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Pharmacology Vet Tech > Untitled Deck > Flashcards

Untitled Deck Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of the nervous system?

A

The nervous system is the body’s primary communication and control center, allowing an animal to respond and adapt to its environment and maintain homeostasis.

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2
Q

What are the three main functions of the nervous system?

A

The three functions are sensory, integrative (analysis), and motor (action).

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3
Q

How does the nervous system transmit information?

A

The nervous system sends electric-like messages over a network of nerve fibers.

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4
Q

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

A

The two main divisions are the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

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5
Q

What composes the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

The CNS is composed of the brain and the spinal cord.

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6
Q

What is the role of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

The PNS connects the CNS with various glands, muscles, and receptors in the body.

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7
Q

What are the two functional divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

The PNS is divided into afferent and efferent portions.

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8
Q

What is the difference between the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

A

The somatic nervous system is under conscious control (voluntary), while the ANS is under unconscious control (involuntary).

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9
Q

What are the subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

A

The ANS has two subdivisions: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.

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10
Q

What is the fundamental unit of the nervous system?

A

The fundamental unit is the neuron (nerve cell).

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11
Q

What are the two types of cellular extensions in neurons?

A

Neurons have axons that carry messages away from the nerve cell and dendrites that carry messages toward the nerve cell.

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12
Q

What is the process of impulse transmission in neurons?

A

Impulse transmission occurs through a wave of charge reversal along the nerve fiber.

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13
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

A reflex arc is the basic impulse conduction system composed of a receptor, sensory neuron, synapse center in the CNS, motor neuron, and effector.

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14
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus in the nervous system?

A

The hypothalamus mediates between the nervous system and the endocrine system and regulates the ANS.

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15
Q

What are the primary neurotransmitters in the autonomic nervous system?

A

The primary neurotransmitters are norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, and acetylcholine.

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16
Q

What are cholinergic agents?

A

Cholinergic agents stimulate receptor sites mediated by acetylcholine, mimicking its action or inhibiting its breakdown.

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17
Q

What are some clinical uses of cholinergic agents?

A

Cholinergic agents aid in diagnosing myasthenia gravis, reduce intraocular pressure of glaucoma, stimulate GI motility, treat urinary retention, control vomiting, and act as antidotes for neuromuscular blockers.

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18
Q

What is the difference between direct-acting and indirect-acting cholinergics?

A

Direct-acting cholinergics mimic acetylcholine, while indirect-acting cholinergics inhibit its breakdown.

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19
Q

What is the effect of stimulating the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Stimulation causes increased heart rate, respiratory rate, decreased GI activity, pupil dilation, and increased blood glucose levels.

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20
Q

What is the effect of stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Stimulation causes decreased heart rate, respiratory rate, increased GI activity, pupil constriction, and bronchiole constriction.

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21
Q

What is the primary use of Acetylcholine?

A

Acetylcholine is seldom used clinically because it is broken down so rapidly by acetylcholinesterase.

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22
Q

What conditions is Carbamylcholine used to treat?

A

Carbamylcholine has been used to treat atony of the GI tract and to stimulate uterine contractions in swine.

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23
Q

What is Bethanechol used for?

A

Bethanechol is used to treat GI and urinary tract atony.

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24
Q

What is the use of Pilocarpine (Isopto Carpine)?

A

Pilocarpine reduces intraocular pressure associated with glaucoma and is used to treat keratoconjunctivitis sicca.

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25
Q

What is Metoclopramide (Reglan) used for?

A

Metoclopramide is used to control vomiting and to promote gastric tract emptying.

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26
Q

What is the primary use of Edrophonium?

A

Edrophonium is primarily used in the presumptive diagnosis of myasthenia gravis.

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27
Q

What conditions are treated with Neostigmine (Prostigmine)?

A

Neostigmine is used to treat urine retention and GI atony and as an antidote to neuromuscular blocking agents.

28
Q

What are the uses of Physostigmine (Antilirium)?

A

Physostigmine has uses similar to those of neostigmine.

29
Q

What are Organophosphate compounds commonly used for?

A

Organophosphate compounds are commonly used as insecticide dips and may result in toxicity if used inappropriately.

30
Q

What is Demecarium (Humorsol) used for?

A

Demecarium is used in the preventive management of glaucoma.

31
Q

What is Pyridostigmine (Mestinon) used to treat?

A

Pyridostigmine is used for the treatment of myasthenia gravis.

32
Q

What are common adverse side effects of cholinergic drugs?

A

Adverse side effects may include bradycardia, hypotension, heart block, lacrimation, diarrhea, vomiting, increased intestinal activity, intestinal rupture, and increased bronchial secretions.

33
Q

What are Cholinergic Blocking Agents?

A

Cholinergic blocking agents are drugs that block the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors of the parasympathetic nervous system.

34
Q

What are the clinical uses of Cholinergic Blocking Agents?

A

Clinical uses include treatment of diarrhea and vomiting, drying of secretions, dilation of pupils, relief of ciliary spasm, and treatment of sinus bradycardia.

