midterm bb - Sheet1 Flashcards
1
Q
components of CNS
A
brain and spinal cord
2
Q
components of PNS
A
cranial nerves from brain/brainstem
3
Q
What does somatic innervation involve?
A
Structures of the body wall (periphery) including limbs, skin, skeletal muscle, bone
4
Q
What does visceral innervation involve?
A
Structures in the body cavity such as internal organs, serous membranes, and organs
5
Q
afferent vs efferent
A
SAME DAVE
6
Q
body wall
A
outer shell made of skin, superficial fascia, deep fascia, skeletal muscle, bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments. limbs are outgrowths of body walls
7
Q
body cavities
A
spaces within the body that contain vital organs + their membranes
8
Q
efferent neurons and the 4 organs
A
carry impulses to effector organs
9
Q
afferent neurons
A
exterceptive sensations: reach conscious awareness
10
Q
spinal nerves
A
innervate body wall below the head 31 pairs from spinal cord
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
11
Q
spinal nerve development
A
spinal nerve is matched to somite which gives rise to skin and striated muscle of body wall
12
Q
dermomyotome
A
area of skin and striated muscle from given somite
13
Q
ganglion
A
collection of neuron cell bodies outside of cNS
14
Q
gray matter
A
cell bodies of neurons that form spinal nerves are present here
15
Q
posterior vs anterior horn - types of cell bodies
A
posterior: afferent sensory
16
Q
white matter
A
contains myelinated axon tracts (schwann) that communicate with other parts of CNS and rest of body
17
Q
spinal nerve in posterior horn
A
sensory receptors -> pseudounipolar sensory neurons (peripheral then central)-> spinal posterior root gangion (multiple pseudounipolar cell bodies) -> posteiror root -> dorsal horn
18
Q
spinal nerve in anterior horm
A
anterior horn -> anterior roots (multipolar neurons)-> somatic multipolar motor neuron -> effector organs
19
Q
mixed spinal nerve
A
location where afferent from posterior root mix with efferent fibers from anterior root to form complete spinal nerve
20
Q
anterior/posterior rami
A
lateral to mixed spinal nerve
21
Q
posterior rami
A
smaller and supplies epaxial muscles (erector spinae)
22
Q
anterior rami
A
larger and supply hypaxial and merge to form larger nerves
23
Q
dorsal rhizotomy
A
isolate posterior roots of spinal nerves to leg and ablate them to reduce tonic spasticity
24
Q
cranial nerves (list all)
A
CN II - optic
CN III - oculomotor
CN IV - trochlear
CN V - trigeminal
CN VI - abducens
CN VII - facial
CN VIII - vestibulocochlear
CN IX - glossphorangyeal
CN X - vagus
CN XI - spinal accessory
CN XII - hypoglossal
25
mnemonics
On Old Olympic Towering Tops A Fin And German Viewed Some Hops
26
CN II: Name:
Section:
Function:
Exit:
OPTIC SPECIAL SENSORY
VISION
OPTIC CANAL SPECIAL SENSORY
VISION
OPTIC CANAL
27
CN VIII: Name:
Section:
Function:
Exit:
VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR, SPECIAL SENSORY
EQUILIBRIUM AND HEARING
INTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS
vestibular n: get info from vestibular ganglion
cochlear n: get info from spiral ganglion
28
CN III: Name:
Section:
Function:
Exit:
OCULOMOTOR SOMATIC AND VISCERAL MOTOR (PARA SYMP)
Somatic motor to eye muscles + parasymp to muscles that control shape of lens and pupil
SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE
arise from midbrain through cavernous sinus to orbit
29
CN IV: Name:
Section:
Function:
Exit:
Trochlear; somatic motor
innervates superior oblique extraocular muscle
superior orbital fissure
arise from midbrain, inferior to inferior colliculus to cavernous sinus to reach orbit
30
CN VI: Name:
Section:
Function:
Exit:
abducent; somatic motor
innervates lateral rectus (abductor of eye)
superior orbital fissure
arises from brainstem between pons and medulla in cavernous sinus
31
CN XI: Name:
Section:
Function:
Exit:
spinal accessory; somatic motor
innervate traps and SCM
jugular formane (enters through foramen magnum)
a series of rootlets from superior cervical spinal cord. after it exists cranial cavity, it runs with ICA deep to SCM and posterior to traps
32
CN XII: Name:
Section:
Function:
Exit:
HYPOGLOSSAL; SOMATIC MOTOR
INNERVATE INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC TONGUE MUSCLES
HYPOGLOSSAL CANAL
33
CN V: Name:
Section:
Function:
Exit:
SOMATIC SENSORY AND MOTOR; 3 DIVISIONS
34
CN V1: Name:
Section:
Function:
Exit:
SOMATIC SENSORY; OPTHALMIC
EXITS AT SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE
35
CN V2: Name:
Section:
Function:
Exit:
SOMATIC SENSORY; MAXILLARY DIVISION/NERVE
FORAMEN ROTUNDUM
36
CN V3: Name:
Section:
Function:
Exit:
MANDIBULAR NERVE; MOTOR
MUSCLES OF MASTICATION (MASSETER, TEMPORALIS, MEDIAL PTERYGOID, LATERAL PTERYGOID, MYLOHYOID, DIGASTRIC, TENSOR TYMPANI, TENSOR VEIL PALATINI
FORAMEN OVALE
37
CN VII: Name:
Section:
Function:
Exit:
FACIAL; SPECIAL SENSORY (taste from anterior 2/3 tongue) SOMATIC SENSORY (skin near external acoustic meatus) AND MOTOR (muscles of facial expression, digastric, stylohyoid, stapedius), VISCERAL MOTOR (PARASYMP) (lacrimal, sublingual and submandibular glands)
INTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS (travels through facial canal in temporal bone and leaves through stylomastoid foramen)
38
CN IX: Name:
Section:
Function:
Exit:
GLOSSOPHARNGEAL; Special sensory: taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue Somatic sensory: middle and external ear, pharynx, posterior1/3 of tongue Visceral sensory: carotid body and carotid sinus (CPR) Somatic motor: stylopharyngeus Visceral motor: parasympathetics to the parotid gland
JUGULAR FORMAEN
39
CN X: Name:
Section:
Function:
Exit:
VAGUS, jugular foramen, Special sensory: taste from the root of the tongueand epiglottis, Somatic sensory: external acoustic meatus, Visceral sensory: pharynx, larynx, trachea,bronchi, heart, esophagus, stomach, andintestine, Somatic motor: pharyngeal constrictor muscles,intrinsic muscles of the larynx, muscles of thepalate, superior part of the esophagus,palatoglossus, Visceral motor: parasympathetics to smoothmuscle of trachea, bronchi, digestive tract, and cardiac muscle of the heart
40
Anatomical directions
medial lateral, proximal distal
dorsal - ventral
rostral - caudal
posterior- anterior
superior inferior
41
decussation
where a pathway crosses midline
42
cerbrum
conscious perception, thought, volition
43
diencephalon
gateway to cerebrum; homeostasis
44
thalamus:
gateway to cerebral cortex for sensory,motor
45
hypothalamus:
autonomics, endocrime, homestasis, emotionsCN 2 also here
46
brainstem
BLS, hearing, balance, taste, consciousness
47
forebrain
diencephalon + telencephalon
48
cerebral cortex
surface of forebrain with gyri (bumps_ and sulci (grooves)
49
cerbellum
nonconscious motor control
50
telencephalon
conscious perception, thought, volition, conscious control of movement with the 4 lobes
51
lateral fissure
sylvian fissure
52
central sulcus
separates frontal and parietal lobes
53
parieto-occipital sulcus
separates parietal and occipital lobes
54
Insula
underneath the lateral fissure
55
Fiber
a single axon
56
tract
collection of axons from one place to another. It is called a nerve in the periphery
57
Lesion
anything that interferes with neuronal function
58
Voluntary motor control: the corticospinal system
1st neuron originates in the cerebral cortex that decussates at midline and ends in the spinal cord at 2nd motor neuron where it activates neurons that directly innervate muscles and cause contraction.
