efferent
A
SAME DAVE
6
Q
body wall
A
outer shell made of skin, superficial fascia, deep fascia, skeletal muscle, bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments
7
Q
body cavities
A
spaces within the body that contain vital organs + their membranes
8
Q
efferent neurons and the 4 organs
A
carry impulses to effector organs
9
Q
afferent neurons
A
exterceptive sensations: reach conscious awareness
10
Q
spinal nerves
A
innervate body wall below the head
11
Q
spinal nerve development
A
spinal nerve is matched to somite which gives rise to skin and striated muscle of body wall
12
Q
dermomyotome
A
area of skin and striated muscle from given somite
13
Q
ganglion
A
collection of neuron cell bodies outside of cNS
14
Q
gray matter
A
cell bodies of neurons that form spinal nerves are present here
15
Q
posterior vs anterior horn - types of cell bodies
A
posterior: afferent sensory
16
Q
white matter
A
contains myelinated axon tracts (schwann) that communicate with other parts of CNS and rest of body
17
Q
spinal nerve in posterior horn
A
sensory receptors -> pseudounipolar sensory neurons (peripheral then central)-> spinal posterior root gangion (multiple pseudounipolar cell bodies) -> posteiror root -> dorsal horn
18
Q
spinal nerve in anterior horm
A
anterior horn -> anterior roots (multipolar neurons)-> somatic multipolar motor neuron -> effector organs
19
Q
mixed spinal nerve
A
location where afferent from posterior root mix with efferent fibers from anterior root to form complete spinal nerve
20
Q
anterior/posterior rami
A
lateral to mixed spinal nerve
21
Q
posterior rami
A
smaller and supplies epaxial muscles (erector spinae)
22
Q
anterior rami
A
larger and supply hypaxial and merge to form larger nerves
23
Q
dorsal rhizotomy
A
isolate posterior roots of spinal nerves to leg and ablate them to reduce tonic spasticity
24
Q
cranial nerves (list all)
A
CN I - Olfactory
25
Exit:
OLFACTORY
26
Exit:
OPTIC
27
Exit:
VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR
28
Exit:
OCULOMOTOR
29
Exit:
Trochlear
30
Exit:
abducent
31
Exit:
spinal accessory
32
Exit:
HYPOGLOSSAL
33
Exit:
SOMATIC SENSORY AND MOTOR
34
Exit:
SOMATIC SENSORY
35
Exit:
SOMATIC SENSORY
36
Exit:
MANDIBULAR NERVE
37
Exit:
FACIAL
38
Exit:
GLOSSOPHARNGEAL
39
Exit:
VAGUS
40
Anatomical directions
medial lateral
41
decussation
where a pathway crosses midline
42
cerbrum
conscious perception, thought, volition
43
diencephalon
gateway to cerebrum; homeostasis
44
brainstem
BLS, hearing, balance, taste, consciousness
45
forebrain
diencephalon + telencephalon
46
cerebral cortex
surface of forebrain with gyri (bumps_ and sulci (grooves)
47
cerbellum
nonconscious motor control
48
telencephalon
conscious perception, thought, volition, conscious control of movement with the 4 lobes
49
lateral fissure
sylvian fissure
50
central sulcus
separates frontal and parietal lobes
51
parieto-occipital sulcus
separates parietal and occipital lobes
52
Insula
underneath the lateral fissure
53
Fiber
a single axon
54
tract
collection of axons from one place to another. It is called a nerve in the periphery
55
Lesion
anything that interferes with neuronal function
56
Voluntary motor control: the corticospinal system
1st neuron originates in the cerebral cortex that decussates at midline and ends in the spinal cord at 2nd motor neuron where it activates neurons that directly innervate muscles and cause contraction.
57
Damage to corticospinal pathway
loss of ability to contract muscle or paralysis
58
General sensory pathway
starts with the receptor in the periphery and ends in cerebral cortex for perception using 3 neurons where the second neuron decussates
59
Fine touch (DC/ML)
3 neurons from periphery to cerebral cortex through dorsal columns and medial lemniscus
60
Pain (anterolateral ALS)
carries pain info to cerebral cortex for localization and perception of pain up to spinal cord and brainstem
61
Anterior median fissure
a bundle of axons that cross the midline
62
Central canal
remnant of neural tube
63
Dorsal column
dorsal funiculus or posterior - sensory + fine touch (ipsilateral)
64
Lateral column
lateral funinculus (voluntary movement ipsilateral)
65
Ventral column
ventral/anterior funinculus (motor + spinothalamic (anterolateral) for pain that is contralteral)
66
Funinculi
contain ascending (sensory) or descending (motor) tracts
67
Lateral corticospinal tract
main descending pathway
68
Lateral corticospinal tract: main descending path for voluntary control
Muscles innervated by ventral horns (cervical for upper limb, thoracic for trunk, and lumbosacral for lower limbs). Travel in lateral funinculus
69
Dorsal columns
ascending path for fine touch where Information from periphery goes to the dorsal root -> spinal cord -> and then dorsal column then to the lower brainstem and there is Decussation is in the brain. Right side of body info enters right side of spinal cord and ascends to right dorsal column
70
Anterolateral system
pain information: Dorsal root -> dorsal horn -> crossing midline for anterior white commissure -> anterolateral part of white matter -> spinal cord -> spinal cord -> brainstem (thalamus)
71
Ventral horn organization in SC
motor neurons that innervate the midline of the body are medially and limbs neurons are laterally. Thus in cervical, the ventral horns extend laterally for upper limbs and laterally in lumbar for lower limbs
72
Dorsal horns organization in SC
are broader at the cervical and lumbosacral levels (These are the cervical and lumbosacral enlargements)
73
Lateral horns organization in SC
associated with sympathetic nervous system and present in thoracic and upper lumbar levels
74
White matter organization of SC
Larger at cervical levels that decreases to sacral. Thoracic and sacral are similar in size
75
Lateral corticospinal organization in SC
size decreases throughout the SC
76
Dorsal column organization in SC
increase in size as you go rostral and have the maximum size at the highest cervical level made of the gracile and cuneate. Start small at sacral end and grow in size to cervical region
77
Gracile fasciculus
carries fine tough info from lower body starting at sacral end of cord to full length of cord to brinstem
78
Cuneate fasciculus
fine touch info from upper body that starts at mid thoracic level and grows in size through cervical and thoracic levels to brainstem
79
Spinothalamic tract organization in SC
small at sacral and larger as it ascends
80
GSA fibers
exteroceptive sensations from skin + subconscious proprioceptive information from skeletal muscle
81
GVA fibers
interceptive visceral sesation from internal organs and subconscious reflex from automatic control of glandular tissue, cardiac and smooth muscle
82
All afferent info is carried by
pseudounipolar neurons in posterior root ganglion
83
GVE fibers
all signals from CNS synapse at peripheral ganglion before reacging target using 2 multipolar neurons. preganglionic/presynaptic are from CNS to peripheral ganglion and postganglionic from peripheral ganglion to target structures
