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Pharmacology Vet Tech > Untitled document > Flashcards

Untitled document Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary control center for the body?

A

The nervous system regulates and controls all of the body’s systems.

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2
Q

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

A

The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

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3
Q

What does the central nervous system include?

A

The brain and the spinal cord.

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4
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system include?

A

The nerves that connect the brain to the muscles, glands, and various receptors in the body.

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5
Q

What is the basic unit of the nervous system?

A

The neuron.

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6
Q

What are the fibers carrying electrical impulses into the neuron called?

A

Dendrites.

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7
Q

What are the fibers carrying information away from each neuron called?

A

Axons.

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8
Q

What happens at the ends of the axons?

A

Electrical impulses are converted into chemical messages at synaptic end-bulbs.

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9
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Chemicals released that cross the junction and bind to receptors on the dendrite.

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10
Q

What are the two types of drugs that act at synaptic junctions?

A

Drugs that stimulate neurotransmitter activity (-mimetics) and drugs that disrupt neurotransmitter activity (-lytics).

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11
Q

What is the somatic nervous system responsible for?

A

Connecting the central nervous system to skeletal muscles for voluntary movements.

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12
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system control?

A

Body functions that are not under conscious control, such as blood pressure and gland secretion.

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13
Q

What are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system?

A

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

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14
Q

What is the main neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline).

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15
Q

What is the main neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine.

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16
Q

What are cholinergic agents?

A

Agents that stimulate receptor sites mediated by acetylcholine.

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17
Q

What are common uses for cholinergic agents?

A

Diagnosing myasthenia gravis, reducing eye pressures with glaucoma, and treating urinary retention.

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18
Q

What are anticholinergic agents?

A

Agents that block the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors.

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19
Q

What are adrenergic agents?

A

Agents that act at sites mediated by epinephrine and norepinephrine.

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20
Q

What are common side effects of adrenergic drugs?

A

Tachycardia, hypertension, nervousness, and cardiac arrhythmias.

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21
Q

What are beta-blockers used for?

A

Treating glaucoma, arrhythmias, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

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22
Q

What are the three categories of barbiturates based on length of action?

A

Long-acting, short-acting, and ultrashort-acting.

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23
Q

What is a common use for ultrashort-acting barbiturates?

A

Anesthesia.

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24
Q

What are dissociative agents?

A

Drugs that cause the animal to undergo catalepsy.

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25
Q

What effect does opental have on respiration?

A

Opental will cause apnea; too slow an infusion will cause CNS excitement.

26
Q

How should thiopental be infused?

A

It’s recommended to give 1/3 to 1/2 of the thiopental rapidly and then the rest slowly.

Dogs often yawn when they’ve received an adequate amount of thiopental.

27
Q

Why should barbiturates not be used in sight hounds?

A

Sight hounds neither metabolize the drug well nor have lots of body fat for drug redistribution.

28
Q

What are the effects of dissociative agents?

A

Dissociative agents cause catalepsy, amnesia, analgesia, and increased muscle tone, while leaving the swallowing reflex intact.

29
Q

When should dissociative agents be used?

A

Dissociative agents should be used for restraint, diagnostic procedures, and minor surgery (not abdominal surgery).

30
Q

What are common side effects of recovery from dissociative agents?

A

Recovery can involve tremors, spasticity, and convulsions.

31
Q

What is the street name for Ketamine?

A

The street name for Ketamine is Special K.

32
Q

What should be done to protect the eyes of animals receiving Ketamine?

A

The animal’s eyes should be lubricated with an ophthalmic lubricant to prevent them from drying out.

33
Q

What is Telazol?

A

Telazol is a combination of Tiletamine and Zolazepam, used for anesthesia.

34
Q

What are the risks of using Ketamine and Telazol intramuscularly?

A

Both Ketamine and Telazol can burn when given intramuscularly.

35
Q

What are opioids?

A

Opioids are compounds derived from opium poppy alkaloids or synthetic drugs with similar properties.

36
Q

What receptors do opioids affect?

A

Opioids combine with receptors named mu, kappa, sigma, delta, and epsilon in the brain.

37
Q

What are examples of natural and synthetic opioids?

A

Natural opioids include opium and morphine; synthetic opioids include oxymorphone, butorphanol tartrate, and fentanyl.

38
Q

What is Tramadol used for?

A

Tramadol is prescribed to control pain and cause mild sedation in dogs.

39
Q

What are opioid antagonists?

A

Opioid antagonists, such as naloxone, block the effects of opioids by binding with opiate receptors.

40
Q

What is the function of neuroleptanalgesics?

A

Neuroleptanalgesics combine an opioid and a tranquilizer to produce reduced awareness and analgesia.

41
Q

What is the only commercially available neuroleptanalgesic?

A

The only commercially available neuroleptanalgesic is Innovar-Vet, a combination of fentanyl and droperidol.

42
Q

What are common side effects of neuroleptanalgesics?

A

Side effects include panting, increased sound sensitivity, and bradycardia.

43
Q

What drugs are used to treat seizures acutely?

A

Injectable valium and pentobarbital are used to treat seizures acutely.

44
Q

What is the long-term treatment for seizures?

A

Long-term treatment includes phenobarbital with or without potassium bromide.

45
Q

What should be monitored in long-term phenobarbital use?

A

Long-term use may require dosage adjustment over time due to enzyme induction in the liver.

46
Q

What is Propofol?

A

Propofol is a short-acting hypnotic agent that produces sedation, restraint, or unconsciousness.

47
Q

What are the drawbacks of Propofol?

A

Propofol is more expensive and bacteria can easily grow in its egg-based medium.

48
Q

What are inhalant anesthetics used for?

A

Isoflurane and sevoflurane are used to induce general anesthesia.

49
Q

What is the function of Guaifenesin?

A

Guaifenesin is a skeletal muscle relaxant used for general horse anesthesia.

50
Q

What is Doxapram used for?

A

Doxapram is a respiratory stimulant used in dogs, cats, and horses.

51
Q

What are neuromuscular blocking agents used for?

A

Neuromuscular blocking agents are used to paralyze the diaphragm, stopping breathing.

52
Q

What is behavioral pharmacotherapy?

A

Behavioral pharmacotherapy uses drugs to treat various behavioral problems in animals.

53
Q

What are common antianxiety medications?

A

Benzodiazepines like diazepam, alprazolam, and lorazepam are commonly used.

54
Q

What are side effects of benzodiazepines?

A

Side effects include lethargy, ataxia, polyuria, polydipsia, hyperexcitability, and liver problems.

55
Q

What is the purpose of antidepressant medications?

A

Antidepressants block reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain.

56
Q

What are tricyclic antidepressants used for?

A

Tricyclic antidepressants treat obsessive disorders, fearful aggression, hyperactivity, and urine marking.

57
Q

What are serotonin-reuptake inhibitors?

A

These drugs increase serotonin levels by preventing its removal from the brain.

58
Q

What is Selegiline used for?

A

Selegiline is used to treat canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome in older dogs.

59
Q

What are synthetic progestins used for?

A

Synthetic progestins are used to treat behavioral problems associated with hormonal changes.

60
Q

What are common side effects of synthetic progestins?

A

Side effects can include transient diabetes, polyuria, weight gain, and mammary tumors.

61
Q

What are euthanasia agents used for?

A

Euthanasia agents are used to relieve suffering by ending an animal’s life humanely.

62
Q

What is the active ingredient in most euthanasia agents?

A

Most euthanasia agents use pentobarbital as the active ingredient.

Pharmacology Vet Tech (3 decks)

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