59
Damage to corticospinal pathway
loss of ability to contract muscle or paralysis
60
General sensory pathway
starts with the receptor in the periphery and ends in cerebral cortex for perception using 3 neurons where the second neuron decussates
61
Fine touch (DC/ML)
3 neurons from periphery to cerebral cortex through dorsal columns and medial lemniscus
62
Pain (anterolateral ALS)
carries pain info to cerebral cortex for localization and perception of pain up to spinal cord and brainstem
63
Anterior median fissure
a bundle of axons that cross the midline
64
Central canal
remnant of neural tube
65
Dorsal column
dorsal funiculus or posterior - sensory + fine touch (ipsilateral)
66
Lateral column
lateral funinculus (voluntary movement ipsilateral)
67
Ventral column
ventral/anterior funinculus (motor + spinothalamic (anterolateral) for pain that is contralteral)
68
Funinculi
contain ascending (sensory) or descending (motor) tracts
69
Lateral corticospinal tract
main descending pathway
70
Lateral corticospinal tract: main descending path for voluntary control
Muscles innervated by ventral horns (cervical for upper limb, thoracic for trunk, and lumbosacral for lower limbs). Travel in lateral funinculus
71
Dorsal columns
ascending path for fine touch where Information from periphery goes to the dorsal root -> spinal cord -> and then dorsal column then to the lower brainstem and there is Decussation is in the brain. Right side of body info enters right side of spinal cord and ascends to right dorsal column
72
Anterolateral system
pain information: Dorsal root -> dorsal horn -> crossing midline for anterior white commissure -> anterolateral part of white matter -> spinal cord -> spinal cord -> brainstem (thalamus)
73
Ventral horn organization in SC
motor neurons that innervate the midline of the body are medially and limbs neurons are laterally. Thus in cervical, the ventral horns extend laterally for upper limbs and laterally in lumbar for lower limbs
74
Dorsal horns organization in SC
are broader at the cervical and lumbosacral levels (These are the cervical and lumbosacral enlargements)
75
Lateral horns organization in SC
associated with sympathetic nervous system and present in thoracic and upper lumbar levels
76
White matter organization of SC
Larger at cervical levels that decreases to sacral. Thoracic and sacral are similar in size
77
Lateral corticospinal organization in SC
size decreases throughout the SC
78
Dorsal column organization in SC
increase in size as you go rostral and have the maximum size at the highest cervical level made of the gracile and cuneate. Start small at sacral end and grow in size to cervical region
79
Gracile fasciculus
carries fine tough info from lower body starting at sacral end of cord to full length of cord to brinstem
80
Cuneate fasciculus
fine touch info from upper body that starts at mid thoracic level and grows in size through cervical and thoracic levels to brainstem
81
Spinothalamic tract organization in SC
small at sacral and larger as it ascends
82
GSA fibers
exteroceptive sensations from skin + subconscious proprioceptive information from skeletal muscle
83
GVA fibers
interceptive visceral sesation from internal organs and subconscious reflex from automatic control of glandular tissue, cardiac and smooth muscle
84
All afferent info is carried by
pseudounipolar neurons in posterior root ganglion
85
GVE fibers
all signals from CNS synapse at peripheral ganglion before reacging target using 2 multipolar neurons. preganglionic/presynaptic are from CNS to peripheral ganglion and postganglionic from peripheral ganglion to target structures
86
Sympathetic system
fight or flight that is catabolic. Regulates blood flow primarly using peripheral ganglio close to CNS
87
Parasympathetic system
rest and digest with peripheral ganglion that is far from the CNS
88
Nerves
bundle of axons
89
Cell bodies of all preganglionic sympathetic fibers lie in the and exit through
in spinal levels T1-L2/L3 (thoracolumbar) with cell bodies in the intermediolateral column (lateral horn). Then the axons exit through the ventral roots with somatic motor fibers to ventral ramus and adjacent paravertebral ganglion through white ramus communicans
90
In paravertebral ganglion preganglionic acons can do 4 things
1. synapse on post ganglionic cell body and exit through gray ramus commincans to A/P rami to visceral body wall structures like BV, sweat glands, and arrector pili muscles. 2. synapse and send post ganglionic axons to thoracic organ. 3. pass through paravertebral ganglion without synapsing to synapse at a more cranial or caudal spinal level creating sympathetic trunk. 4. pass through without synapsing and become sphlanchnic nerve to innervate stomach viscera
91
Paravertebral ganglia create
axons and ganglion along posterior thoracic wall known as the sympathetic trunk made of 8 ganglia that makes 3 cervical sympathetic ganglia (SMI). The inferior one fuses with T1 making a stellate ganglion. Superior cervical ganglion gives off sympathetic innervation to visceral structures in the head
92
All thoracic organs get sympathetic innervation from
paravertebral ganglia through sympatheitc organ nerves
93
Parasympathetic innervation below the head: preganglionic
cell bodies for innervation are in medulla or S3-S4 of spinal cord making it the craniosacral division and distributed through vagus nerve and pelvic sphlanchnic
94
Parasympathetic innervation below the head: post ganglionic
lie in walls of organs being innervated or minute ganglia in plexus formed in pelvic organs
95
Parasympathetic distribution to body wall
NO
96
Visceral structures in head requiring autonomic behavior
eye smooth muscles affecting curve, lens, and diameter of eyelid for accomodation and glands for crying, mucus, saliva production
97
Sympathetic innervation of visceral structures in the head
motor innervation from post ganglionic is from Superior cervical ganglion as sympathetic periarterial plexus
98
Parasympathetic innervation of visceral structures in head
oculomotor, facial, and glosspharngeal
99
Autonomic innervation of smooth muscles in the eye: preganglionic
oculomotor nerve carries preganglionic parasympathetic axons to ciliary ganglion behind the eye. Post ganglionic axons are on branches of CNV1 to innervate ciliary muscles to change shape of lens and focus on objects at distances and sphincter pupillae that constricts pupil diamter
100
Autonomic innervation of smooth muscles in the eye: postganglionic
from superior cervical ganglion that goes through ciliary ganglion to branches of Cn V1 to innervate dilator pupillae to expand pupil diameter. Sympathetic fibers innervate superior tarsal muscle to raise upper eyelid
101
Autonomic innervation of lacrimal gland: preganglionic
facial nerve carries preganglionic parasympathetic axons that branch off in the inner ear to become greater petrosal nerve which joins to make post ganglionic sympathetic axons emerging from sympathetic periarterial plexus around internal carotid as deep petrossal. Both blend to form nerve of pterygod canal in sphenoid bone to enter pterygopalatine fossa.