84
Sympathetic system
fight or flight that is catabolic. Regulates blood flow primarly using peripheral ganglio close to CNS
85
Parasympathetic system
rest and digest with peripheral ganglion that is far from the CNS
86
Nerves
bundle of axons
87
Cell bodies of all preganglionic sympathetic fibers lie in the and exit through
in spinal levels T1-L2/L3 (thoracolumbar) with cell bodies in the intermediolateral column (lateral horn). Then the axons exit through the ventral roots with somatic motor fibers to ventral ramus and adjacent paravertebral ganglion through white ramus communicans
88
In paravertebral ganglion preganglionic acons can do 4 things
1. synapse on post ganglionic cell body and exit through gray ramus commincans to A/P rami to visceral body wall structures like BV, sweat glands, and arrector pili muscles. 2. synapse and send post ganglionic axons to thoracic organ. 3. pass through paravertebral ganglion without synapsing to synapse at a more cranial or caudal spinal level creating sympathetic trunk. 4. pass through without synapsing and become sphlanchnic nerve to innervate stomach viscera
89
Paravertebral ganglia create
axons and ganglion along posterior thoracic wall known as the sympathetic trunk made of 8 ganglia that makes 3 cervical sympathetic ganglia (SMI). The inferior one fuses with T1 making a stellate ganglion. Superior cervical ganglion gives off sympathetic innervation to visceral structures in the head
90
All thoracic organs get sympathetic innervation from
paravertebral ganglia through sympatheitc organ nerves
91
Parasympathetic innervation below the head: preganglionic
cell bodies for innervation are in medulla or S3-S4 of spinal cord making it the craniosacral division and distributed through vagus nerve and pelvic sphlanchnic
92
Parasympathetic innervation below the head: post ganglionic
lie in walls of organs being innervated or minute ganglia in plexus formed in pelvic organs
93
Parasympathetic distribution to body wall
NO
94
Visceral structures in head requiring autonomic behavior
eye smooth muscles affecting curve, lens, and diameter of eyelid for accomodation and glands for crying, mucus, saliva production
95
Sympathetic innervation of visceral structures in the head
motor innervation from post ganglionic is from Superior cervical ganglion as sympathetic periarterial plexus
96
Parasympathetic innervation of visceral structures in head
oculomotor, facial, and glosspharngeal
97
Autonomic innervation of smooth muscles in the eye: preganglionic
oculomotor nerve carries preganglionic parasympathetic axons to ciliary ganglion behind the eye. Post ganglionic axons are on branches of CNV1 to innervate ciliary muscles to change shape of lens and focus on objects at distances and sphincter pupillae that constricts pupil diamter
98
Autonomic innervation of smooth muscles in the eye: postganglionic
from superior cervical ganglion that goes through ciliary ganglion to branches of Cn V1 to innervate dilator pupillae to expand pupil diameter. Sympathetic fibers innervate superior tarsal muscle to raise upper eyelid
99
Autonomic innervation of lacrimal gland: preganglionic
facial nerve carries preganglionic parasympathetic axons that branch off in the inner ear to become greater petrosal nerve which joins to make post ganglionic sympathetic axons emerging from sympathetic periarterial plexus around internal carotid as deep petrossal. Both blend to form nerve of pterygod canal in sphenoid bone to enter pterygopalatine fossa.
100
In the pterygopalatine fossa preganglionic parasympathetic axons
from facial/greater petrosal nerve to synapse on pterygopalatine ganglion.
101
Autonomic innervation of lacrimal gland: postganglionic
parasympathetic axons then travel with branches of CNV2 and CNV1 to innervate lacrimal gland to increase tear production wheras sympathetic would restric blood flow in gland
102
Autonomic innervation of mucus glands in nasal cavity and palate: preganglionic
autonomic innervation from facial nerve -> greater ppetrosal -> synapse on pterygopalatine ganglion to increase mucus production
103
Autonomic innervation of mucus glands in nasal cavity and palate: postganglionic
internal carotid plexus -> deep petrosal to mucus glands in nose and branches of to CNV2. restrict blood flow
104
Autonomic innervation of mucus salivary glands - parotid: preganglionic
parotid gland gets parasympathetic innervation from glosspharyngeal nerve which synapse on otic ganglion through auriculotemporal nerve (CNV3) to increase saliva production
105
Autonomic innervation of mucus salivary glands - parotid: post ganglionic
sympathetic axons from internal carotid plexus through otic ganglion to join auriculotemporal nerve to get to parotid to restruct blood flow
106
Autonomic innervation of mucus salivary glands - sub glands: preganglionic
parasympathetic innervation from facial nerve and in the ear the facial nerve forms chorda tympani which blends with lingual nerve to synapse on submandibular ganglion. The axons then go to the glands and increase saliva production
107
Autonomic innervation of mucus salivary glands - sub glands: post ganglionic
from external carotid plexus to restrict blood flow in the glands
108
Summary of parasympathetic innervation of the head
3977 COPS
109
Horner syndrome
cervical sympathetic trunk interruption during surgery or a tumor. Pupil is constricted on affected side and there is palpebral fissure (space between eyelids) is narrow, skin is red with lack of sweating
110
Visceral sensation
from ischemia inflammation distension cramping that travels through mixed spinal nerve through sympathetic motor innervation pathway using posterior horn. EXCEPT pelvic organs uses para sympathetic pelvic splanchnic nerves S3-S4
111
Referred pain
sensory input from visceral structures that passes through sympathetic efferent input till it gets to mixed spinal nerve -> posterior roots -> posterior horn using visceral and somatic structures to confuse the brain. Pain from visceral structures is felt on body wall locations innervated by dermatome
112
Primary centers of ossification
for bodies around notochord and neural arches around neural tube separately. Incomplete formation of neural arches at S5 exposes vertebral canal and sacral hiatuss
113
Costal elements
present in development in of all vertebral regions and form ribs in thoracic region and attachment for pelvis in pelvis (auricular surface) ex: costal lamellae in cervical region, augment transverse process in lumbar region
114
Secondary centers of ossification
ligament and tendon attachments scuh as spinous and transverse and articular processes and anular epiphyses
115
Intervertebral foramina contents
formed between vertebrates with spinal nerves that carry AP and radicular arteries that supply nerve roots. Segmental medullar arteries enter to supply spinal cord