35
Q

What is Atropine used for?

A

Atropine is used as a preanesthetic to dry secretions, prevent bradycardia, counteract organophosphate poisoning, dilate pupils, control ciliary spasms, and slow a hypermotile gut.

36
Q

What is Methscopolamine used for?

A

Methscopolamine is used to control diarrhea.

37
Q

What is Glycopyrrolate used for?

A

Glycopyrrolate is used primarily as a preanesthetic and provides a longer duration of action than atropine.

38
Q

What is the use of Aminopentamide?

A

Aminopentamide is used to control vomiting and diarrhea in dogs and cats.

39
Q

What is Propantheline used for?

A

Propantheline is used to treat diarrhea, urinary incontinence, and bradycardia, and to reduce colonic peristalsis in horses.

40
Q

What is Pralidoxime (Protopam, 2-PAM) used for?

A

Pralidoxime is a cholinesterase reactivator used to treat organophosphate intoxication.

41
Q

What are the adverse side effects of cholinergic blockers?

A

Adverse side effects may include drowsiness, disorientation, tachycardia, photophobia, constipation, anxiety, and burning at the injection site.

42
Q

What does Atropine do when administered as a preanesthetic?

A

Atropine causes dilation of the pupils, dries secretions, and prevents bradycardia.

43
Q

What are Adrenergic (Sympathomimetic) Agents?

A

Adrenergic agents mimic the ‘fight or flight’ response and act at receptors mediated by epinephrine or norepinephrine.

44
Q

What are the clinical uses of Adrenergic agents?

A

They are used to stimulate the heart during cardiac arrest, reverse hypotension in anaphylactic shock, strengthen the heart during congestive heart failure, and treat urinary incontinence.

45
Q

What is the primary use of Epinephrine?

A

Epinephrine stimulates all receptors to increase heart rate, cardiac output, and metabolic rate.

46
Q

What is Norepinephrine primarily used for?

A

Norepinephrine is mostly an alpha stimulator used as a vasopressor to raise blood pressure.

47
Q

What is Isoproterenol (Isuprel) used for?

A

Isoproterenol is a pure beta stimulator primarily used for bronchodilation.

48
Q

What is Phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine) used for?

A

Phenylephrine is an alpha stimulator used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and to increase blood pressure.

49
Q

What is the use of Dopamine?

A

Dopamine is used to treat shock and congestive heart failure and to increase renal perfusion.

50
Q

What is Phenylpropanolamine used for?

A

Phenylpropanolamine is used to treat urinary incontinence in dogs and as a decongestant.

51
Q

What is Dobutamine used for?

A

Dobutamine is a beta-1 agonist used for short-term treatment of heart failure.

52
Q

What is Albuterol primarily used for?

A

Albuterol is a beta agonist mainly used for bronchodilation.

53
Q

What are common adverse side effects of adrenergic agents?

A

Adverse side effects may include tachycardia, hypertension, nervousness, and cardiac arrhythmias.

54
Q

What are Adrenergic (Sympatholytic) Blocking Agents?

A

Adrenergic blocking agents inhibit the activity of the sympathetic nervous system.

55
Q

What is Phenoxybenzamine used for?

A

Phenoxybenzamine is a hypotensive (vasodilator) agent.

56
Q

What is Acepromazine used for?

A

Acepromazine acts as an alpha blocker and is used as a sedative and preanesthetic adjunct.

57
Q

What is Prazosin used for?

A

Prazosin is a hypotensive agent used to treat urethral spasms in cats and dogs.

58
Q

What is Yohimbine (Yobine) used for?

A

Yohimbine is used as an antidote for xylazine toxicity.

59
Q

What is Atipamezole (Antisedan) used for?

A

Atipamezole is a reversal agent for dexmedetomidine.

60
Q

What are common adverse side effects of alpha blockers?

A

Adverse side effects may include hypotension, tachycardia, muscle tremors, and seizures.

61
Q

What are Beta Blockers used for?

A

Beta blockers are used to treat glaucoma, arrhythmias, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

62
Q

What is Propranolol used for?

A

Propranolol is used to treat cardiac arrhythmias and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

63
Q

What is Timolol used for?

A

Timolol is an ophthalmic preparation used to treat glaucoma.

64
Q

What are common adverse side effects of beta blockers?

A

Adverse side effects may include bradycardia, hypotension, worsening of heart failure, and bronchoconstriction.

65
Q

What are Ganglionic Blockers?

A

Ganglionic blockers are seldom used in veterinary medicine.

66
Q

What are the uses of CNS drugs in veterinary medicine?

A

CNS drugs are used to tranquilize, sedate, control pain, induce anesthesia, prevent seizures, and provide euthanasia.

67
Q

What categories of CNS drugs are covered?

A

Categories include tranquilizers, barbiturates, dissociatives, opioids, neuroleptanalgesics, seizure control drugs, inhalants, miscellaneous CNS drugs, stimulants, and euthanasia agents.

Pharmacology Vet Tech (3 decks)

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