102
In the pterygopalatine fossa preganglionic parasympathetic axons
from facial/greater petrosal nerve to synapse on pterygopalatine ganglion.
103
Autonomic innervation of lacrimal gland: postganglionic
parasympathetic axons then travel with branches of CNV2 and CNV1 to innervate lacrimal gland to increase tear production wheras sympathetic would restric blood flow in gland
104
Autonomic innervation of mucus glands in nasal cavity and palate: preganglionic
autonomic innervation from facial nerve -> greater ppetrosal -> synapse on pterygopalatine ganglion to increase mucus production
105
Autonomic innervation of mucus glands in nasal cavity and palate: postganglionic
internal carotid plexus -> deep petrosal to mucus glands in nose and branches of to CNV2. restrict blood flow
106
Autonomic innervation of mucus salivary glands - parotid: preganglionic
parotid gland gets parasympathetic innervation from glosspharyngeal nerve which synapse on otic ganglion through auriculotemporal nerve (CNV3) to increase saliva production
107
Autonomic innervation of mucus salivary glands - parotid: post ganglionic
sympathetic axons from internal carotid plexus through otic ganglion to join auriculotemporal nerve to get to parotid to restruct blood flow
108
Autonomic innervation of mucus salivary glands - sub glands: preganglionic
parasympathetic innervation from facial nerve and in the ear the facial nerve forms chorda tympani which blends with lingual nerve to synapse on submandibular ganglion. The axons then go to the glands and increase saliva production
109
Autonomic innervation of mucus salivary glands - sub glands: post ganglionic
from external carotid plexus to restrict blood flow in the glands
110
Summary of parasympathetic innervation of the head
3977 COPS
111
Horner syndrome
cervical sympathetic trunk interruption during surgery or a tumor. Pupil is constricted on affected side and there is palpebral fissure (space between eyelids) is narrow, skin is red with lack of sweating
112
Visceral sensation
from ischemia inflammation distension cramping that travels through mixed spinal nerve through sympathetic motor innervation pathway using posterior horn. EXCEPT pelvic organs uses para sympathetic pelvic splanchnic nerves S3-S4
113
Referred pain
sensory input from visceral structures that passes through sympathetic efferent input till it gets to mixed spinal nerve -> posterior roots -> posterior horn using visceral and somatic structures to confuse the brain. Pain from visceral structures is felt on body wall locations innervated by dermatome
114
Primary centers of ossification
for bodies around notochord and neural arches around neural tube separately. Incomplete formation of neural arches at S5 exposes vertebral canal and sacral hiatuss
115
Costal elements
present in development in of all vertebral regions and form ribs in thoracic region and attachment for pelvis in pelvis (auricular surface) ex: costal lamellae in cervical region, augment transverse process in lumbar region
116
Secondary centers of ossification
ligament and tendon attachments scuh as spinous and transverse and articular processes and anular epiphyses
117
Intervertebral foramina contents
formed between vertebrates with spinal nerves that carry AP and radicular arteries that supply nerve roots. Segmental medullar arteries enter to supply spinal cord
118
C1
center of ossification body doesn't fuse with C1 and fuses with C2 to form dense. It forms the antlantooccipital axis to shake head yes
119
Atlantoaxial joint
allow rotation of atlas on axis using C2 and C1
120
C3-C7 function
flexion, extension and lateral flexion
121
Dens injury
unique risk to spinal cord in injury
122
Tangential facets on thoracic vertebrates
allow for rotation
123
Zygopophyseal joint capsule
joints between articular process of adjcaent vertebrae made of cartilage from C2-S1
124
IV disc structure
fibrocartilagionous anulus fibrosus around gel like nucleus puloposus (remnanet of notochord)
125
IV disc function
hydrostatic loading which leads to a change in nucleus pulposus shape without chainging in volume
126
Curvatures of vertebral canal
kyphosis (primary) in thoracic and sacral and lordosis (secondary) in cervical and lumbar
127
Posterior longitudinal ligament
limit flexion and support NP
128
Anterior longitudinal ligament
extension and support NP
129
Interspinous and supraspinous ligaments
limit flexion
130
Ligament flava
connect adjacent laminate and form continuous roof over vertebral canal
131
Nuchal Ligament
elastic expansion from supraspinous ligament to form muscle attachment space
132
Dura mater of spinal cord
outermost thick fibrous membrane made of DICT and covered in epithelium known as the pachymeninx
133
Arachnoid and pia
inner membranes with epithelium (meningothelium) supported by DICT known as leptomeninges, develop as one block of mesenchyme and arachnoid orms connecting trabeculae with CSF in subarachnoid space
134
Tight junctions in meningtothelial cells
help maintian blood-CSF barrier
135
Denticulate ligament
periodic lateral extensions of pia that attach to arachnoid and dura provides lateral and anteroposterior stability for spinal cord made of DICT
136
First cervical spinal nerve
passes superior leading to 8 nerves and thoracic has the nerve below
137
Conus medulkaris
where spinal cord ends at L1-L@
138
Supracristal plane
transverse plane at iliac crest L4 spinous processes
139
Cauda equina
L2-Co1
140
Lumbar cistern
continues to S2 with CSF filled subarachnoid space
141
End of dural sac
S2 where dura becomes continuous with epineurium and continues as external layer to filum terminale
142
Lumbar puncture
L3/L4 or L4/L5 where there is only lumbar cistern and nerve roots are pushed aside, no conus
143
Intrinsic muscles
epaxial from dorsal surface
144
Deep intrinsic
multifidus, rotatores, semispinalis capitis
145
Intermediate intrinsic
eretor spinae (spinalis longissimus and iliocostalis)
146
Superficial intrinsic
splenic capitis and cervicis
147
Extrinsic
are hypaxia from ventral positio using ventral rami n ex: serratus, levator, rhomboids, traps, lats
148
Spinal cord vasculature
which terminates in capillary beds around nerve roots and are called radicular arteries they can also become segmental medullary arteries
149
Anterior and posterior spinal arteries
branch from vertebral and lateral sacral arteries
150
Veins on the spinal cord
outside of Durham water internal vertebral venous plexus that lacks valves communicates with dural venous sinuses connects with segmental veins that can lead to cancer. There are also 3 anterior and posterior spinal veins on the spinal cord
151
Scoliosis
abnormal lateral bending and twisting that can develop from developmental issues such as hemi vertebrae and articular process fusion or chronic strain
152
Flexion/distraction injury
acute combined axial tension and flexion with soft tissue and bony failure of lamina and associated process in tension fFracture dislocation,. Tearing along vertebral canal with less chance of dural sac and spinal cord
153
Fracture dislocation
acute lateral or rotational loading and failure of of intercentral and interarticular joings in shear (combo of tearing and crushing) that shears the certebral canal leading to neuro deficit
154
Spondylolysis