116
C1
center of ossification body doesn't fuse with C1 and fuses with C2 to form dense. It forms the antlantooccipital axis to shake head yes
117
Atlantoaxial joint
allow rotation of atlas on axis using C2 and C1
118
C3-C7 function
flexion, extension and lateral flexion
119
Dens injury
unique risk to spinal cord in injury
120
Tangential facets on thoracic vertebrates
allow for rotation
121
Zygopophyseal joint capsule
joints between articular process of adjcaent vertebrae made of cartilage from C2-S1
122
IV disc structure
fibrocartilagionous anulus fibrosus around gel like nucleus puloposus (remnanet of notochord)
123
IV disc function
hydrostatic loading which leads to a change in nucleus pulposus shape without chainging in volume
124
Curvatures of vertebral canal
kyphosis (primary) in thoracic and sacral and lordosis (secondary) in cervical and lumbar
125
Posterior longitudinal ligament
limit flexion and support NP
126
Anterior longitudinal ligament
extension and support NP
127
Interspinous and supraspinous ligaments
limit flexion
128
Ligament flava
connect adjacent laminate and form continuous roof over vertebral canal
129
Nuchal Ligament
elastic expansion from supraspinous ligament to form muscle attachment space
130
Dura mater of spinal cord
outermost thick fibrous membrane made of DICT and covered in epithelium known as the pachymeninx
131
Arachnoid and pia
inner membranes with epithelium (meningothelium) supported by DICT known as leptomeninges, develop as one block of mesenchyme and arachnoid orms connecting trabeculae with CSF in subarachnoid space
132
Tight junctions in meningtothelial cells
help maintian blood-CSF barrier
133
Denticulate ligament
periodic lateral extensions of pia that attach to arachnoid and dura provides lateral and anteroposterior stability for spinal cord made of DICT
134
First cervical spinal nerve
passes superior leading to 8 nerves and thoracic has the nerve below
135
Conus medulkaris
where spinal cord ends at L1-L@
136
Supracristal plane
transverse plane at iliac crest L4 spinous processes
137
Cauda equina
L2-Co1
138
Lumbar cistern
continues to S2 with CSF filled subarachnoid space
139
End of dural sac
S2 where dura becomes continuous with epineurium and continues as external layer to filum terminale
140
Lumbar puncture
L3/L4 or L4/L5 where there is only lumbar cistern and nerve roots are pushed aside, no conus
141
Intrinsic muscles
epaxial from dorsal surface
142
Deep intrinsic
multifidus, rotatores, semispinalis capitis
143
Intermediate intrinsic
eretor spinae (spinalis longissimus and iliocostalis)
144
Superficial intrinsic
splenic capitis and cervicis
145
Extrinsic
are hypaxia from ventral positio using ventral rami n ex: serratus, levator, rhomboids, traps, lats
146
Spinal cord vasculature
which terminates in capillary beds around nerve roots and are called radicular arteries they can also become segmental medullary arteries
147
Anterior and posterior spinal arteries
branch from vertebral and lateral sacral arteries
148
Veins on the spinal cord
outside of Durham water internal vertebral venous plexus that lacks valves communicates with dural venous sinuses connects with segmental veins that can lead to cancer. There are also 3 anterior and posterior spinal veins on the spinal cord
149
Scoliosis
abnormal lateral bending and twisting that can develop from developmental issues such as hemi vertebrae and articular process fusion or chronic strain
150
Flexion/distraction injury
acute combined axial tension and flexion with soft tissue and bony failure of lamina and associated process in tension fFracture dislocation,. Tearing along vertebral canal with less chance of dural sac and spinal cord
151
Fracture dislocation
acute lateral or rotational loading and failure of of intercentral and interarticular joings in shear (combo of tearing and crushing) that shears the certebral canal leading to neuro deficit
152
Spondylolysis
repeated flexion and extension or chronic lumbar hyperextension (hyperlordosis) together with axial compression with a stress fracture of lamine in between articular process. Pt complains of diffuse lower back pain on extension GYMNAST
153
Spondyloisthesis
spondylolysis allow affected vertebrae to slowly slide anteriorly on intercentral joint. Normal lordotic curvature and increased axial compression from body weight in lumbar region
154
Neurocranium
around brain made of 8 bones. Frontal occipital sphenoid ethmoid parietal and temporal bones
155
What are the two parts of neurocranium
membranous and cartilaginous part
156
Membranous part of neurocranium
flat bones from NSC and mesoderm formed by intramembranous ossification
157
Cartilaginous part
bones of cranial base from NSC and mesoderm formed by endochondral ossification
158
Calvaria
skull cap/ roof Made of thin sheets of bone with frontal parietal and squamous part of occi made of thick irregular bowpital
159
Cranial base
basicranium inferior portion frontal sphenoid ethmoid temporal and occipital
160
Viscerocranium
facial skeleton made of 14 bones made of mandible vulnerable maxilla zygomatic nasal lacrimal and inferior nasal cavity and Palatine
161
Development and ossification in skull
neural crest, mesodermal paraxial and intramembranous and endochondral ossification
162
Embryology of viscerocraniium
developed through intramembranous ossification from neural crest of 1/2 pharyngeal arches
163
Fontanelles
more than 2 calvarial bones separated by sutures for normal brain growth. 6 in total, anterior (closes 18 months between 2 parietal and 2 frontal) and posterior (between 2 parietal and occipital that closes 1-2 montheS)
164
Cranial sutures
synarthrosis joints that are immovable connected by fibrous connective tissue
165
Coronal suture
connects frontal and parietal bones
166
Sagittal suture
connects parietal along midline
167
Lambdoid suture
connects occipital and parietal
168
Squamosal
parietal and temporal and is the only one that is bilateral
169
Pterion
a point of weakness that overlies anterior branches of middle meningeal artery and can lead to an epidural hematoma
170
Cranial meninges
between neurocranium and brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid
171
Dura mater of brain
outermost layer made of tough thick fibrous membrane with two layers (external perisoteal and internal meningeal) that is mostly fused except for spaces for dural venous sinuses and dural infoldings
172
Dura mater: external periosteal layer
Formed by periosteum covering internal surface of neurocranium
173
Dura mater: internal meningeal layer
continuous at foramen magnum with dura that covers spinal cord
174
Dura arterial supply
Middle meningeal arteyr which enters through foramen spinosum and splits ot AP branches
175
Dura sensory innervations
three divisions of trigeminal nerve and C2/C3 cervical plexus so referred pain is seen as headache suppplied by nerves
176
Epidural hematoma
