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Genetics > Untitled Deck > Flashcards

Untitled Deck Flashcards

1
Q

What did the Hippocratic School of Medicine believe about humors?

A

Humors derived from different parts of the male body serve as bearers of hereditary traits and are drawn to the semen (humors can be healthy or diseased and change throughout life).

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2
Q

What did Aristotle believe about semen?

A

Semen contains the vital heat that cooks and shapes the menstrual blood into an embryo (epigenesis).

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3
Q

Who is credited with the first modern explanation of epigenesis?

A

William Harvey.

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4
Q

What is epigenesis?

A

The belief that substances within an embryo differentiate into body tissues rather than them being pre-formed.

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5
Q

What is the Homunculus Theory?

A

Sperm contains a perfectly formed mini human; growth is initiated upon implantation into the uterus.

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6
Q

What is the Ovist Theory?

A

Sperm contains a perfectly formed mini human; growth is initiated by semen implantation.

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7
Q

How do the Homunculus and Ovist theories differ from the HSM and Aristotle?

A

The HSM and Aristotle contain ideas of epigenesis in which substances within the embryo differentiate into different body tissues, whereas the Homunculus and Ovist theories do not.

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8
Q

What is the Germ Plasm Theory?

A

Ovaries and testes contain full sets of genetic information, and sperm and egg cells carry the information brought together in fertilization.

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9
Q

What did Edmund Beecher Wilson propose in 1895?

A

He proposed that ‘nuclein’ is the hereditary material and that inheritance may be affected by the physical transmission of a particular chemical from parent to offspring.

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10
Q

What did Archibald Garrod characterize shortly after 1895?

A

He characterized the first genetic disorder: black urine disease, which is caused by a defect in the breakdown of HGA.

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11
Q

What is Cell Theory?

A

All life is made of cells (Schleiden and Schwaan); all cells come from other cells (Rudolph Virchow).

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12
Q

What did Pasteur refute?

A

He refuted the idea of spontaneous generation (the belief that life will arise from non-living substances).

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13
Q

What is the Fixity of Species?

A

The belief that all species have not changed since they were formed.

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14
Q

What was there widespread rejection of?

A

Fixity of Species.

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15
Q

What is the first premise of Natural Selection?

A

Species are variable, and some of this variation is heritable, meaning it can be passed from parent to offspring.

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16
Q

What is the second premise of Natural Selection?

A

Some of these heritable traits are meaningful in terms of survival and reproduction.

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17
Q

What is the third premise of Natural Selection?

A

Species tend to over-reproduce or produce more offspring than the environment can support.

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18
Q

What is Blending Inheritance?

A

Darwin’s idea that offspring will tend to have trait values near the average of the parents.

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19
Q

What is Adaptive Evolution?

A

The central theme of Darwinian evolutionary biology: phenotypic improvement due to selection.

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20
Q

How does Adaptive Evolution differ from Blending Inheritance?

A

Fleeming Jenkin (1867) stated these are not compatible because it would mean that no matter how advantageous a trait is, it would become diluted out with each new generation.

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21
Q

Who is Gregor Mendel?

A

He demonstrated that inheritance was particulate and not blending with his pea plant experiment (Modern Genetics began with Mendel).

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22
Q

When did scientists begin observing chromosomes under a microscope?

A

20 years after Mendel (very large linear DNA molecules).

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23
Q

What are Homologous Pairs?

A

Maternal and paternal copies of a chromosome; they are the same length and contain the same genes, though they may carry different alleles.

24
Q

What is a Gene?

A

The functional unit of heredity.

25
Q

What is an Allele?

A

Alternative forms of a gene.

26
Q

What does Haploid mean?

A

The presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism’s cells.

27
Q

What does Diploid mean?

A

Having two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent (sexually reproducing organisms).

28
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

Replication and equal division of chromosomes into 2 daughter cells.

29
Q

What is Meiosis?

A

Two rounds of division resulting in 4 haploid gametes.

30
Q

What are Gametes?

A

Reproductive cells (eggs and sperm).

31
Q

What is the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance?

A

Sutton and Boveri noted that the behavior of chromosomes was exactly analogous to how Mendel described the behavior of genes during gamete formation.

32
Q

Who was William Bateson?

A

A staunch supporter of the University of Mendelian Inheritance.

33
Q

What are Biometricans?

A

A mix between mathematicians and biologists; they believed that continuous characteristics could not be explained by Mendelian inheritance.

34
Q

How did Mendelian Genetics explain Continuous Traits?

A

The work of Herman Nilsson-Ehle and Edward East showed that continuous traits could be explained by Mendelian inheritance if the traits are governed by multiple Mendelian factors.

35
Q

Who is Thomas Hunt Morgan?

A

His work on the ‘white eyes’ mutation confirmed the chromosomal theory of inheritance.

36
Q

What is a Mutation?

A

Any heritable change; these are the source of all genetic variation.

37
Q

What is Wild Type?

A

Typical phenotype.

38
Q

What is a Genotype?

A

The genetic makeup of an organism, often referring to the alleles they harbor for one particular gene.

39
Q

What is a Phenotype?

A

Physical manifestation of a genotype (appearance or metabolic capability, etc.).

40
Q

What is the Chromosome Makeup?

A

50% DNA, 50% Proteins.

41
Q

Why did many believe proteins to be the hereditary material?

A

Due to its greater complexity with 20 monomers compared to DNA’s 4.

42
Q

What is the basic unit of DNA?

A

Nucleotide.

43
Q

What are the components of a Nucleotide?

A

A phosphate, a ribose/deoxyribose sugar, a nitrogenous base.

44
Q

How are Nucleotides joined?

A

Nucleotides are joined into polymers via covalent phosphodiester bonds.

45
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

DNA exists as an antiparallel, complementary duplex held together via hydrogen bonds.

46
Q

What is RNA?

A

Has ribose sugar rather than deoxyribose, uracil instead of thymine, typically single stranded, can form complementary structures with DNA.

47
Q

What is the function of RNA?

A

Carries information to the ribosome (RNA is translated into proteins).

48
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

Contains the hereditary material (DNA is transcribed into RNA).

49
Q

What is tRNA?

A

The molecule that translates the language of DNA/RNA into the protein language.

50
Q

What is the Central Dogma of molecular biology?

A

DNA—>(transcription)RNA—>(translation)Protein.

51
Q

What do proteins do?

A

Perform cellular functions and are coded for by DNA.

52
Q

What is an example of a protein and its function?

A

Hemoglobin: made of alpha and beta globin; carries oxygen from lungs to tissues.

53
Q

How can differences in DNA be assayed in the lab?

A

Gel Electrophoresis: a fundamental lab technique in which DNA of different sizes can be differentiated by their migration patterns through an agarose gel.

54
Q

What is the common ancestor shared between all life?

A

LUCA (last universal common ancestor).

55
Q

What is evidence for LUCA?

A

All living things share a common set of chemical parts and structures, contain genetic information using a nearly universal genetic code, extract energy from their environment, replicate their genetic information in the same manner, share a universal set of genes, evolve through gradual changes in their genetic information, and have a universal central dogma.

56
Q

What is the benefit of all life sharing a common ancestor?

A

Learning about one gene in one organism is usually transferable to humans, aiding research.

57
Q

What is the etiology of Sickle Cell Anemia?

A

A single nucleotide change in the gene that encodes beta globin alters its amino acid sequence, causing hemoglobin to polymerize, resulting in fragile sickle-shaped red blood cells.

Genetics (23 decks)

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