repeated flexion and extension or chronic lumbar hyperextension (hyperlordosis) together with axial compression with a stress fracture of lamine in between articular process. Pt complains of diffuse lower back pain on extension GYMNAST
155
Spondyloisthesis
spondylolysis allow affected vertebrae to slowly slide anteriorly on intercentral joint. Normal lordotic curvature and increased axial compression from body weight in lumbar region
156
Neurocranium
around brain made of 8 bones. Frontal occipital sphenoid ethmoid parietal and temporal bones
157
What are the two parts of neurocranium
membranous and cartilaginous part
158
Membranous part of neurocranium
flat bones from NSC and mesoderm formed by intramembranous ossification
159
Cartilaginous part
bones of cranial base from NSC and mesoderm formed by endochondral ossification
160
Calvaria
skull cap/ roof Made of thin sheets of bone with frontal parietal and squamous part of occi made of thick irregular bowpital
161
Cranial base
basicranium inferior portion frontal sphenoid ethmoid temporal and occipital
162
Viscerocranium
facial skeleton made of 14 bones made of mandible vulnerable maxilla zygomatic nasal lacrimal and inferior nasal cavity and Palatine
163
Development and ossification in skull
neural crest, mesodermal paraxial and intramembranous and endochondral ossification
164
Embryology of viscerocraniium
developed through intramembranous ossification from neural crest of 1/2 pharyngeal arches
165
Fontanelles
more than 2 calvarial bones separated by sutures for normal brain growth. 6 in total, anterior (closes 18 months between 2 parietal and 2 frontal) and posterior (between 2 parietal and occipital that closes 1-2 montheS)
166
Cranial sutures
synarthrosis joints that are immovable connected by fibrous connective tissue
167
Coronal suture
connects frontal and parietal bones
168
Sagittal suture
connects parietal along midline
169
Lambdoid suture
connects occipital and parietal
170
Squamosal
parietal and temporal and is the only one that is bilateral
171
Pterion
a point of weakness that overlies anterior branches of middle meningeal artery and can lead to an epidural hematoma
172
Cranial meninges
between neurocranium and brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid
173
Dura mater of brain
outermost layer made of tough thick fibrous membrane with two layers (external perisoteal and internal meningeal) that is mostly fused except for spaces for dural venous sinuses and dural infoldings
174
Dura mater: external periosteal layer
Formed by periosteum covering internal surface of neurocranium
175
Dura mater: internal meningeal layer
continuous at foramen magnum with dura that covers spinal cord
176
Dura arterial supply
Middle meningeal arteyr which enters through foramen spinosum and splits ot AP branches
177
Dura sensory innervations
three divisions of trigeminal nerve and C2/C3 cervical plexus so referred pain is seen as headache suppplied by nerves
178
Epidural hematoma
MMA teared and blood collects between dura and neurocranium from trauma and at site of Pterion
179
Subdural hematoma
superior cerebral vein (bridging vein) tear where junction between dura and arachnoid is disrupted and blood is slow to expand
180
Subarrachnoid hemmorhage
arterial and an aneursym where blood goes in sub arachnoid space
181
Arachnoid mater
thin intermediate layer separated from pia by subarachnoid space that contains CSF and held against inner surface of dura by pressure of CSF
182
Arachnoid trabeculae
weblike strands that connect arachnoid and pia to provide structural support in subarachnoid space
183
Arachnoid granulations
protrusions of arachnoid that pierce dura to enter dural venous sinus and allow CSF to flow in subarachnoid space to dural venosu sinus to venous circulation
184
Pia mater
thin and delicate layer that sticks to brain surface and countour with extensive vascular network and pierces to brain
185
Epidural space
potential space between neurocranium and periosteal dura
186
Subdural space
potential space between dura and arachnoid mater
187
Subarachnoid space
actual space between arachnoid and pia that contains CSF, cerebral arteries, veins, and cranial nerves
188
Dural infoldings
internal meningeal layer of dura folds on itself to form dural infoldings for stabilization, compartmentalization, and support for veins
189
Falx cerebri
largest in folding in longitudinal fissure of brain to separate cerebral hemisphere that contains superior sagittal sinus and superior margin and inferior sagittal sinus in inferior margin
190
Falx cerebelli
That partially separates cerebellar hemispheres and as a continuation of Falx Cerebri inferior to Falx cerebri
191
Tentorium cerebelli
second larges infolding that separates cerebrum from cerebellum/brainstem and attaches to skull posteriorly and laterally. Free margin creates tentorial notch for cerebellum brainstem to pass through
192
Diaphragma sellae (sellar Diaphargm)
circular extension of dura suspended between clinoid processes of sphenoid and forms a partial roof over hypophyseal pituitary fossa with a small central opening for infundibulum (pituitary stalk) to connect pituitary to hypothalamus superiorly
193
Anterior cranial fossa
frontal lobes of brain with olfactory bulbs and tracts and borders of frontal and lesser wings of sphenoid
194
Middle cranial fossa
temporal lobes and pituitary glands with lesser wings of sphenoid, temporal, parietal, and dorsum sellae of sphenoid
195
Posterior cranial fossa
cerebellum, pons, medulla with sphenoid, temporal, parietal and occipital
196
Epiblast
forms ectoderm and lines amniotic cavity
197
Invaginating epiblast cells
form mesoderm and endoderm
198
Mesodermal cells migrate
cepahnically to oropharyngeal membrane and form notochord which will form NP
199
Paraxial mesoderm
axial skeeleton, skeletal muscles and base of skull
200
Intermediate mesoderm
urogenital systems
201
Somatic and sphnlachnic lateral plate mesoder
sternum, appendicular skeleton, cardiac and smooth muscles, pleura, peritonea, and pericardium
202
Somite segmentation
day 20 where paraxial mesoderm starts to segment into somitomeres in occipital and then go cepahlic and caudal
203
Somite proliferation
the first seven make muscles of upper regions and caudally they make vertebrae 3 per day
204
Dorsomedial muscle cells innervate
epaxial intrinsic back muscles
205
Dermatome
dermis of the skin
206
Ventrolateral muscle cells
hypaxial muscles
207
Sclerotome posterior
spinous process and laminae
208
Sclerotome central
pedicles, transverse process, and proximal parts of ribs
209
Sclerotome lateral
distal ribs and tendons
210
Sclerotome anterior
vertebral bodies and AN of IV discs
211
Somite resegmentation
each vertebrae is intersegmental where cranial and caudal half are separated so each vertebrae has contributions from 4 somites. AN develops between cephalic and caudal parts of original sclerotome and notochord persists as NP. Muscles, nerves, and arteries ar enot affected.
212
Molecular regulation - sclerotome
SHH from floor of neural tube and NOGGIN from notochord form sclerotome -> sclerotome expresses PAX 1 to form vertebral column. NT-3 from neural tube also makes dermis
213
Molecular regulation - WNT
Neural tube expresses WNT leads to expression of PAX3 to specify dermomyotome and regualtes MYF5 to make epaxial muscles. BMP4 by lateral plate mesoderm makes MYOD for hypaxial muscles.