MMA teared and blood collects between dura and neurocranium from trauma and at site of Pterion
177
Subdural hematoma
superior cerebral vein (bridging vein) tear where junction between dura and arachnoid is disrupted and blood is slow to expand
178
Subarrachnoid hemmorhage
arterial and an aneursym where blood goes in sub arachnoid space
179
Arachnoid mater
thin intermediate layer separated from pia by subarachnoid space that contains CSF and held against inner surface of dura by pressure of CSF
180
Arachnoid trabeculae
weblike strands that connect arachnoid and pia to provide structural support in subarachnoid space
181
Arachnoid granulations
protrusions of arachnoid that pierce dura to enter dural venous sinus and allow CSF to flow in subarachnoid space to dural venosu sinus to venous circulation
182
Pia mater
thin and delicate layer that sticks to brain surface and countour with extensive vascular network and pierces to brain
183
Epidural space
potential space between neurocranium and periosteal dura
184
Subdural space
potential space between dura and arachnoid mater
185
Subarachnoid space
actual space between arachnoid and pia that contains CSF, cerebral arteries, veins, and cranial nerves
186
Dural infoldings
internal meningeal layer of dura folds on itself to form dural infoldings for stabilization, compartmentalization, and support for veins
187
Falx cerebri
largest in folding in longitudinal fissure of brain to separate cerebral hemisphere that contains superior sagittal sinus and superior margin and inferior sagittal sinus in inferior margin
188
Falx cerebelli
That partially separates cerebellar hemispheres and as a continuation of Falx Cerebri inferior to Falx cerebri
189
Tentorium cerebelli
second larges infolding that separates cerebrum from cerebellum/brainstem and attaches to skull posteriorly and laterally. Free margin creates tentorial notch for cerebellum brainstem to pass through
190
Diaphragma sellae (sellar Diaphargm)
circular extension of dura suspended between clinoid processes of sphenoid and forms a partial roof over hypophyseal pituitary fossa with a small central opening for infundibulum (pituitary stalk) to connect pituitary to hypothalamus superiorly
191
Anterior cranial fossa
frontal lobes of brain with olfactory bulbs and tracts and borders of frontal and lesser wings of sphenoid
192
Middle cranial fossa
temporal lobes and pituitary glands with lesser wings of sphenoid, temporal, parietal, and dorsum sellae of sphenoid
193
Posterior cranial fossa
cerebellum, pons, medulla with sphenoid, temporal, parietal and occipital
194
Epiblast
forms ectoderm and lines amniotic cavity
195
Invaginating epiblast cells
form mesoderm and endoderm
196
Mesodermal cells migrate
cepahnically to oropharyngeal membrane and form notochord which will form NP
197
Paraxial mesoderm
axial skeeleton, skeletal muscles and base of skull
198
Intermediate mesoderm
urogenital systems
199
Somatic and sphnlachnic lateral plate mesoder
sternum, appendicular skeleton, cardiac and smooth muscles, pleura, peritonea, and pericardium
200
Somite segmentation
day 20 where paraxial mesoderm starts to segment into somitomeres in occipital and then go cepahlic and caudal
201
Somite proliferation
the first seven make muscles of upper regions and caudally they make vertebrae 3 per day
202
Dorsomedial muscle cells innervate
epaxial intrinsic back muscles
203
Dermatome
dermis of the skin
204
Ventrolateral muscle cells
hypaxial muscles
205
Sclerotome posterior
spinous process and laminae
206
Sclerotome central
pedicles, transverse process, and proximal parts of ribs
207
Sclerotome lateral
distal ribs and tendons
208
Sclerotome anterior
vertebral bodies and AN of IV discs
209
Somite resegmentation
each vertebrae is intersegmental where cranial and caudal half are separated so each vertebrae has contributions from 4 somites. AN develops between cephalic and caudal parts of original sclerotome and notochord persists as NP. Muscles, nerves, and arteries ar enot affected.
210
Molecular regulation - sclerotome
SHH from floor of neural tube and NOGGIN from notochord form sclerotome -> sclerotome expresses PAX 1 to form vertebral column. NT-3 from neural tube also makes dermis
211
Molecular regulation - WNT
Neural tube expresses WNT leads to expression of PAX3 to specify dermomyotome and regualtes MYF5 to make epaxial muscles. BMP4 by lateral plate mesoderm makes MYOD for hypaxial muscles.
212
Spina bifida
failure of 2 vertebral arches to fuse
213
Spina bifida occulta
tuft of hair seen where meninges and spinal cord are intact
214
Meningocele
dura missing and arachnoid herniates and SC intact
215
Myelomeningocele
dura missing and arachnoid and SC herniates
216
Superficial cerivical fascia
continuation of superficial muscular aponeurotic system of face including platsyma
217
Investing fascia
continuation of parotid-masseteric fascia of face around SCM and traps
218
Structures in pretracheal fascia
pharnyx, larynx, trachea, esophagus, thyroid gland
219
Structures in carotid sheath
common, internal carotid a, internal jugular v, vagus n,
220
Structures in prevertebral fascia
muscles attaching to vertebral column like scalanes, longus colli and capitis and rectus capitis
221
Retropharyngeal space
between alar and prevertebral fascia that continues to thoracic cavity and is a route of infection - see a kid who is running with lollipop and trips and falls with trauma to pretracheal and alar
222
Hyoid
normally ossified skeletal structure in cervical viscera made of 2nd pharngeal arch (lesser horns) and 3rd pharngeal arch (greater horns)
223
SCM
separates anterior and posterior triangles with a sternal and clavicular head. Innervation by spinal accessory CNXI
224
Torticollis/wry neck
unilateral shortening or spasm of SCM
225
Submandibular triangle border
A/P digastric and body of mandible. Floor is mylohyiod and hypoglossus with hypoglossal nerve
226
Posteiror belly of digastric innervation
mastoid to intermediate tendon innervated by CN 12
227
Anterior belly of digastric
intermediate tendon to mandible innervated by CNV3
228
Mylohoid m
hyoid to mylohyoid line on mandible innervated by CNV3
229
Hypoglossus m
hyoid to tongue innervated by CN12 (hypoglossal)
230
Hypoglossal n
X4
231
Submandibular triangle contents - deep
facial, retromandicular to form common facial vein, submandibular gland and lymph noids, facial artery (deep to submandibular gland)and inferior parotid
232
Submental triangle
single midline triangle defined by anterior digastric and hyoid, floor is mylohyoid
233
Submental triangle contents
submental lymph and anterior jugular vein
234
Carotid triangle borders
posterior digastric, superior omohyoid and SCM. Floor is thyrohyoid, hypoglossus, and pharyngeal constrictors
235
Carotid triangle contents
carotid (internal and external), vagus, spinal accessory, hypoglossal, internal jugular v and common facial v, ansa cervicalis, and distal great auricular
236
