Untitled spreadsheet - Sheet1 (1)

Question 1

Parasympathetic nervous system-slows down the heart (vagus nerve)
Sympathetic nervous system - speeds up the heart (impulse sent to accelator nerve)

Answer 1

What are the two types of nervous systems?

Question 2

Stored in myoglobin (muscles)
Myoglobin has high affinity to o2 and will store o2 for mitochondria until it’s used by the muscles
O2 is carried by haemoglobin and forms oxyhemoglobin

Answer 2

Where is o2 stored and what does it do?

Question 3

Haemoglobin can carry 4 o2 molecules
O2 is released from oxyhemoglobin due to low pressure of oxygen
Thus, tissue release causes oxyhemoglobin dissociation

Answer 3

What are the stages of the transportation of oxygen?

Question 4

It is the shape of the blood vessel

Answer 4

What is vascular tone?

Question 5

During rest=blood is directed towards the organs
During exercise=blood is directed towards involuntary muscles

Answer 5

What are the stages of vascular shunt?

Question 6

Therefore ensuring muscles work aerobically

Answer 6

What is vascular tone and what are the stages of vascular shunt?

Question 7

Difference between oxygen content of the arterio blood arriving at the muscles and the venous blood leaving the muscles
At rest a-val difference is low due to less oxygen being needed for the muscles
During exercise a-val is high as more oxygen is needed

Answer 7

What is arterio venous difference (a-val diff)?

Question 8

Increase o2 to working muscles
Remove waste products (co2 and lactic acid)
Move blood to help regulate body temperature

Answer 8

Why is vascular shunt important?

Question 9

Is the amount of blood that returns back to the heart. 70% of total volume of blood is contained in the veins at rest

Answer 9

What is venous return?

Question 10

Diastole-when the heart relaxes and fills with blood
Systole-when the chambers contract and empty,when blood ejects from the heart
Cardiac cycle-one complete cycle of diastole and systole

Answer 10

Define diastole,systole and cardiac cycle

Question 11

Skeletal muscle pump-muscles contract this squeezes together the veins acting as a pump
Respiratory pump-muscles contract when breathing,the changes in pressure assist blood to the heart
Pocket valves-blood only flows in one direction, the presence of valves ensure this happens as valves close to prevent blood going the opposite way

Answer 11

What are the venous return mechanisms?

Question 12

High blood pressure,high cholesterol,lack of exercise,smoking Angina - When there is an atheroma build up and is broken off in the arteries

Answer 12

What are the causes of heart disease, the pain in the heart and why does it occur?

Question 13

After 10 minutes of steady state exercise,heart rate increases
Plasma is lost during exercise so blood becomes more viscous
Thus,blood is more difficult to pump

Answer 13

What is cardiovascular drift?

Question 14

When adrenaline is relaxed before exercise

Answer 14

What is anticipatory rise?

Question 15

During exercise curve shift right (Bohrs shift)
Increase in co2 and temperature
Allowing o2 to dissociate from haemoglobin easier

Answer 15

steps for the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

Question 16

LdL (low density lipoproteins)- classed as bad cholesterol due to cholesterol getting into tissues HDL (high density lipoproteins)-classes as good cholesterol due to cholesterol being transported to the liver to be broken down

Answer 16

What are the types of cholesterol

Question 17

Regular physical activity reduces LDL and increases HDL

Answer 17

how do we change cholesterol levels?

Question 18

Commonly known as coronary heart disease
Occurs when coronary arteries Crome blocked with a build up of fatty deposits and is known as atherosclerosis

Answer 18

What is heart disease commonly known as and why does it occur?

Question 19

Bradycardia is a low resting heat rate

Answer 19

What is bradycardia?

Question 20

Cardiac output=stroke volume x heart rate or volume of blood pumped out by the heart per minute

Answer 20

What is cardiac output?

Question 21

Sa node, atrial systole, AV node, bundle of his, purkinje fibres, ventricular systole

Answer 21

What are the steps for cardiac conduction system?

Question 22

V-rec venous return,elasticity and contractility

Answer 22

Describe starlings law and what is the acronym?

Question 23

increased venous return, greater diastolic filling, cardiac muscle stretched (elasticity), more forceful contraction (contractility), increased ejection fraction (amount of blood ejected out the ventricle)

Answer 23

How does the cardiac conduction system work?

Question 24

Sa node generates an electrical impulse and is fired through atria walls like a wave of excitation, Atria contract,thus forcing blood through the valves, Atrioventricular node receives receives signals and delays for approx 0.1 seconds and then releases a signal to the bundle of his, signal then travels down the bundle of his, the signal is split into 2 and is sent to both ventricles, the purkinje fibres then distribute the impulse through the ventricle walls fussing them to contract aka ventricular systole, Right atrium-tricuspid valve-right ventricle-pulmonary artery-lungs-pulmonary vein-left atrium-bicuspid valve-left ventricle-aorta-blood pumped around/vena cava

Answer 24

What are the steps of blood being pumped around the body?

Question 25

The amount of blood ejected by the heart in each contraction: yes due to starlings law

Answer 25

Define stroke volume and does it increase in exercise and why?

Question 26

A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off p, thus causing damage to brain cells; Ischaemic-blood clot and Haemorgic-weakened blood vessel

Answer 26

What is a stroke and what are the two types?