214
Spina bifida
failure of 2 vertebral arches to fuse
215
Spina bifida occulta
tuft of hair seen where meninges and spinal cord are intact
216
Meningocele
dura missing and arachnoid herniates and SC intact
217
Myelomeningocele
dura missing and arachnoid and SC herniates
218
Superficial cerivical fascia
continuation of superficial muscular aponeurotic system of face including platsyma
219
Investing fascia
continuation of parotid-masseteric fascia of face around SCM and traps
220
Structures in pretracheal fascia
pharnyx, larynx, trachea, esophagus, thyroid gland
221
Structures in carotid sheath
common, internal carotid a, internal jugular v, vagus n,
222
Structures in prevertebral fascia
muscles attaching to vertebral column like scalanes, longus colli and capitis and rectus capitis
223
Retropharyngeal space
between alar and prevertebral fascia that continues to thoracic cavity and is a route of infection - see a kid who is running with lollipop and trips and falls with trauma to pretracheal and alar
224
Hyoid
normally ossified skeletal structure in cervical viscera made of 2nd pharngeal arch (lesser horns) and 3rd pharngeal arch (greater horns)
225
SCM
separates anterior and posterior triangles with a sternal and clavicular head. Innervation by spinal accessory CNXI
226
Torticollis/wry neck
unilateral shortening or spasm of SCM
227
Submandibular triangle border
A/P digastric and body of mandible. Floor is mylohyiod and hypoglossus with hypoglossal nerve
228
Posteiror belly of digastric innervation
mastoid to intermediate tendon innervated by CN 12
229
Anterior belly of digastric
intermediate tendon to mandible innervated by CNV3
230
Mylohoid m
hyoid to mylohyoid line on mandible innervated by CNV3
231
Hypoglossus m
hyoid to tongue innervated by CN12 (hypoglossal)
232
Hypoglossal n
X4
233
Submandibular triangle contents - deep
facial, retromandicular to form common facial vein, submandibular gland and lymph noids, facial artery (deep to submandibular gland)and inferior parotid
234
Submental triangle
single midline triangle defined by anterior digastric and hyoid, floor is mylohyoid
235
Submental triangle contents
submental lymph and anterior jugular vein
236
Carotid triangle borders
posterior digastric, superior omohyoid and SCM. Floor is thyrohyoid, hypoglossus, and pharyngeal constrictors
237
Carotid triangle contents
carotid (internal and external), vagus, spinal accessory, hypoglossal, internal jugular v and common facial v, ansa cervicalis, and distal great auricular
238
Branches of external carotid
superior thryoid, lingual, facial, occipital
239
Muscular triangle borders
superior omohyoid and SCM
240
Muscular triangle contents
anterior jugular v, jugular venous arch, sternohyoid, sternothyroid and thyrohyoid and thyroid gland deep
241
Thyroid gland
endocrine gland that sequesters idothyrglobulin as precursor and secretes thyroid hormoens and calcitonin
242
Pyramidal lobe
extends superiorly in the midline as a remant of epithelial stalk
243
Thryoid blood supply
superior thryoid (from ECA) and inferior thyroid (from thyrocervical trunk). Venous drains to superior thryoid (drains to internal jugular), middle thyroid (drains to internal jugular) and inferior thyroid (drains to brachiocephalic)
244
Thyroid injury due to
recurrent larngeal (branch of vagus) in surgery
245
Occipital triangle contents
posterio triangle: External jugular v (superficial to SCM) spinal accessory (deep to traps), cervicodorsal v (drains dorsal scapular and transcerse cervical), greater auricular (along external jugular to ear), lesser occipital (between SCM and traps to occipital region), transverse cervical n (anteromedially across SCM), supraclavicular (down to shoulder)
246
Nerve point of neck
where greater auricular, and supraclavicular branches off
247
Occipital triangle muscles
splenius capitis, levator, posterior and middle scalene
248
What is between middle and anterior scalenes
trunks of brachial plexus and subclavian artery
249
What is anterior to anterior scalene
subclavian vein, cervicodorsal trunk (transverse cervical), suprascapular artery and phrenic
250
Carotid sinus
baroreceptor through CN 9 - ICA
251
Carotid body
chemoreceptor through glosspharyngeal and vagus
252
Internal carotid
goes to brain
253
External carotid
goes to face
254
Sup. Thyroid a
branch anteriorly descends to thyroid gland
255
Lingual a
branch anteromedially and deep to hypoglossal m
256
Facial a
branch anteriorly under submandibular gland around angle of mandible to face
257
Occipital a
branches posterolaterally
258
Cervical plexus
C1-C5 in anterior rami that form loops and cutaneous nerves
259
C1-C2 join
hypoglossal
260
C1 axons drop off after passing
medial to internal jugular vein as superior limb of ansa cervicalis
261
C2-C3 pass lateral to
internal jugular as infrior limb of ansa cervicalis
262
Vagus lies
deep to internal/common carotid
263
Suprahyoid muscles
digastric mylohyiod, geniohyoid
264
Infrahyyoid muscles
omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid
265
Anterior digastric and mylohyoid innervated by
nerve to mylohyoid (CNV3)
266
Geniohyoid innervated by
C1 axons running with hypoglossal past ansa cervicalis
267
Omo
sternohyoid and sternothyroid innervated by ansa cervicalis C1-C3
268
Thyroid innervated by
C1 with hypoglossal past ansa cervicalis (nerve to thyrhyoid)
269
Pharynx pharyngeal constrictors
SMI form posterolateral boundary circumferentially
270
Larynx and trachea
continuation of airway past pharynx that's gets branches of vagus (superior and recurrent) and superior thyroid and superior laryngeal
271
Parathyroid gland
smaller endocrine glands (4) on posterior thyroid that secretes PTH
272
Subclavian artery
branches from brachiocephalic trunk (right) or arch of aorta (left) with three sections
273
Branches from 1st part of subclavian
vertebral, internal thoracic and thyrocervical trunk
274
Vertebral a
posterosuperior enters transverse foramen at C6
275
Internal thoracic
anteroinferior along sternum in thoracic
276
Thyrocervical trunk
superior and branches to smaller aa
277
Thyrcervical trunk branches
inferior thyroid, common trunk to make transverse cervical and suprascapular and dorsal scapular
278
Inferior thyroid a
superior ang makes ascending cervical
279
2nd part of subclavian
costocervical trunk behind anterior scalene to make superior intercostal and deep cervical
280
Damage to an artery: general
supplies tissue on one side so damage is left to one side
281
Blood supply to brain 2 divisions
internal carotid and vertebrobasilar (IV foramen)
282
Internal carotid branches
opthalmic, P. comm, A. choroidal, ACA, MCA
283
Opthalamic artery
supplies eye and orbit and forms central artery of retina. Formed by internal carotid as it leaves cavernos sinus
284
P.comm artery
connects internal carotid and vertebrobasilar systems
285
A.choroidal artery
enters inferior horn of lateral ventricle and supplies corid plexus, cerebral peduncles and optic tract
286
Anterior cerebral artery
supplies medial surface of cerebral cortex up to parito-occipital sulcus.
287
Middle cerebral artery
supplies lateral surface of hemisphere except superior, occipital and inferolateral aspects of brain
288
Lenticulostriate arteries
branches of MCA that supply basal ganglia and any damage will lead to stroke
289
Vertebrobasilar blood supply
2 vertebral arteries that travel rostrally through transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae that enter skull at foramen magnum that penetrate dura and travel in subarachnoid space and join at base of pons to form basilar artery
290
Branches of vertebral artery
posterior spinal arteries, anterior spinal arteries, posterior inferior cerebellar arteries, basillar artery
291
Posterior spinal arteries
arise from vertebral arteries or mostly posterior inferior cerebellar arteries that supply posterior aspect of spinal cord
292
Anterior spinal artery
formed from 2 vertebral artery that converge to form this artery and supplies anterior spinal cord
293
Sulcal and coronal branches of anterior spinal artery
supply 2/3 of cord leading to loss of motor functions and spinothalamic/pain sensation
294
Posterior spinal artery dysfunction
as they supply dorsal column you lose fine touch
295
Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries
supply deep cerebellar structures, inferior cerebellum, and medulla
296
Basillar artery branches
AI cerebellar, S cerebellar, P cerebral
297
AI cerebellar arteries
supply A + I cerebellum and parts of medulla and pons
298
Superior cerebellar artery
supplies midbrain, pons and superior surface of cerebellum
299
Posterior cerebral artery
supply occipital lobe and medial temporal and sends branches to midbrain and thalamus
300
Arterial branches to brainstem
located on ventral surface of brainstem that give rise to branches that encircle brainstem
301
Paramedian branches
shortest branches supplying tissue along midline
302
Short circumferential branches
travel lateral along ventral surface then penetrate brainstem to supply more lateral brainstem tissue
303
Long circumferential branches
wrap around brainstem to supply most lateral and dorsal brainstem and cerebellum
304
Pcerebral Arteries lies in the
Midbrain
305
Basilar lies in the
pons
306
Vertebral a lies in the
medulla
307
Great arterial circle of willis
formed by anastomeses of internal carotid and vertebrobasilar located on inferior surface of brain and use posterior communicating arteries.
308
Great arterial circle content
ICA, Anterior cerebral arteries, Acomm, Pcomm, P. cerebral. All are two except A. comm
309
Great arterial circle blockages
bloackages in a larger artery can strain smaller artery and many small branches originate from large vessels that supply structures in diencephalon and telencephalon and a stroke here can cause many issues
310
Veins in CNS
anastomatic without valves so blockage is rare and enter dural sinuses to drain to internal jugular
311
Major venous sinus
cavernous, inferior and superior sagital, confluence of sinuses, sigmoid sinus
312
Cavernous sinus
drains to S + I petrosal sinus which drains to sigmoid
313
Inf. Sagittal sinus
drains to straight sinus
314
Sup. Sagittal sinus and straight sinus
drain to confluence of sinuses
315
Confluence of sinus
drains to transverse sinus which drain to sigmoid sinus
316
Sigmoid sinus
drain to internal jugular veins
317
Danger triangle of face
drain through facial vein through opthalmic vein through cavernous sinus where internal carotid and cranial nerves 3,4,V1,V2 pass through so an infection will spread through cavernous
318
Angiograms
medical imaging technique to see blood vessels in organs of body by injecting radio opaque contrast agent in blood
319
Ventricular system
cavities in brain where CSF is made and circulated
320
Function of ventricular system
reduce traction of nerves and blood vessels, cushioning, removing metabolites from CNS, and maintaining an ionic environment for CNS
321
Lateral ventricle
C shape structure with short tail with anterior horn, a body, and posterior and inferior horns. CSF made here drains into the third ventricle and then through interventricular foramine (of Monro)
322
3rd ventricle
narrow vertical space connected to lateral ventricles rostrally and cerebral aqueduct caudally. Boundaries are dorsal thalamus and hypothalamus. Drains to cerebral aqueduct
323
Cerebral aqueduct
connects 3rd and 4th ventricle
324
4th ventricle
pyramid shape. Dorsally extends into cerebellum and caudally forms narrow channel who more caudally contines to cerebral spinal cord and forms central canal
325
4th ventricle openings
open to subarachniod space arround brain, foramina of Luschka (4) and foramen of Magendie
326
Block of CSF flow at cerebral aqueduct
swelling or enlargement of lateral ventricles and hydrocephalus
327
Hydrocephalus
CSF overproduction, (choroid plexus tumor) and can exceed flow of capacity
328
CSF composition
low protein, greater conc of NA, Cl, Mg
329
CSF circulation flow
1. lateral to third through foramin of Monro 2. then cerebral aqueduct to 4th ventricle 3. then leaves 4th ventricle through lateral aperture (foramen of Luschka and Magendie), CSF travels in subarachnoid space to venous sinus through arachnoid vili
330
Choroid plexus
modified ependymal cells make CSF in ventricular system present everywhere except cerebral aqueduct, foramen of luschka and magendie and central canal. In L/R lateral ventricles it is close to medial wall and in 3/4 it is on roof
331
Subarachnoid cistern
enlargements in subarachnoid space - pontocerebellar/cerebellopointine, cerebomedullary, interpeduncular, chiasmatic, quadrigeminal, lumbar cistern
332
pontocerebellar/cerebellopointine cistern
around lateral surface of pons
333
Cerebomedullary/cisterna magna cistern
adjacent to cerebellum and medulla and very large
334
Interpeduncular cistern
between 2 cerebral peduncles
335
Chiasmatic cistern
nect to optic chiasm
336
Quadrigeminal cistern
near quadrigeminal bodies (S/I colliculi). Also called the superior cistern
337
Epidural hemmorrhage
bleeding between skull and dura due to injury where periosteal layer is loose and there is damage to MMA. Lenticular shaped and short and wide as they do not cross dural attachmenets
338
Subdural hemmorhage
bleeding to meninges at junction of arachnoid in dura related to veins that pass thorugh subarachnoid space to enter a venous sinus. Appears long and thin
339
Subarachnoid hemmorrhage diagnosis
presence of blood in CSF by cisternal puncture. Symptoms are sudden bad headache, neck stiffness, vomit, nausea, depression, loss of consciousness
340
Hemmorhagic stroke
sudden bleeding from BV in brain or space saround from injury, cerebral aneursym (enlargement of artery due to weakening of artery wall
341
First pharyngeal arch of face
underlying bones, cutaneous sensory nerves + 3 prominences
342
Prominences of 1st pharyngeal arch
frontonasal (forehead upper part of orbit and nose - opthalmic CNV1), maxillary (cheek and lower orbit - maxillary CNV2) and mandibular (lower jaw 0 mandibular CNV3)
343
Second pharyngeal arch of face
muscles of facial expression, associated motor nerves
344
Occipitalis and frontalis/occipitofrontalis
2 muscle bellies connected by epicranial aponeurosis that work together to move scalp and eyebrows
345
Galea aponeurotics
epicranial aponeurosis
346
Orbicularis oculi
surrounds the orbit and its contents - 2 parts palpebral and orbital
347
Palpebral part
covers eye directly to gently close eyelid
348
Orbital part
covers bony walls of orbit for tight closing (wink, squint)
349
Nasalis
flares alar cartilage of nose
350
Orbicularis oris
covers front of mouth to close lips
351
Modiolus
open lips along specific line of action
352
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
dilate nostrils
353
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi 4 parts
levator labii superioris, zygomaticus major, zygomaticus minor, levator anguli oris funtion to raise upper lip or pull laterally (Smile, laugh, sneer)
354
Depressor anguli oris
act to depress angle of mouth
355
Depressor labii inferioris
lower lower lip
356
Mentalis
attaches to skin of chil to lift lower lip to protrude (pout)
357
Buccinator
position food on molar teeth to chew and connects to other muscles that form wall of pharynx through pterygomandibular raphe
358
Parotid duct
pierces buccinator and empties parotid gland secretion into oral vesticle near upper 2nd molar - cold saliva
359
Buccal fat pad
space betweem buccinator and massteter filled with pad of adipose
360
Platysma
covers chin and neck (2nd arch muscles) onto chin
361
Wrinkle (kraissl) lines
perpendicular to orientation of underlying muscles
362
Facial nerve
leaves skull through stylomastoid foramen through parotid where it branches to temporal zygomatic buccal marginal mandibular cervical ALL MOTOR. Branches are small and variable
363
Trigeminal nerve
sensory with 3 divisions (opthalmic, maxillary and mandibular)
364
Opthalmic of trigmenial branches
lacrimal supraorbital supratrochlear infratrochlear and external nasal
365
Mandibular of trigemnial branches
auriculotemporal buccal mental
366
Maxillary of trigeminal
zygomaticotempora, zygomaticofacial, infraorbital
367
Arterial supply in brain
facial artery (branches from ECA) that courses around mandible at divot in angle of jaw and zig-zag course allows it to stretch during jaw opening and closing.
368
Facial a brances
inferior and superior labial and continues beside nose as angular
369
Supraorbital a
larger and extends superiorly to anastomes in scalp and arise from opthalmic artery in orbit
370
Supratrochlear a
arise from opthalmic a in orbit
371
Superficial temporal a
from ECA and passes lateral to zygomatic arches and goes up
372
Transverse facial
from S. temopral a and goes anterior to anastomase with facial artery
373
Scalp vesssels
supraorbital artery, supratrochlear, superficial temporal, posterior auricular, occipital for thermoregulaiton
374
Veins in face
superior and inferior opthalmic, infraorbital, deep facial that drain to cavernous sinus and pterygoid venous plexus - can cause thrombophlebitis (danger triangle)
375
Scalp layers
skin, connective tissue aponeurosis loose CT pericranium (periostem) - SCALP
376
Explain layers of SCALP
SCP are bound and move together, L gives place for surgery and skin flaps, C has arterial anastomoses, A allows edges of transverse wound to be drawn apart causing gaping
377
Tissue arrangement on face
Skin fibroadipose CT, superficial muscular aponeurotic, loost CT of parotid masseter, first arch muscles and periostem
378
Infra T fossa location
deep to ramus of mandible inferior and deep to zygomatic arch
379
IT fossae borders
S - sphenoid, medial - lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid, Anterior - maxilla
380
Lateral pterygoid muscle -
inferomedial to superolateral that protects jaw and TMJ articular disc
381
Medial pterygoid m.
superomedial to inferolateral that forms sling around mandibular ramus with masseter and closes jaw
382
Maxillary a
branch of ECA to supply deep viscerocranium (mandible, maxilla, and nasacavity) with 3 parts defined by lateral pterygoid
383
1st branch of maxillar
MMA (enters cranial cavity through foramen spinosum), I. Alevolar (travels w inferior alveolar n and enter smandibular foramen to supply mandible teeth and mandible body
384
2nd branch of maxillary
deep temporal (superior to supply tempralis), buccal (anterolaterally to supply buccinator and buccal oral mucosa (cheek)
385
3rd branch of maxillary
descenending palatine (descend to pterygomaxillary fissure and supplies hard and soft palate), posterior superior alveolar (enters maxilla through several foramen and supplies maxillary molar and premolar teeth), infraorbital, enters orbit through inferior orbital fissures and supplies maxilla canines and incisors and emerges from infraorbital foramen on face. Sphenopalatine (terminal branch of maxillary, enters nasal cavity through sphenopalatine foramen to supply nasal mucosa
386
Pterygoid venous plexus
drain site of infraorbital and deep facial vein, to connect with cavernous sinus and risk of thrombiphlebitis
387
Branches of mandibular trigeminal that emerge from
foramen ovale
388
Branches of CNV3
inferior alveolar, lingual, auriculotemporal and buccal
389
Inferior alveolar n
travels with inferior alveolar a and enters mandibular foramen that is sensory to mandibular teeth, lower lip and chin as mental n
390
Lingual n
joins with chorda tympani (Cn 12 - taste to 2/3 anterior tongue and parasympathetic to submandibular ganglion. Trigeminal axons give general sensatioon (touch and temp) to anterior 2/3 tongue
391
Auriculotemporal
collects parasympathetic supply frpm otic ganglion (CN 9 - para symp to parotid) that encircles MMA and passes behind mandibular condyle and gives sensory to TMJ, temporal and auricle
392
Buccal
travels with buccal artery and sensory to skin and oral mucosa of cheek
393
Branches of trigeminal mandibular - motor
n. to masseter n. to lateral pterygoid m.n. to medial pterygoid m. Deep temporal nn.
394
TMJ
modified hinge joint for elevation and depression mostly but also protraction, retraction and rotatipn
395
TMj synovial capsule
2 compartments by articular disc made of mobile fibrocartilage. Lateral pterygoid attaches to disc which can protract and retract across articular tubercule of temporal. Mandibular condyle articulates with disc to open and clsoe jaw
396
Ligaments of TMJ
lateral ligament of temporomandibular joint, sphenomandibular and stylomandibular
397
Sphenomandibular ligament
from spine of sphenoids to lingula near mandibular foramen
398
Syulomandibular ligament
from styloid process to angle of mandible
399
lateral ligament of temporomandibular joint
formed from thickened articular capsule
400
Superior colliculus
eye movement
401
Inferior colliculus
hearing
402
Cerebellum
making movement smooth and coordinated
403
Midbrain contains
cerebral peduncle and interpedunclar fossa and cerebral aqueduct
404
Pons contains
base of pons, upper part of 4th ventricle
405
Medulla contains
pyramid and pyramidal decussations and olive
406
Abducens attach at
junction of pons and medulla near midline
407
CN 12
attach betewen pyramid and olive - medulla
408
CN 9 and 10
lateral to olive - medulla
409
CN 6
7,8 attach, along medulla/pons junction where 6 is most medial and the rest are more lateral as number increases
410
CN XI
orginiates from cervical spinal cord
411
Base
area between ventral surface and ventricles pyramid - medulla, base of pons - pons, cerebral peduncle - midbrain
412
Tegmentum
fills space between base and ventricle and forms core of brainstem
413
Tectum
part of brainstem dorsal to ventricle - only in midbrain
414
All closed medulla sections
contain central canal and pyramid
415
Section 1: motor (pyramidal) decussation
contains central canal, pyramid, pure metal decussation
416
Section 2: sensory decussation
contains dorsal column nuclei ( gracile and cuneate nucleus), internal arcuate fibers, inferior olivary nucleus, central canal, pyramid
417
Section 3: middle medulla
contains 4th ventricle, pyramid, inferior olivary nucleus
418
All pons section containm 4th ventricle
base of ponds, pontine nuclei, pyramidal tract fibers, transverse pontine fibers
419
Section 4: lower pawns
contains additional facial nerve fibers
420
Section 5: mid pons
no additional structures
421
All midbrain structures contain
cerebral peduncle (crus), cerebral aqueduct and peri aqueductal Gray
422
Section 6: lower midbrain
contains decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle and inferior colliculus
423
Section 7: upper midbrain
contains red nucleus and superior colliculus
424
Corticospinal pathway
neurons in cerebral cortex project to motor neurons in the spinal cord and traverses the pyramids causing muscle contraction
425
Corticospinal pathway brain stem structures
cerebral crus (in cerebral peduncles), corticospinal fibers in base of ponds, pyramid, pyramidal decussation
426
Brainstem lesion of pyramidal tract
paralysis that is contralateral to lesion
427
Myelin stains color meaning
black equals full myelination, pay equals managed axons due to stroke or other reasons
428
Cerebellum contents
two fissures and three lobes (anterior, posterior, floccolonodular)
429
Cerebellum - anterior lobe
primary fissure
430
Cerebellum - posterior lobe
postural lateral fissure
431
Superior cerebellar peduncle
connects cerebellum with midbrain and thalamus
432
Middle cerebellar peduncle
connects cerebellum with pons
433
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
connects cerebellum with medula and spinal cord
434
Lesion of cerebellar system
ataxia (uncoordinated movements) ipsilateral
435
Substantia nigra
visualized as a black lining next to the cerebral peduncles. In Parkinson's, neurons degenerate and patient shows little movement that is slow
