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IB Biology > Untitled Deck > Flashcards

Untitled Deck Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What should a diagram of a generalized amino acid show?

A

An alpha carbon atom attached to an amine group, carboxyl group, R-group, and hydrogen.

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2
Q

What do condensation reactions form?

A

Dipeptides and longer chains of amino acids.

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3
Q

What is the equation depicting the formation of dipeptides?

A

amino acid 1 + amino acid 2 –> dipeptide + water

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4
Q

Essential amino acids must be obtained from food in the diet; they cannot be __________.

A

synthesized (made from other nutrients)

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5
Q

Can non-essential amino acids be made from other amino acids?

A

Yes, they can.

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6
Q

What should vegans ensure to consume to get all essential amino acids?

A

A diet rich in oats, legumes, and seeds.

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7
Q

What is the variety of possible peptide chains?

A

Infinite.

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8
Q

How many different amino acids do genes code for?

A

20.

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9
Q

What can genes be of any length, making ________ _________ with any number of _______ ___________?

A

Peptide chains, amino acids.

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10
Q

In what order can amino acids be in the _____________ _____?

A

Polypeptide chain.

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11
Q

Give examples of polypeptides.

A

The hormone insulin (made of 2 polypeptides), the enzyme amylase (a large single polypeptide), the structural protein collagen (made of three polypeptide chains), the membrane protein aquaporin (made of four polypeptides).

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12
Q

What can changes in pH and temperature change?

A

Protein structure.

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13
Q

What bonds hold the 3D shapes of polypeptides and proteins together?

A

Hydrogen bonds.

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14
Q

What happens to hydrogen bonds in polypeptides and proteins due to extreme changes in pH or high temperatures?

A

They break, changing the shape of the protein.

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15
Q

What are changes to polypeptide structure that stop the protein’s functioning called?

A

Denaturation.

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16
Q

What does the diversity in protein form and function come from?

A

The chemical diversity of the R-groups of amino acids.

17
Q

What do the R-groups of amino acids determine?

A

The properties of chains of amino acids, known as polypeptides.

18
Q

What can R-groups of amino acids be?

A

Hydrophobic (non-polar) or hydrophilic (polar/charged).

19
Q

What can hydrophilic R-groups of amino acids be?

A

Acidic or basic.

20
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

The sequence of amino acids and the precise position of each amino acid.

21
Q

What does a protein’s primary structure determine?

A

Its three-dimensional shape or conformation.

22
Q

What structures do proteins have despite their complexity?

A

Precise, predictable, and repeatable structures.

23
Q

What does the secondary structure of proteins involve?

A

The pleating and coiling of polypeptides.

24
Q

What stabilizes alpha helices and beta-pleated sheet structures?

A

Hydrogen bonding in regular positions.

25
Q

What is the tertiary structure of proteins?

A

The 3D shape of the polypeptide chain.

26
Q

What holds the tertiary structure together?

A

Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide covalent bonds, and hydrophobic interactions.

27
Q

What do pairs of the sulfur-containing amino acid cysteine form?

A

Disulfide bonds.

28
Q

How can amine and carboxyl groups in R-groups become charged?

A

By the binding or dissociation of hydrogen ions, leading to ionic bonding.

29
Q

What do polar (hydrophilic) and non-polar (hydrophobic) amino acids influence?

A

The tertiary structure of proteins.

30
Q

Where are hydrophobic amino acids clustered in globular proteins?

A

In the core of proteins that are soluble in water.

31
Q

Where are hydrophobic amino acids of integral membrane proteins found?

A

In regions of the polypeptides embedded in the hydrophobic lipid bilayer of the membrane.

32
Q

What is the quaternary structure of proteins?

A

The arrangement of multiple polypeptides in a protein.

33
Q

What are insulin and collagen examples of?

A

Non-conjugated proteins, made of polypeptides alone.

34
Q

What is hemoglobin a good example of?

A

A conjugated protein; it has a non-protein heme group associated with each of its four globin polypeptides.

35
Q

What are globular proteins like, and what do they include?

A

They have complex, rounded, vaguely-spherical shapes and include enzymes and hemoglobin; they are often soluble in water.

36
Q

What are fibrous proteins like, and what are they used for?

A

They are long, insoluble proteins like collagen, used for building structures like hair and skin.

IB Biology (3 decks)

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