Untitled Deck Flashcards
1
Q
This group dominated the Middle East & its trade during the middle of the 15th century.
A
The Turkish Ottomans
2
Q
During the rule of Sultan Mohammed II, Constantinople in 1453 was renamed this.
A
Istanbul
3
Q
This young prince, son of the king of Portugal, had studied geography and navigation & became known as The Navigator.
A
Prince Henry
4
Q
A small, light, 3-mast ship that held more cargo and was better able to navigate deep waters than open boats.
A
Caravel
5
Q
The newly developed magnetic compass enabled sailors to determine their location at sea, while this new invention helped them plot latitude.
A
Astrolabe
6
Q
This explorer succeeded in rounding the Cape of Good Hope in 1497 with a fleet. He reached India in that same year.
A
Vasco da Gama
7
Q
This Genoese man was knowledgeable about the sea and use of new technology.
A
Christopher Columbus
8
Q
When Columbus landed in (the Bahamas) San Salvador in 1492, he thought he had found these islands?
A
The Indies
9
Q
In the decades that followed, Spain conquer and colonize the Americas, which by now was called this?
A
The New World
10
Q
An imaginary line drawn down the Atlantic that divided trading rights between Spain and Portugal.
A
Treaty of Tordesillas Line
11
Q
Because this king devoted himself to promoting exploration, he is known as (HN).
A
Henry the Navigator
12
Q
The Portuguese supported the development of new technology like this ship that was able to cross high seas (c).
A
Caravel
13
Q
To pay for research ships, Prince Henry turned to this organization, a monastic order founded on the crusading tradition of the Knights Templar (OC).
A
Order of Christ
14
Q
Mesoamerican society began with this early agricultural people who settled in the central portions of modern-day Mexico (O).
A
Olmecs
15
Q
These people were heirs of the earliest Mesoamerican societies.
A
Maya
16
Q
This Mayan creation myth taught that the gods had created humans out of maize & water.
A
Popol Vuh
17
Q
According to priests, the gods had shed their blood to water the earth and nourish this crop.
A
Maize
18
Q
Historians do not know the causes, but this great Mayan city fell in the 9th century.
A
Teotihuacan
19
Q
The Aztec settled on an island of marshy land & built their own capital city of.
A
Tenochtitlan
20
Q
Under the rule of “the Obsidian Serpent” or this god, the Mexica rose to power.
A
Itzcoatl
21
Q
At first, the Aztec believed Cortez to be the arrival of a prophetic god named.
A
Quetzalcoatl
22
Q
This woman’s linguistic talents helped Cortez to gather intelligence & to negotiate with emissaries from Tenochtitlan.
A
Doña Marina (or Malintzin)
23
Q
James I was the first in this dynastic line …. to replace the Tudors.
A
Stuart
24
Q
This archbishop of Canterbury pushed the Anglican church toward Catholicism.
A
William Laud
25
During the English Civil War, those royalists were called .....
Cavaliers
26
The parliamentarians in the above conflict were called ....
Roundheads
27
The army that defeated royal forces was called ....
New Model Army
28
This new army created and led by this man.
Oliver Cromwell
29
When the House of Commons was purged of moderates [anyone who wasn’t anti-monarchy], what remained were called the.
Rump Parliament
30
When the king was executed, England became a -----.
Republic
31
The first period of Cromwell’s rule was called the ...
Commonwealth
32
The second half of Cromwell’s rule was called the ...
Protectorate
33
Charles II passed this law, which mandated that all clergy & church officials had to conform to the Anglican Book of Common Prayer & forbade “non-conformists” to worship publicly, teach their faith, or attend English universities.
Clarendon Code (Act of Uniformity)
34
When Charles II died, he was succeeded by this son who was a bigoted convert to Catholicism.
James II
35
This man held that a social contract was necessary b/c humankind in a state of nature lived in anarchy were life was nasty, brutish, and short.
Thomas Hobbes
36
This political treatise argued for unlimited authority for a central ruler, whether vested in monarchy or a parliament.
Leviathan
37
This man wrote Two Treatises on Government in which he held that the purpose of government is to protect life, liberty and property.
John Locke
38
Locke wrote his political treatise during this bloodless phase of English history.
Glorious Revolution
39
Locke argued that the human brain at birth is a _____.
Tabula Rasa (Blank Slate)
40
According to Locke, this sort of power belongs not to a king but to the people.
Sovereignty
41
This document, written in 1689, settled all of the major issues between King & Parliament & later served as a model for a similar version in the U.S.A.
English Bill of Rights
42
This royal couple replaced James II on the throne of England during the Glorious Rev.
William and Mary
43
France, under this king, epitomized a system of government where the ruler claimed sole and uncontested power.
Louis XIV
44
For several years, Anne of Austria, and this adviser ruled France in the young king’s name.
Cardinal Mazarin
45
As the financial burdens of the Thirty Years War increased, French policies were challenged by this high court.
Parlements
46
This uprising, which followed Mazarin’s order of arrest of the high court, forced young Louis XIV to flee for fear of his life.
