Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IB Biology > B.1.1 (Molecules of Life) > Flashcards

B.1.1 (Molecules of Life) Flashcards

Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the four carbon-containing macromolecules? (in order of what the body uses first)

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is an example of a carbodhydrate?

A

Bread, potatoes, starchy foods, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two different kinds of lipids?

A

Saturated and unsaturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

A

Saturated fats have no double carbon bonds (saturated with H2) and unsaturated fats have that double carbon bond.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Examples of both kinds of lipids:

A

Saturated: Lard, dairy products, fatty meat (solid at room temp)
Unsaturated: Oils, fish, nuts (Liquid at room temp) *healthier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What four elements does each amino acid contain?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (sometimes sulphur)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the three classifications of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Monosaccharides are classified under the number of _______ they posses. These classifications are called _______, _______, and ________.

A

Carbons; trioses, pentoses, and hexoses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pentoses and hexoses are unique because they can form…

A

rings and straight chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pentoses and Hexoses form rings when placed in:

A

Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The same building blocks but different structure is called

A

isomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The difference between Alpha Isomers and Beta Isomers is…

A

Alpha isomers have the (-OH) below the hydrogen on the 1, and Beta isomers have the (-OH) above the Hydrogen on the 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

A molecule of _____ is released when two monosaccharides monomers bond and it creates a ___________

A

Water; Disaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When many monosaccharides are linked together they form…

A

Polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When monomers link together to form macromolecules a molecule of water is released this process is called…

A

Condensation Reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A _________ reaction is the opposite of a condensation reaction.

A

Hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

To hydrolyze means to _____. As in: When a two monomers go through hydrolysis, a molecule of water is used to hydrolyze the bond.

A

Break

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

This polysaccharide is good for storing energy (in plant cells)

A

Starch; Composed of two types: Amylose and Amylopectin,
Amylose: Helix (a 1-4 glycosidic bonds)
Amylopectin: Straight chain (a 1-6 glycosidic bonds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

This polysaccharide is good for storing energy (in animal and fungi cells) Because…

A

Glycogen; it is more complex due to number of branches, insoluble in water, more 1-6 glycosidic bonds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Glycoprotein

A

Protein with a Carbohydrate attached

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Each of the four _____ _____ carry a different ____________.

A

Blood Types (A,B,O, AB); Glycoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Match Blood types with these glycoprotein sugars: Galactose, acetyl-galactosamine, no sugar

A

B, A, O

23
Q

All lipids are __________

A

Hydrophobic

24
Q

Ester Bond

A

When a molecule of glycerol bonds link with three fatty acids to make a triglyceride and release three molecules of water.

25
Q

The formation of Phospholipids happens the same way as an ester bond except ___ fatty acids are used and one hydrophilic ________ group is used.

A

two; phosphate

26
Q

Polyunsaturated is when a lipid has more than one

A

double carbon bond

27
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

Body fat

28
Q

How do triglycerides work in Adipose tissue

A

They release fatty acids through hydrolysis creating twice as much energy as sugars.

29
Q

Phospholipid

A

Half hydrophilic (head), half hydrophobic (tail). The tails face each other, and the heads face the outside protecting the cell from outside substances.

30
Q

Molecules that are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic are called

A

Amphipathic molecules

31
Q

True or False: Hydrophobic substances can easily pass through the phospholipid?

A

True. This is because the inside is made up of the hydrophobic tails. Ex: non-polar steroids.

32
Q

What are the structural and functional differences between cis- and trans- fatty acids

A

Cis: Has both Hydrogen atoms on same side
Trans: Has hydrogen atoms on opposite side

33
Q

Amino Acids are a _______ of proteins.

A

Monomer

34
Q

When two Amino Acids join together in a condensation reaction to form a….

A

Dipeptide

35
Q

A peptide bond is formed when…

A

The -OH of the carboxyl group combines with the -H of the amino acid.

36
Q

How many essential amino acids (out of 20) come out of nutrition?

A

Nine

37
Q

Where does Polypeptide synthesis occur?

A

Ribosomes.

38
Q

What are some examples of varieties of peptide chains?

A

Hemoglobin, Immunoglobin, Collagen, Keratin, Digestive Enzymes, etc.

39
Q

What are the two ways a protein can be denatured?

A

Heat (vibrations that break the weak bonds inside the molecule) , and pH (ionic bond disappears)

40
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

consecutively joined amino acids linked together via peptide bonds.

41
Q

The _______ ________ is the number and sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide. It is determined by the ____ sequence of the gene.

A

Primary Structure; base

42
Q

The _________ _______ is held together by ________ bonds between the oxygen of carbonyl groups and the hydrogen atoms.

A

Secondary Structure; hydrogen

43
Q

What are the two most common secondary structure motifs?

A

a helix (helical) and the B pleated sheet

44
Q

The _______ structure is the _______ of a single protein into a 3D structure with a ________ core.

A

Tertiary; folding; hydrophobic

45
Q

What are four examples of dependence on tertiary structure.

A

1.) Ionic Bonds- can form between + and - charged R groups
2.) Hydrogen Bonds
3.) Hydrophobic bonds
4.) Disulfide bridges (form between pairs of cysteine

46
Q

What is the molecular formula for glycerol?

A

C3H8O3

47
Q

Name two examples of steroids

A

Testoterone, tenbolone, nandrolone

48
Q

how are triglycerides and phospholipids similar/different?

A

1) Similarities:
- Structural: Glycerol molecules with hydrocarbon tail.
2) Differences:
- Solubility: Phospholipids are partially hydrophilic. Triglycerides aren’t

49
Q

What is the molecular formula for ah hydrocarbon and what does it look like?

A

C5 H12; Five carbons horizontal with dashes b/t them and H’s all around

50
Q

When there is a double carbon bond there is not ________ on the ______

A

Hydrogen; Bottom

51
Q

How can you tell a lipid from a carbohydrate from its molecular formula?

A

Lipids have a higher proportion of hydrogen to oxygen. Carbs have 1:2:1

52
Q

Saturated fats are typically from _______

A

Animals

53
Q

Quanternary Structure

A

The interaction of two or more polypeptide chains

IB Biology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions