B.1.1 (Molecules of Life)

Question 1

What are the four carbon-containing macromolecules? (in order of what the body uses first)

Answer 1

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

Question 2

What is an example of a carbodhydrate?

Answer 2

Bread, potatoes, starchy foods, etc.

Question 3

What are the two different kinds of lipids?

Answer 3

Saturated and unsaturated

Question 4

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

Answer 4

Saturated fats have no double carbon bonds (saturated with H2) and unsaturated fats have that double carbon bond.

Question 5

Examples of both kinds of lipids:

Answer 5

Saturated: Lard, dairy products, fatty meat (solid at room temp)
Unsaturated: Oils, fish, nuts (Liquid at room temp) *healthier

Question 6

What four elements does each amino acid contain?

Answer 6

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (sometimes sulphur)

Question 7

What are the three classifications of carbohydrates?

Answer 7

monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Question 8

Monosaccharides are classified under the number of _______ they posses. These classifications are called _______, _______, and ________.

Answer 8

Carbons; trioses, pentoses, and hexoses.

Question 9

Pentoses and hexoses are unique because they can form…

Answer 9

rings and straight chains

Question 10

Pentoses and Hexoses form rings when placed in:

Answer 10

Water

Question 11

The same building blocks but different structure is called

Answer 11

isomers

Question 12

The difference between Alpha Isomers and Beta Isomers is…

Answer 12

Alpha isomers have the (-OH) below the hydrogen on the 1, and Beta isomers have the (-OH) above the Hydrogen on the 1

Question 13

A molecule of _____ is released when two monosaccharides monomers bond and it creates a ___________

Answer 13

Water; Disaccharide

Question 14

When many monosaccharides are linked together they form…

Answer 14

Polysaccharides

Question 15

When monomers link together to form macromolecules a molecule of water is released this process is called…

Answer 15

Condensation Reaction

Question 16

A _________ reaction is the opposite of a condensation reaction.

Answer 16

Hydrolysis

Question 17

To hydrolyze means to _____. As in: When a two monomers go through hydrolysis, a molecule of water is used to hydrolyze the bond.

Answer 17

Break

Question 18

This polysaccharide is good for storing energy (in plant cells)

Answer 18

Starch; Composed of two types: Amylose and Amylopectin,
Amylose: Helix (a 1-4 glycosidic bonds)
Amylopectin: Straight chain (a 1-6 glycosidic bonds)

Question 19

This polysaccharide is good for storing energy (in animal and fungi cells) Because…

Answer 19

Glycogen; it is more complex due to number of branches, insoluble in water, more 1-6 glycosidic bonds.

Question 20

Glycoprotein

Answer 20

Protein with a Carbohydrate attached

Question 21

Each of the four _____ _____ carry a different ____________.

Answer 21

Blood Types (A,B,O, AB); Glycoproteins

Question 22

Match Blood types with these glycoprotein sugars: Galactose, acetyl-galactosamine, no sugar

Answer 22

B, A, O

Question 23

All lipids are __________

Answer 23

Hydrophobic

Question 24

Ester Bond

Answer 24

When a molecule of glycerol bonds link with three fatty acids to make a triglyceride and release three molecules of water.

Question 25

The formation of Phospholipids happens the same way as an ester bond except ___ fatty acids are used and one hydrophilic ________ group is used.

Answer 25

two; phosphate

Question 26

Polyunsaturated is when a lipid has more than one

Answer 26

double carbon bond

Question 27

Adipose Tissue

Answer 27

Body fat

Question 28

How do triglycerides work in Adipose tissue

Answer 28

They release fatty acids through hydrolysis creating twice as much energy as sugars.

Question 29

Phospholipid

Answer 29

Half hydrophilic (head), half hydrophobic (tail). The tails face each other, and the heads face the outside protecting the cell from outside substances.

Question 30

Molecules that are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic are called

Answer 30

Amphipathic molecules

Question 31

True or False: Hydrophobic substances can easily pass through the phospholipid?

Answer 31

True. This is because the inside is made up of the hydrophobic tails. Ex: non-polar steroids.

Question 32

What are the structural and functional differences between cis- and trans- fatty acids

Answer 32

Cis: Has both Hydrogen atoms on same side Trans: Has hydrogen atoms on opposite side

Question 33

Amino Acids are a _______ of proteins.

Answer 33

Monomer

Question 34

When two Amino Acids join together in a condensation reaction to form a....

Answer 34

Dipeptide

Question 35

A peptide bond is formed when...

Answer 35

The -OH of the carboxyl group combines with the -H of the amino acid.

Question 36

How many essential amino acids (out of 20) come out of nutrition?

Answer 36

Nine

Question 37

Where does Polypeptide synthesis occur?

Answer 37

Ribosomes.

Question 38

What are some examples of varieties of peptide chains?

Answer 38

Hemoglobin, Immunoglobin, Collagen, Keratin, Digestive Enzymes, etc.

Question 39

What are the two ways a protein can be denatured?

Answer 39

Heat (vibrations that break the weak bonds inside the molecule) , and pH (ionic bond disappears)

Question 40

What is a polypeptide?

Answer 40

consecutively joined amino acids linked together via peptide bonds.

Question 41

The _______ ________ is the number and sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide. It is determined by the ____ sequence of the gene.

Answer 41

Primary Structure; base

Question 42

The _________ _______ is held together by ________ bonds between the oxygen of carbonyl groups and the hydrogen atoms.

Answer 42

Secondary Structure; hydrogen

Question 43

What are the two most common secondary structure motifs?

Answer 43

a helix (helical) and the B pleated sheet

Question 44

The _______ structure is the _______ of a single protein into a 3D structure with a ________ core.

Answer 44

Tertiary; folding; hydrophobic

Question 45

What are four examples of dependence on tertiary structure.

Answer 45

1.) Ionic Bonds- can form between + and - charged R groups 2.) Hydrogen Bonds 3.) Hydrophobic bonds 4.) Disulfide bridges (form between pairs of cysteine

Question 46

What is the molecular formula for glycerol?

Answer 46

C3H8O3

Question 47

Name two examples of steroids

Answer 47

Testoterone, tenbolone, nandrolone

Question 48

how are triglycerides and phospholipids similar/different?

Answer 48

1) Similarities: - Structural: Glycerol molecules with hydrocarbon tail. 2) Differences: - Solubility: Phospholipids are partially hydrophilic. Triglycerides aren't

Question 49

What is the molecular formula for ah hydrocarbon and what does it look like?

Answer 49

C5 H12; Five carbons horizontal with dashes b/t them and H's all around

Question 50

When there is a double carbon bond there is not ________ on the ______

Answer 50

Hydrogen; Bottom

Question 51

How can you tell a lipid from a carbohydrate from its molecular formula?

Answer 51

Lipids have a higher proportion of hydrogen to oxygen. Carbs have 1:2:1

Question 52

Saturated fats are typically from _______

Answer 52

Animals

Question 53

Quanternary Structure

Answer 53

The interaction of two or more polypeptide chains