Untitled Deck Flashcards
What are the stages of Mitosis?
Prophase: Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane breaks down, spindle fibers form.
Metaphase: Chromosomes line up along the cell’s equator, attached to spindle fibers.
Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase: Chromosomes reach opposite poles, nuclear membranes reform, and the cell begins to divide.
Importance: Mitosis ensures equal division of genetic material for growth, repair, and reproduction in somatic cells.
What are stem cells?
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can differentiate into specific cell types (e.g., muscle, nerve).
Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, meaning they can become any cell type, while adult stem cells are multipotent and limited to certain types.
What causes cancer?
Cancer occurs when cells divide uncontrollably due to genetic mutations or exposure to carcinogens (e.g., smoking, UV radiation).
Treatments include chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery to target abnormal cells.
What is the role of the respiratory system?
The respiratory system involves oxygen entering the lungs and being exchanged for carbon dioxide in the alveoli.
What is the function of the circulatory system?
The circulatory system pumps oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body and returns oxygen-poor blood for reoxygenation.
What are long-term causes of climate change?
Natural factors like volcanic activity, changes in Earth’s orbit, or plate tectonics.
What are short-term causes of climate change?
Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial emissions.
What are greenhouse gases?
CO₂, CH₄, and water vapor trap heat in the atmosphere.
What are proxy records?
Evidence like ice cores and tree rings help scientists understand past climate changes.
What are signs of chemical changes?
Signs include a change in color, gas production, formation of a precipitate, energy change (heat/light), or odor.
What are acid-base indicators?
Indicators like litmus paper change color depending on whether a solution is acidic or basic. Acids turn blue litmus red, and bases turn red litmus blue.
How do ionic compounds form?
Ionic compounds form when metals transfer electrons to non-metals, creating charged ions (e.g., NaCl).
How do molecular compounds form?
Molecular compounds share electrons between non-metals (e.g., H₂O).
What is reflection in curved mirrors?
Concave mirrors can produce real or virtual images depending on the object’s position, while convex mirrors always create smaller, virtual images.
What is refraction?
Light bends when it passes from one medium to another due to a change in speed (e.g., air to water). The degree of bending depends on the refractive index.
What are converging lenses?
Converging lenses focus light to a point, creating real or virtual images.
What are diverging lenses?
Diverging lenses spread light out, creating smaller, virtual images.
What is thermal expansion?
Materials expand when heated because their particles move faster and spread apart. This is important in designing structures like bridges or rails.
What is the Law of Conservation of Mass?
The total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products in a chemical reaction (e.g., 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O).
What are Bohr-Rutherford diagrams?
Show protons and neutrons in the nucleus with electrons in orbitals. For ions, adjust the number of electrons to show the charge.
What happens in acid-base neutralization?
An acid reacts with a base to form water and a salt. For example, HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O.
What is the process of mitosis?
Mitosis divides one parent cell into two identical daughter cells. It’s essential for replacing damaged cells and allowing organisms to grow.
How does oxygen exchange in the respiratory system?
Oxygen from inhaled air diffuses into the blood in the alveoli, while CO₂ diffuses out to be exhaled. The heart pumps oxygenated blood through arteries and returns deoxygenated blood via veins.
How does light travel?
Light travels in straight lines and obeys the law of reflection (angle of incidence = angle of reflection). It bends when it passes into a different medium.
What is refraction through lenses?
Converging lenses bend light rays inward to focus at a point, while diverging lenses spread them outward.
What are the causes of climate change?
Human activities like burning fossil fuels increase greenhouse gases, trapping more heat in the atmosphere.
What evidence supports climate change?
Evidence includes rising global temperatures, melting ice caps, and historical proxy records like ice cores.
What are the effects of climate change?
Effects include rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and disrupted ecosystems.