Branches of external carotid
superior thryoid, lingual, facial, occipital
237
Muscular triangle borders
superior omohyoid and SCM
238
Muscular triangle contents
anterior jugular v, jugular venous arch, sternohyoid, sternothyroid and thyrohyoid and thyroid gland deep
239
Thyroid gland
endocrine gland that sequesters idothyrglobulin as precursor and secretes thyroid hormoens and calcitonin
240
Pyramidal lobe
extends superiorly in the midline as a remant of epithelial stalk
241
Thryoid blood supply
superior thryoid (from ECA) and inferior thyroid (from thyrocervical trunk). Venous drains to superior thryoid (drains to internal jugular), middle thyroid (drains to internal jugular) and inferior thyroid (drains to brachiocephalic)
242
Thyroid injury due to
recurrent larngeal (branch of vagus) in surgery
243
Occipital triangle contents
posterio triangle: External jugular v (superficial to SCM) spinal accessory (deep to traps), cervicodorsal v (drains dorsal scapular and transcerse cervical), greater auricular (along external jugular to ear), lesser occipital (between SCM and traps to occipital region), transverse cervical n (anteromedially across SCM), supraclavicular (down to shoulder)
244
Nerve point of neck
where greater auricular, and supraclavicular branches off
245
Occipital triangle muscles
splenius capitis, levator, posterior and middle scalene
246
What is between middle and anterior scalenes
trunks of brachial plexus and subclavian artery
247
What is anterior to anterior scalene
subclavian vein, cervicodorsal trunk (transverse cervical), suprascapular artery and phrenic
248
Carotid sinus
baroreceptor through CN 9 - ICA
249
Carotid body
chemoreceptor through glosspharyngeal and vagus
250
Internal carotid
goes to brain
251
External carotid
goes to face
252
Sup. Thyroid a
branch anteriorly descends to thyroid gland
253
Lingual a
branch anteromedially and deep to hypoglossal m
254
Facial a
branch anteriorly under submandibular gland around angle of mandible to face
255
Occipital a
branches posterolaterally
256
Cervical plexus
C1-C5 in anterior rami that form loops and cutaneous nerves
257
C1-C2 join
hypoglossal
258
C1 axons drop off after passing
medial to internal jugular vein as superior limb of ansa cervicalis
259
C2-C3 pass lateral to
internal jugular as infrior limb of ansa cervicalis
260
Vagus lies
deep to internal/common carotid
261
Suprahyoid muscles
digastric mylohyiod, geniohyoid
262
Infrahyyoid muscles
omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid
263
Anterior digastric and mylohyoid innervated by
nerve to mylohyoid (CNV3)
264
Geniohyoid innervated by
C1 axons running with hypoglossal past ansa cervicalis
265
Omo
sternohyoid and sternothyroid innervated by ansa cervicalis C1-C3
266
Thyroid innervated by
C1 with hypoglossal past ansa cervicalis (nerve to thyrhyoid)
267
Pharynx pharyngeal constrictors
SMI form posterolateral boundary circumferentially
268
Larynx and trachea
continuation of airway past pharynx that's gets branches of vagus (superior and recurrent) and superior thyroid and superior laryngeal
269
Parathyroid gland
smaller endocrine glands (4) on posterior thyroid that secretes PTH
270
Subclavian artery
branches from brachiocephalic trunk (right) or arch of aorta (left) with three sections
271
Branches from 1st part of subclavian
vertebral, internal thoracic and thyrocervical trunk
272
Vertebral a
posterosuperior enters transverse foramen at C6
273
Internal thoracic
anteroinferior along sternum in thoracic
274
Thyrocervical trunk
superior and branches to smaller aa
275
Thyrcervical trunk branches
inferior thyroid, common trunk to make transverse cervical and suprascapular and dorsal scapular
276
Inferior thyroid a
superior ang makes ascending cervical
277
2nd part of subclavian
costocervical trunk behind anterior scalene to make superior intercostal and deep cervical
278
Damage to an artery: general
supplies tissue on one side so damage is left to one side
279
Blood supply to brain 2 divisions
internal carotid and vertebrobasilar (IV foramen)
280
Internal carotid branches
opthalmic, P. comm, A. choroidal, ACA, MCA
281
Opthalamic artery
supplies eye and orbit and forms central artery of retina. Formed by internal carotid as it leaves cavernos sinus
282
P.comm artery
connects internal carotid and vertebrobasilar systems
283
A.choroidal artery
enters inferior horn of lateral ventricle and supplies corid plexus, cerebral peduncles and optic tract
284
Anterior cerebral artery
supplies medial surface of cerebral cortex up to parito-occipital sulcus.
285
Middle cerebral artery
supplies lateral surface of hemisphere except superior, occipital and inferolateral aspects of brain
286
Lenticulostriate arteries
branches of MCA that supply basal ganglia and any damage will lead to stroke
287
Vertebrobasilar blood supply
2 vertebral arteries that travel rostrally through transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae that enter skull at foramen magnum that penetrate dura and travel in subarachnoid space and join at base of pons to form basilar artery
288
Branches of vertebral artery
posterior spinal arteries, anterior spinal arteries, posterior inferior cerebellar arteries, basillar artery
289
Posterior spinal arteries
arise from vertebral arteries or mostly posterior inferior cerebellar arteries that supply posterior aspect of spinal cord
290
Anterior spinal artery
formed from 2 vertebral artery that converge to form this artery and supplies anterior spinal cord
291
Sulcal and coronal branches of anterior spinal artery
supply 2/3 of cord leading to loss of motor functions and spinothalamic/pain sensation
292
Posterior spinal artery dysfunction
as they supply dorsal column you lose fine touch
293
Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries
supply deep cerebellar structures, inferior cerebellum, and medulla
294
Basillar artery branches
AI cerebellar, S cerebellar, P cerebral
295
AI cerebellar arteries
supply A + I cerebellum and parts of medulla and pons
296
Superior cerebellar artery
supplies midbrain, pons and superior surface of cerebellum
297
Posterior cerebral artery
supply occipital lobe and medial temporal and sends branches to midbrain and thalamus
298
Arterial branches to brainstem
located on ventral surface of brainstem that give rise to branches that encircle brainstem
299
Paramedian branches
shortest branches supplying tissue along midline
300
Short circumferential branches
travel lateral along ventral surface then penetrate brainstem to supply more lateral brainstem tissue
301
Long circumferential branches
wrap around brainstem to supply most lateral and dorsal brainstem and cerebellum
302
Pcerebral Arteries lies in the
Midbrain
303
Basilar lies in the
pons
304
Vertebral a lies in the
medulla
305
Great arterial circle of willis
formed by anastomeses of internal carotid and vertebrobasilar located on inferior surface of brain and use posterior communicating arteries.