The Fronde
47
Once Louis took power, he was portrayed everywhere as this symbol.
The Sun
48
In 1685, Louis XIV revoked this document & re-established Catholicism as the official religion of France.
Edict of Nantes
49
The most important of Louis’s appointees was this financial advisor.
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
50
The appointee mentioned in #7 held that government must intervene do everything possible to increase the wealth of the nation, an economic approach referred to as.
Mercantilism
51
Between 1689 & 1697, a Europe-wide coalition forced Louis XIV to sign this document, which compelled him to return most of the territories that he had taken at sword-point.
Peace of Rijswijk
52
Louis’s desire to absorb Spain once the ailing king Carlos (the bewitched) passed away led to this war.
War of Spanish Succession
53
This man was brought before the Inquisition to stand trial for heresy.
Galileo Galilei
54
In 1500, most people believed that the Earth was the center of the universe: what do we call this view of the universe?
Geocentric
55
These two ancients argued that an earth-centered universe was the proper order of the solar system.
Ptolemy and Aristotle
56
The first to make the radical suggestion that the Sun was at the center of the solar system was this man.
Nicholas Copernicus
57
The first to turn the newly invented telescope to the heavens was this man.
Galileo Galilei
58
The idea that everything descends from the top (where man resides in the image of God) is called this.
Great Chain of Being
59
This Protestant proposed that the planets did not circle the Sun in perfect orbits but rather took an elliptical path.
Johannes Kepler
60
Assuming a fact and then constructing a theory to fit it is called.
Deductive Reasoning
61
Collecting facts and then devising a theory from them is called.
Inductive Reasoning
62
This new approach to understanding is called.
Scientific Method
63
The person who proposed the final step in the scientific method was the English politician.
Sir Francis Bacon
64
This Frenchman contributed to the new scientific method by adding the element of mathematical calculation.
René Descartes
65
The answer to Kepler’s question came from one of the 17th century’s greatest thinkers.
Sir Isaac Newton
66
The same forces that hold a planet in orbit—i.e., gravity—also make an apple fall to the ground. This rule applies to everything and is therefore considered what sort of law?
Universal Law
67
In this view of religion, God was considered the initiator, but did not interfere in the everyday workings of humans.
Deism
68
This man argued for unlimited authority for a central ruler. He argued that such an authority was needed to overcome the defects of human nature.
Thomas Hobbes
69
John Locke argued that humans are born neither good nor bad but more or less this, a term meaning blank slate?
Tabula Rasa
70
In this work, Locke argued that the government is merely the guarantor of citizen’s rights, and the protector of liberty and private property.
Two Treatises on Government
71
According to Locke, this form of freedom belongs to the people rather than to a king.
Sovereignty
72
Hobbes was the first to talk about power deriving from the people in the form of this . . .
Social Contract
73
Hobbes’ political doctrine is set down in his most famous work . . .
Leviathan
74
According to Hobbes, a social contract is made by those who are too weak to dominate others. This, then, is accepted as a compromise . . .
Justice
75
This man published the Principia. It exposed the order of the universe and the power of the human mind to understand it . . .
Isaac Newton
76
John Locke was impressed by Newton’s idea of universalism in the laws of nature. Locke would use this theory in formulating his own views of . . .
Universal Rights
77
Locke asserted the view that the mind is this upon which our experiences write themselves through our sense impressions.
Tabula Rasa
78
This man held that the purpose of government is to protect life, liberty, and property. If any government fails to live up to this charge, the people have a right to rescind the contract with their rulers and, in effect, to depose them . . .
John Locke
79
This new republic represented the first comprehensive attempt to put Enlightenment ideas into practice . . .
United States of America
80
This man expressed the ideas of Locke in the Declaration of Independence by proclaiming that all men are created equal and that they are endowed by their creator with certain inalienable rights, among them, life liberty, and the pursuit of happiness . . .
Thomas Jefferson
81
This man wrote Common Sense, which referred to King George III as an ass . . .
Thomas Paine
82
This man believed that individual economic interests naturally harmonized with those of society.
Adam Smith
83
Smith endorsed this concept, meaning an economy free from government interference . . .
Laissez-faire
84
Three central concepts at the core of Enlightenment were . . .
Reason, Progress, and Secularism
85
At the heart of the Enlightenment movement was this playwright who, as a young writer was sent to the Bastille for satirical writings .. .
Voltaire
86
This thinker popularized science in his Encyclopédie . . .
Denis Diderot
87
This man provided the “Discourse préliminaires,” to the Encyclopedie, which attempted to classify all knowledge . . .
Jean d'Alembert
88
This man contributed to the Enlightenment the concept of separation of powers—a system of checks and balances . . .
Montesquieu
89
This political work held that the best governments mix, separate, and balance elements of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy to varying degrees determined by climate . . .
The Spirit of the Laws
90
Rousseau’s contribution to political theory was the concept of the . . .
