Science - Chem, Bio, Optics, Climate Change Flashcards
What are the stages of Mitosis?
Prophase: Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane breaks down, spindle fibers form.
Metaphase: Chromosomes line up along the cell’s equator, attached to spindle fibers.
Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase: Chromosomes reach opposite poles, nuclear membranes reform, and the cell begins to divide.
What is the importance of Mitosis?
Mitosis ensures equal division of genetic material for growth, repair, and reproduction in somatic cells.
What are Stem Cells?
Unspecialized cells that can differentiate into specific cell types (e.g., muscle, nerve).
What are the types of Stem Cells?
Embryonic Stem Cells: Pluripotent; can become any cell type.
Adult Stem Cells: Multipotent; limited to certain types.
What is Cancer?
Occurs when cells divide uncontrollably due to genetic mutations or exposure to carcinogens (e.g., smoking, UV radiation).
What are the treatments for Cancer?
Chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery to target abnormal cells.
What is the function of the Respiratory System?
Oxygen enters the lungs and is exchanged for carbon dioxide in the alveoli.
What is the function of the Circulatory System?
Pumps oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body and returns oxygen-poor blood for reoxygenation.
What are the long-term causes of Climate Change?
Natural factors like volcanic activity, changes in Earth’s orbit, or plate tectonics.
What are the short-term causes of Climate Change?
Human activities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial emissions.
What are Greenhouse Gases?
CO₂, CH₄, and water vapor trap heat in the atmosphere.
What are Proxy Records?
Evidence like ice cores and tree rings help scientists understand past climate changes.
What are signs of Chemical Changes?
Change in color, gas production, formation of a precipitate, energy change (heat/light), or odor.
What are Acid-Base Indicators?
Indicators (e.g., litmus paper) change color based on solution acidity. Acids turn blue litmus red, and bases turn red litmus blue.
What are Ionic Compounds?
Form when metals transfer electrons to non-metals, creating charged ions (e.g., NaCl).
What are Molecular Compounds?
Share electrons between non-metals (e.g., H₂O).
What are the properties of Concave Mirrors?
Can produce real or virtual images depending on the object’s position.
What are the properties of Convex Mirrors?
Always create smaller, virtual images.
What is Refraction?
Light bends when it passes from one medium to another due to a change in speed (e.g., air to water). The degree of bending depends on the refractive index.
What are Converging Lenses?
Focus light to a point, creating real or virtual images.
What are Diverging Lenses?
Spread light out, creating smaller, virtual images.
What is Thermal Expansion?
Materials expand when heated due to faster-moving particles. Important in designing structures like bridges or rails.