306
Great arterial circle content
ICA, Anterior cerebral arteries, Acomm, Pcomm, P. cerebral. All are two except A. comm
307
Great arterial circle blockages
bloackages in a larger artery can strain smaller artery and many small branches originate from large vessels that supply structures in diencephalon and telencephalon and a stroke here can cause many issues
308
Veins in CNS
anastomatic without valves so blockage is rare and enter dural sinuses to drain to internal jugular
309
Major venous sinus
cavernous, inferior and superior sagital, confluence of sinuses, sigmoid sinus
310
Cavernous sinus
drains to S + I petrosal sinus which drains to sigmoid
311
Inf. Sagittal sinus
drains to straight sinus
312
Sup. Sagittal sinus and straight sinus
drain to confluence of sinuses
313
Confluence of sinus
drains to transverse sinus which drain to sigmoid sinus
314
Sigmoid sinus
drain to internal jugular veins
315
Danger triangle of face
drain through facial vein through opthalmic vein through cavernous sinus where internal carotid and cranial nerves 3,4,V1,V2 pass through so an infection will spread through cavernous
316
Angiograms
medical imaging technique to see blood vessels in organs of body by injecting radio opaque contrast agent in blood
317
Ventricular system
cavities in brain where CSF is made and circulated
318
Function of ventricular system
reduce traction of nerves and blood vessels, cushioning, removing metabolites from CNS, and maintaining an ionic environment for CNS
319
Lateral ventricle
C shape structure with short tail with anterior horn, a body, and posterior and inferior horns. CSF made here drains into the third ventricle and then through interventricular foramine (of Monro)
320
3rd ventricle
narrow vertical space connected to lateral ventricles rostrally and cerebral aqueduct caudally. Boundaries are dorsal thalamus and hypothalamus. Drains to cerebral aqueduct
321
Cerebral aqueduct
connects 3rd and 4th ventricle
322
4th ventricle
pyramid shape. Dorsally extends into cerebellum and caudally forms narrow channel who more caudally contines to cerebral spinal cord and forms central canal
323
4th ventricle openings
open to subarachniod space arround brain, foramina of Luschka (4) and foramen of Magendie
324
Block of CSF flow at cerebral aqueduct
swelling or enlargement of lateral ventricles and hydrocephalus
325
Hydrocephalus
CSF overproduction, (choroid plexus tumor) and can exceed flow of capacity
326
CSF composition
low protein, greater conc of NA, Cl, Mg
327
CSF circulation flow
1. lateral to third through foramin of Monro 2. then cerebral aqueduct to 4th ventricle 3. then leaves 4th ventricle through lateral aperture (foramen of Luschka and Magendie), CSF travels in subarachnoid space to venous sinus through arachnoid vili
328
Choroid plexus
modified ependymal cells make CSF in ventricular system present everywhere except cerebral aqueduct, foramen of luschka and magendie and central canal. In L/R lateral ventricles it is close to medial wall and in 3/4 it is on roof
329
Subarachnoid cistern
enlargements in subarachnoid space - pontocerebellar/cerebellopointine, cerebomedullary, interpeduncular, chiasmatic, quadrigeminal, lumbar cistern
330
pontocerebellar/cerebellopointine cistern
around lateral surface of pons
331
Cerebomedullary/cisterna magna cistern
adjacent to cerebellum and medulla and very large
332
Interpeduncular cistern
between 2 cerebral peduncles
333
Chiasmatic cistern
nect to optic chiasm
334
Quadrigeminal cistern
near quadrigeminal bodies (S/I colliculi). Also called the superior cistern
335
Epidural hemmorrhage
bleeding between skull and dura due to injury where periosteal layer is loose and there is damage to MMA. Lenticular shaped and short and wide as they do not cross dural attachmenets
336
Subdural hemmorhage
bleeding to meninges at junction of arachnoid in dura related to veins that pass thorugh subarachnoid space to enter a venous sinus. Appears long and thin
337
Subarachnoid hemmorrhage diagnosis
presence of blood in CSF by cisternal puncture. Symptoms are sudden bad headache, neck stiffness, vomit, nausea, depression, loss of consciousness
338
Hemmorhagic stroke
sudden bleeding from BV in brain or space saround from injury, cerebral aneursym (enlargement of artery due to weakening of artery wall
339
First pharyngeal arch of face
underlying bones, cutaneous sensory nerves + 3 prominences
340
Prominences of 1st pharyngeal arch
frontonasal (forehead upper part of orbit and nose - opthalmic CNV1), maxillary (cheek and lower orbit - maxillary CNV2) and mandibular (lower jaw 0 mandibular CNV3)
341
Second pharyngeal arch of face
muscles of facial expression, associated motor nerves
342
Occipitalis and frontalis/occipitofrontalis
2 muscle bellies connected by epicranial aponeurosis that work together to move scalp and eyebrows
343
Galea aponeurotics
epicranial aponeurosis
344
Orbicularis oculi
surrounds the orbit and its contents - 2 parts palpebral and orbital
345
Palpebral part
covers eye directly to gently close eyelid
346
Orbital part
covers bony walls of orbit for tight closing (wink, squint)
347
Nasalis
flares alar cartilage of nose
348
Orbicularis oris
covers front of mouth to close lips
349
Modiolus
open lips along specific line of action
350
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
dilate nostrils
351
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi 4 parts
levator labii superioris, zygomaticus major, zygomaticus minor, levator anguli oris funtion to raise upper lip or pull laterally (Smile, laugh, sneer)
352
Depressor anguli oris
act to depress angle of mouth
353
Depressor labii inferioris
lower lower lip
354
Mentalis
attaches to skin of chil to lift lower lip to protrude (pout)
355
Buccinator
position food on molar teeth to chew and connects to other muscles that form wall of pharynx through pterygomandibular raphe
356
Parotid duct
pierces buccinator and empties parotid gland secretion into oral vesticle near upper 2nd molar - cold saliva
357
Buccal fat pad
space betweem buccinator and massteter filled with pad of adipose
358
Platysma
covers chin and neck (2nd arch muscles) onto chin
359
Wrinkle (kraissl) lines
perpendicular to orientation of underlying muscles
360
Facial nerve
leaves skull through stylomastoid foramen through parotid where it branches to temporal zygomatic buccal marginal mandibular cervical ALL MOTOR. Branches are small and variable
361
Trigeminal nerve
sensory with 3 divisions (opthalmic, maxillary and mandibular)
362
Opthalmic of trigmenial branches
lacrimal supraorbital supratrochlear infratrochlear and external nasal
363
Mandibular of trigemnial branches
auriculotemporal buccal mental
364
Maxillary of trigeminal
zygomaticotempora, zygomaticofacial, infraorbital
365
Arterial supply in brain
facial artery (branches from ECA) that courses around mandible at divot in angle of jaw and zig-zag course allows it to stretch during jaw opening and closing.