General Will
91
Rousseau is often called the father of this, a 19th century movement . . .
Romanticism
92
In 1762, Rousseau wrote this book in which he argues for an educational system that emphasizes freedom of expression and self-discovery . . .
Emile
93
Because French censors prevented the sort of intellectual exchange common to Locke’s generation in England, French intellectuals meet where to exchange their ideas?
Salons
94
So-called enlightened absolutist rulers who aimed to promote Enlightenment reforms without giving up absolute power were called this . . .
Enlightened Despots
95
This queen was an absolute ruler though she championed Voltaire . . .
Catherine the Great
96
A familial group consisting only of parents and their children.
Nuclear Family
97
In 18th century Europe, a boy would enter this (training in the trades) at approx. 16 and finish in his late teens. He would not be permitted to marry during this time.
Apprenticeship
98
Greater opportunity came with the growth in production of finished goods which also led to this?
Consumer Economy
99
A pattern of common action in a traditional village that sought to uphold the moral and economic stability of the community.
Community Controls
100
A rise in sexual activity caused the percentage of out-of-wedlock births to skyrocket. This is referred to as?
Illegitimacy Explosion
101
The killing of unwanted newborns.
Infanticide
102
Harshly repressive laws against the sex trade when confronted with unemployment led to the fear of imprisonment or this for prostitutes.
Banishment
103
This form or sexuality was prohibited by law upon pain of death.
Homosexuality
104
Women of the lower classes breast-fed for 2 years or more, which provided infants with immunity-producing substances. But women of the upper classes hired these to breast feed their newborns.
Wet-Nurses
105
By the end of the 18th century these places of refuge were admitting around 100,000 abandoned children each year.
Foundling Homes (Orphanages)
106
In this book, Jean-Jacques Rousseau advocated breast-feeding and natural dress for all children, along with plenty of fresh air and exercise for boys.
Emile, or On Education
107
Believing that the path to salvation lay in study of Scriptures, this group was first to establish schools for rich and poor alike.
Scottish Presbyterians
108
In this form of popular literature much lore was stored.
Almanacs
109
This ordinary Englishman who immigrated to the colonies, authored the 1776 pamphlet Common Sense, an attack on the weight of custom and the evils of government against the natural society of men.
Thomas Paine
110
This period saw the emergence of profit-oriented spectator sports such as horse and carriage races, boxing matches, and this less form, which included bullfighting, and cockfighting.
Spectator Sports
111
What type of literature stored much lore, calendars, and jokes?
Almanacs
112
Who authored the 1776 pamphlet Common Sense?
Thomas Paine
113
What period saw the emergence of profit-oriented spectator sports?
Blood Sports
114
What did consumers believe in that protected both consumers and producers of grain?
A 'fair' price
115
What action did people take when prices rose above the perceived fair price?
Bread Riots
116
Who were dissolved by the pope in 1773 due to political pressure?
Jesuits
117
What movement sought a warmer, emotional religion in the late 17th century?
Pietism
118
Who organized a club for students that became known as Methodists?
John Wesley
119
Who called for a return to early forms of Christianity prior to the Protestant Reformation?
Cornelius Jansen
120
What medical device led to physicians attacking midwives?
Forceps
121
Who brought the practice of smallpox inoculation to England?
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
122
Who discovered that cowpox provided immunity to smallpox?
Edward Jenner
123
What action did a significant portion of the clergy take after the formation of the National Assembly?
Joined the National Assembly
124
What action did a notable group of nobles take after the clergy joined the National Assembly?
Followed and joined the National Assembly
125
What action did Louis XVI take regarding troops in Paris between June 22 and July 1?
Ordered 20,000 troops to Paris
126
What was the stated reason for the troop mobilization in Paris?
To maintain order, but no great disorder existed.
127
On what date did the Storming of the Bastille occur?
July 14, 1789
128
What was the primary goal of the crowd that stormed the Bastille?
To Secure Arms and Gunpowder
129
What initial rumor spread during the Great Fear?
Feudal aristocracy were sending hired brigands to attack peasants.
130
What were the key provisions outlined in the August Decrees of 1789?
Serfdom was abolished, Feudal dues eliminated, Tithes for the Church ended
131
How did the National Assembly remain moderate in its policy despite renouncing feudal dues?
Peasants would compensate their landlords through direct payments.
132
On what date was the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen passed?
August 26, 1789
133
What motivated the march of women from Paris to Versailles in October 1789?
Bread
134
What title did Napoleon proclaim himself after his coup d'état in 1799?
First Consul
135
What agreement recognized Catholicism as the religion of France in 1801?
Concordat
136
What is Napoleon's standardization of law called?
Code Napoleon
137
What system did Napoleon inaugurate in 1806 to prohibit trade with Great Britain?
Continental System
138
To which island was Napoleon exiled after abdicating?
Elba
139
What was Napoleon's escape and reorganization of the French army called?
Hundred Days
140
Where was Napoleon finally defeated?
Waterloo
141
Where did Napoleon die in exile?
St. Helena