436
Somatic motor
innervate striated muscles
437
Branchial motor
developed from branchial arches or pharyngeal arches
438
Visceral motor
autonomic or parasympathetic
439
Somatic motor nerves
CN 3, 4, 6, 12
440
Cranial nerves three (ocular motor)
found in the upper midbrain and Section 7 in oculomotor nucleus
441
Cranial nerve 4 trochlear
found in trochlear nucleus in lower mid brain section 6
442
Cranial nerve 6 abducens
found in abducens nucleus in lower ponds section 4
443
Cranial nerve 12 hypoglossal
found in hypoglossal nucleus in medulla in sections two or three
444
Branchial motor nuclei
CN 5, 7, 9, 10
445
Cranial nerve 5 trigeminal
found in trigeminal motor nucleus in mid ponds in section 5
446
Cranial nerve 7 facial
found in facial nucleus in lower ponds in section 4
447
Cranial nerve 9 glossopharyngeal
found in nucleus ambiguous in medulla in sections two or three
448
Cranial nerve 10 Vegas
found in nucleus ambiguous in medulla in section two or three
449
General somatic sensory nuclei in brainstem: trigeminal sensory complex
trigeminal fibers travel through brainstem to reach either principal sensory/chief sensory or spinal trigeminal nucleus
450
Special sensory nuclei in brainstem
vestibulular and hearing. Balance and compensatory eye movements
451
Cranial nerve 13 vestibular cochlear
found in either vestibular or cochlear nucleus,. Vestibular nerve is found in open medulla or lower ponds in sections 3 or 4. Cochlear nerve is found in upper medulla in between sections 3 and 4
452
Visceral sensory nuclei: solitary nerves
facial, glossopharyngeal, Vegas which are found in the solitary nucleus in most of the medulla in sections two or three
453
Reticular formation
consciousness (midbrain and pons), basic life support (medulla) and other functions
454
Midbrain artery
posterior cerebral artery
455
Midbrain medial supply
paramedian branches of posterior cerebral arteries
456
Midbrain lateral supply
superior cerebellar artery and posterior cerebral artery
457
Pons main artery
basilar artery
458
Pons medial artery
paramedian branches of basilar artery
459
Pons lateral artery
anterior inferior cerebellar artery
460
Medulla main artery
vertebral arteries
461
Medulla medial artery
paramedian branches of anterior spinal artery
462
Medulla lateral artery
posterior inferior cerebellar artery
463
Forebrain Composed of
diencephalon and telencephalon
464
Diencephalon components
thalamus, hypothalamus,Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus and subthalamus. Third ventricle and cranial nerve 2
465
Diencephalon location
between brainstem and telencephalon with two symmetric halves separated by a third ventricle
466
Telencephalon components
Cerebral cortex, subcortical white matter, basal ganglia, hippocampus, amygdala, lateral ventricles, cranial nerve one
467
Thalamus nuclei
Anterior, medial, lateral thalamic nuclei that is the functional gateway as all information will reach the cerebral cortex
468
Nucleus
collection of cell bodies that make up the Gray matter. Axons that leave a nuclei will form white matter
469
Function of thalamic nuclei - anterior
anterior limbic
470
Function of thalamic nuclei-medial
medial dorsal limbic, mood, personality, emotion and eye movement
471
Function of the limbic nuclei- lateral
ventral anterior and lateral are responsible for motor through basal ganglia.VPL (Somatosensory body).PM (somatosensory head or face). Lateral geniculate nucleus (vision) and medial geniculate (for auditory). There is also a lateral dorsal and posterior and pulvinar associated with eye movement found here and it is the most posterior
472
Externalmedullary lamina
axons that cover the lateral part of the thalamus
473
Internal medullary lamina
axons within thalamus and subdivided
474
Hypothalamus
a rough triangle formed by anterior commissure, mammillary bodies (a part of diencephalon) and optic chiasm. Contain a collection of nuclei that regulate homeostatic functions through autonomic and endocrine activities.
475
Hypothalamus location
rostral ventral to thalamus lateral to 3rd ventricle dorsal to pituitary and rostral to ventral thalamus and midbrain tegmentum in the triangle
476
Epithalamus components
pineal gland, habenula, stria medullaris thalami
477
Pineal gland function
produce melatonin
478
Subthalamus
Motorola in basal ganglia and a target of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's. Cannot be seen from mid sagittal plane
479
Telencephalon
large hemisphere of cerebral cortex separated by longitudinal fissure with subcortical white matter for neural connections and basal ganglia, hippocampus and amygdala
480
Cerebral cortex
perception, consciousness, higher thought Anne covers entire surface of cerebral hemisphere that is 6 layered to form the neocortex. Hippocampus and paleo cortex which is associated with olfaction contained 3 layers
481
Lobes of cerebral cortex
frontal parietal occipital and temporal
482
Frontal lobe
contains precentral gyrus/primary motor cortex and general functions are motor speech executive functions like judgment planning and problem solving
483
Parietal lobe
contains post central gyrus/primary somatosensory cortex and functions for somatic sensation, high level visual processing, sensory integration and attention
484
Occipital lobe
visual center
485
Temporal lobe
primary auditory cortex and functions for audition, high level visual processing and olfactory processing and memory as it contains the hippocampus
486
Precentral gyrus
responsible for motor
487
Post central gyrus
responsible for sensory
488
Lateral surface
head and upper body supplied by middle cerebral artery
489
Medial surface
lower body and supplied by anterior cerebral artery
490
Cingulate gyrus
processing limbic function
491
Paracentral lobule
collection of gyri made of precentral and postcentral found on the medial surface of cerebral hemisphere and contains neurons responsible for motor and sensory function of lower limb
492
Internal capsule
contain fibers traveling to and from cerebral cortex. Ascending axons to cortex are from thalamic nuclei and descending fibers forget subcortical nuclei and spinal cord. Common location of subcortical stroke due to lenticulostriate arteries and anterior choroidal artery
493
Three regions of internal capsule
genu, anterior and posterior limb
494
Genu
bend in the internal capsule
495
Anterior limb
anterior to genu in separate cottage and lenticular nuclei that contain fibers to connect anterior and medial dorsal thalamic nuclei with frontal lobe and cingulate gyrus. Contains axons that carry limbic information
496
Posterior limb
posterior to genu that separates lenticular nucleus and thalamus and contains fibres of corticospinal and somatosensory fibers from VPL and VPM and fibers leaving from thalamus to post central gyrus will make up a large chunk of the posterior limb
497
Commissural fibers
fibers that carry information from 1 cortical hemisphere to the other
498
Corpus callosum
a huge commercial pathway between hemispheres that forms roof of most lateral ventricles
499
Anterior commissure
interconnects frontal and temporal lobes. One of the structures used to triangulate the hypothalamus in a mid sagittal plane
500
Posterior commissure
located rostral to superior colliculus and connects cattle parts of diencephalon and plays a role in the pupillary light reflex