366
Facial a brances
inferior and superior labial and continues beside nose as angular
367
Supraorbital a
larger and extends superiorly to anastomes in scalp and arise from opthalmic artery in orbit
368
Supratrochlear a
arise from opthalmic a in orbit
369
Superficial temporal a
from ECA and passes lateral to zygomatic arches and goes up
370
Transverse facial
from S. temopral a and goes anterior to anastomase with facial artery
371
Scalp vesssels
supraorbital artery, supratrochlear, superficial temporal, posterior auricular, occipital for thermoregulaiton
372
Veins in face
superior and inferior opthalmic, infraorbital, deep facial that drain to cavernous sinus and pterygoid venous plexus - can cause thrombophlebitis (danger triangle)
373
Scalp layers
skin, connective tissue aponeurosis loose CT pericranium (periostem) - SCALP
374
Explain layers of SCALP
SCP are bound and move together, L gives place for surgery and skin flaps, C has arterial anastomoses, A allows edges of transverse wound to be drawn apart causing gaping
375
Tissue arrangement on face
Skin fibroadipose CT, superficial muscular aponeurotic, loost CT of parotid masseter, first arch muscles and periostem
376
Infra T fossa location
deep to ramus of mandible inferior and deep to zygomatic arch
377
IT fossae borders
S - sphenoid, medial - lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid, Anterior - maxilla
378
Lateral pterygoid muscle -
inferomedial to superolateral that protects jaw and TMJ articular disc
379
Medial pterygoid m.
superomedial to inferolateral that forms sling around mandibular ramus with masseter and closes jaw
380
Maxillary a
branch of ECA to supply deep viscerocranium (mandible, maxilla, and nasacavity) with 3 parts defined by lateral pterygoid
381
1st branch of maxillar
MMA (enters cranial cavity through foramen spinosum), I. Alevolar (travels w inferior alveolar n and enter smandibular foramen to supply mandible teeth and mandible body
382
2nd branch of maxillary
deep temporal (superior to supply tempralis), buccal (anterolaterally to supply buccinator and buccal oral mucosa (cheek)
383
3rd branch of maxillary
descenending palatine (descend to pterygomaxillary fissure and supplies hard and soft palate), posterior superior alveolar (enters maxilla through several foramen and supplies maxillary molar and premolar teeth), infraorbital, enters orbit through inferior orbital fissures and supplies maxilla canines and incisors and emerges from infraorbital foramen on face. Sphenopalatine (terminal branch of maxillary, enters nasal cavity through sphenopalatine foramen to supply nasal mucosa
384
Pterygoid venous plexus
drain site of infraorbital and deep facial vein, to connect with cavernous sinus and risk of thrombiphlebitis
385
Branches of mandibular trigeminal that emerge from
foramen ovale
386
Branches of CNV3
inferior alveolar, lingual, auriculotemporal and buccal
387
Inferior alveolar n
travels with inferior alveolar a and enters mandibular foramen that is sensory to mandibular teeth, lower lip and chin as mental n
388
Lingual n
joins with chorda tympani (Cn 12 - taste to 2/3 anterior tongue and parasympathetic to submandibular ganglion. Trigeminal axons give general sensatioon (touch and temp) to anterior 2/3 tongue
389
Auriculotemporal
collects parasympathetic supply frpm otic ganglion (CN 9 - para symp to parotid) that encircles MMA and passes behind mandibular condyle and gives sensory to TMJ, temporal and auricle
390
Buccal
travels with buccal artery and sensory to skin and oral mucosa of cheek
391
Branches of trigeminal mandibular - motor
n. to masseter n. to lateral pterygoid m.n. to medial pterygoid m. Deep temporal nn.
392
TMJ
modified hinge joint for elevation and depression mostly but also protraction, retraction and rotatipn
393
TMj synovial capsule
2 compartments by articular disc made of mobile fibrocartilage. Lateral pterygoid attaches to disc which can protract and retract across articular tubercule of temporal. Mandibular condyle articulates with disc to open and clsoe jaw
394
Ligaments of TMJ
lateral ligament of temporomandibular joint, sphenomandibular and stylomandibular
395
Sphenomandibular ligament
from spine of sphenoids to lingula near mandibular foramen
396
Syulomandibular ligament
from styloid process to angle of mandible
397
lateral ligament of temporomandibular joint
formed from thickened articular capsule
398
Superior colliculus
eye movement
399
Inferior colliculus
hearing
400
Cerebellum
making movement smooth and coordinated
401
Midbrain contains
cerebral peduncle and interpedunclar fossa and cerebral aqueduct
402
Pons contains
base of pons, upper part of 4th ventricle
403
Medulla contains
pyramid and pyramidal decussations and olive
404
Abducens attach at
junction of pons and medulla near midline
405
CN 12
attach betewen pyramid and olive - medulla
406
CN 9 and 10
lateral to olive - medulla
407
CN 6
7,8 attach, along medulla/pons junction where 6 is most medial and the rest are more lateral as number increases
408
CN XI
orginiates from cervical spinal cord
409
Base
area between ventral surface and ventricles pyramid - medulla, base of pons - pons, cerebral peduncle - midbrain
410
Tegmentum
fills space between base and ventricle and forms core of brainstem
411
Tectum
part of brainstem dorsal to ventricle - only in midbrain
412
All closed medulla sections
contain central canal and pyramid
413
Section 1: motor (pyramidal) decussation
contains central canal, pyramid, pure metal decussation
414
Section 2: sensory decussation
contains dorsal column nuclei ( gracile and cuneate nucleus), internal arcuate fibers, inferior olivary nucleus, central canal, pyramid
415
Section 3: middle medulla
contains 4th ventricle, pyramid, inferior olivary nucleus
416
All pons section containm 4th ventricle
base of ponds, pontine nuclei, pyramidal tract fibers, transverse pontine fibers
417
Section 4: lower pawns
contains additional facial nerve fibers
418
Section 5: mid pons
no additional structures
419
All midbrain structures contain
cerebral peduncle (crus), cerebral aqueduct and peri aqueductal Gray
420
Section 6: lower midbrain
contains decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle and inferior colliculus
421
Section 7: upper midbrain
contains red nucleus and superior colliculus
422
Corticospinal pathway
neurons in cerebral cortex project to motor neurons in the spinal cord and traverses the pyramids causing muscle contraction
423
Corticospinal pathway brain stem structures
cerebral crus (in cerebral peduncles), corticospinal fibers in base of ponds, pyramid, pyramidal decussation
424
Brainstem lesion of pyramidal tract
paralysis that is contralateral to lesion
425
Myelin stains color meaning
black equals full myelination, pay equals managed axons due to stroke or other reasons
426
Cerebellum contents
two fissures and three lobes (anterior, posterior, floccolonodular)
427
Cerebellum - anterior lobe
primary fissure
428
Cerebellum - posterior lobe
postural lateral fissure
429
Superior cerebellar peduncle
connects cerebellum with midbrain and thalamus
430
Middle cerebellar peduncle
connects cerebellum with pons
431
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
connects cerebellum with medula and spinal cord
432
Lesion of cerebellar system
ataxia (uncoordinated movements) ipsilateral
433
Substantia nigra
visualized as a black lining next to the cerebral peduncles. In Parkinson's, neurons degenerate and patient shows little movement that is slow
434
Somatic motor
innervate striated muscles
435
Branchial motor
developed from branchial arches or pharyngeal arches
436
Visceral motor
autonomic or parasympathetic
437
Somatic motor nerves
CN 3, 4, 6, 12
438
Cranial nerves three (ocular motor)
found in the upper midbrain and Section 7 in oculomotor nucleus
439
Cranial nerve 4 trochlear
found in trochlear nucleus in lower mid brain section 6
440
Cranial nerve 6 abducens
found in abducens nucleus in lower ponds section 4
441
Cranial nerve 12 hypoglossal
found in hypoglossal nucleus in medulla in sections two or three
442
Branchial motor nuclei
CN 5, 7, 9, 10
443
Cranial nerve 5 trigeminal
found in trigeminal motor nucleus in mid ponds in section 5
444
Cranial nerve 7 facial
found in facial nucleus in lower ponds in section 4
445
Cranial nerve 9 glossopharyngeal
found in nucleus ambiguous in medulla in sections two or three
446
Cranial nerve 10 Vegas
found in nucleus ambiguous in medulla in section two or three
447
General somatic sensory nuclei in brainstem: trigeminal sensory complex
trigeminal fibers travel through brainstem to reach either principal sensory/chief sensory or spinal trigeminal nucleus
448
Special sensory nuclei in brainstem
vestibulular and hearing. Balance and compensatory eye movements
449
Cranial nerve 13 vestibular cochlear
found in either vestibular or cochlear nucleus,. Vestibular nerve is found in open medulla or lower ponds in sections 3 or 4. Cochlear nerve is found in upper medulla in between sections 3 and 4
450
Visceral sensory nuclei: solitary nerves
facial, glossopharyngeal, Vegas which are found in the solitary nucleus in most of the medulla in sections two or three
451
Reticular formation
consciousness (midbrain and pons), basic life support (medulla) and other functions
452
Midbrain artery
posterior cerebral artery
453
Midbrain medial supply
paramedian branches of posterior cerebral arteries
454
Midbrain lateral supply
superior cerebellar artery and posterior cerebral artery
455
Pons main artery
basilar artery
456
Pons medial artery
paramedian branches of basilar artery
457
Pons lateral artery
anterior inferior cerebellar artery
458
Medulla main artery
vertebral arteries
459
Medulla medial artery
paramedian branches of anterior spinal artery
460
Medulla lateral artery
posterior inferior cerebellar artery
461
Forebrain Composed of
diencephalon and telencephalon
462
Diencephalon components
thalamus, hypothalamus,Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus and subthalamus. Third ventricle and cranial nerve 2
463
Diencephalon location
between brainstem and telencephalon with two symmetric halves separated by a third ventricle
464
Telencephalon components
Cerebral cortex, subcortical white matter, basal ganglia, hippocampus, amygdala, lateral ventricles, cranial nerve one
465
Thalamus nuclei
Anterior, medial, lateral thalamic nuclei that is the functional gateway as all information will reach the cerebral cortex
466
Nucleus
collection of cell bodies that make up the Gray matter. Axons that leave a nuclei will form white matter
467
Function of thalamic nuclei - anterior
anterior limbic
468
Function of thalamic nuclei-medial
medial dorsal limbic, mood, personality, emotion and eye movement
469
Function of the limbic nuclei- lateral
ventral anterior and lateral are responsible for motor through basal ganglia.VPL (Somatosensory body).PM (somatosensory head or face). Lateral geniculate nucleus (vision) and medial geniculate (for auditory). There is also a lateral dorsal and posterior and pulvinar associated with eye movement found here and it is the most posterior
470
Externalmedullary lamina
axons that cover the lateral part of the thalamus
471
Internal medullary lamina
axons within thalamus and subdivided
472
Hypothalamus
a rough triangle formed by anterior commissure, mammillary bodies (a part of diencephalon) and optic chiasm. Contain a collection of nuclei that regulate homeostatic functions through autonomic and endocrine activities.
473
Hypothalamus location
rostral ventral to thalamus lateral to 3rd ventricle dorsal to pituitary and rostral to ventral thalamus and midbrain tegmentum in the triangle
474
Epithalamus components
pineal gland, habenula, stria medullaris thalami
475
Pineal gland function
produce melatonin
476
Subthalamus
Motorola in basal ganglia and a target of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's. Cannot be seen from mid sagittal plane
477
Telencephalon
large hemisphere of cerebral cortex separated by longitudinal fissure with subcortical white matter for neural connections and basal ganglia, hippocampus and amygdala
478
Cerebral cortex
perception, consciousness, higher thought Anne covers entire surface of cerebral hemisphere that is 6 layered to form the neocortex. Hippocampus and paleo cortex which is associated with olfaction contained 3 layers
479
Lobes of cerebral cortex
frontal parietal occipital and temporal
480
Frontal lobe
contains precentral gyrus/primary motor cortex and general functions are motor speech executive functions like judgment planning and problem solving
481
Parietal lobe
contains post central gyrus/primary somatosensory cortex and functions for somatic sensation, high level visual processing, sensory integration and attention
482
Occipital lobe
visual center
483
Temporal lobe
primary auditory cortex and functions for audition, high level visual processing and olfactory processing and memory as it contains the hippocampus
484
Precentral gyrus
responsible for motor
485
Post central gyrus
responsible for sensory
486
Lateral surface
head and upper body supplied by middle cerebral artery
487
Medial surface
lower body and supplied by anterior cerebral artery
488
Cingulate gyrus
processing limbic function
489
Paracentral lobule
collection of gyri made of precentral and postcentral found on the medial surface of cerebral hemisphere and contains neurons responsible for motor and sensory function of lower limb
490
Internal capsule
contain fibers traveling to and from cerebral cortex. Ascending axons to cortex are from thalamic nuclei and descending fibers forget subcortical nuclei and spinal cord. Common location of subcortical stroke due to lenticulostriate arteries and anterior choroidal artery
491
Three regions of internal capsule
genu, anterior and posterior limb
492
Genu
bend in the internal capsule
493
Anterior limb
anterior to genu in separate cottage and lenticular nuclei that contain fibers to connect anterior and medial dorsal thalamic nuclei with frontal lobe and cingulate gyrus. Contains axons that carry limbic information
494
Posterior limb
posterior to genu that separates lenticular nucleus and thalamus and contains fibres of corticospinal and somatosensory fibers from VPL and VPM and fibers leaving from thalamus to post central gyrus will make up a large chunk of the posterior limb
495
Commissural fibers
fibers that carry information from 1 cortical hemisphere to the other
496
Corpus callosum
a huge commercial pathway between hemispheres that forms roof of most lateral ventricles
497
Anterior commissure
interconnects frontal and temporal lobes. One of the structures used to triangulate the hypothalamus in a mid sagittal plane
498
Posterior commissure
located rostral to superior colliculus and connects cattle parts of diencephalon and plays a role in the pupillary light reflex
499
Fornix
white matter structure with fibers that connect hippocampus to hypothalamus and septal nuclei and important for learning and memory
500
Basal ganglia
Movement and involved with Parkinson's and huntingtons
