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Forensics > Unnatural COD > Flashcards

Unnatural COD Flashcards

1
Q

How does a contact gunshot wound present? (6)

A

• blackening/ soot! In centre of wound due to unburned powder
• singular Circular wounds, slightly irregular and large
• Stellate if over bone (scalp) - splitting and ballooning from trapped gasses! Smoke cavity
• visible muzzle imprint!
• singed hair and skin
• slight smoke discoloration
.• hyperaemia
• With or without ring of abrasion (due to stripping of epidermis around central defect)

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2
Q

Name 2 examples of kinetic injuries

A
  1. Blunt force

2. Sharp force

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3
Q

Name 3 examples of blunt force injuries

A
  1. Abrasions
  2. Contusions
  3. Lacerations
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4
Q

Name 2 examples of sharp force injuries

A
  1. Incised wounds

2. Stab wounds

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5
Q

Name 6 examples of non-kinetic injuries

A
  1. Thermal: heat/cold
  2. Chemical
  3. Electrical
  4. Electromagnetic
  5. Barotrauma
  6. Radiation/ultrasound
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6
Q

What type of injury is a gun shot wound?

A

Blunt penetrating injury -hybrid between laceration and incised

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7
Q

How is a self-harm incision injury identified?(9)

A
  1. Presence of tentative incision marks
  2. On area of body that patient can access
  3. Other superficial/minor injuries
  4. Multiple wounds are of similar appearances , style, orientation
  5. Grouped in single anatomical region
  6. Usually contralateral to patient’s handedness
    7, Old healed scars in similar sites
  7. scars of different ages in similar sites
  8. Slow-healing injuries
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8
Q

Name 5 mechanical asphyxial mechanisms

A
  1. Strangulation
  2. Hanging
  3. Choking
  4. Compression asphyxia
  5. smothering
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9
Q

Name 2 non-mechanical asphyxia mechanisms

A

Carbon monoxide (prevent oxygen concentration) and cyanide (prevent oxygen use) poisoning

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10
Q

5 possible mechanisms of death by hanging

A
  1. Airway obstruction -hypoxic hypoxia with carbon dioxide accumulation
  2. Reduced arterial blood flow to brain - anemic hypoxia
  3. Reduced venous return of brain- stagnant hypoxia
  4. Vagal inhibition-neurogenic cardiac arrest
  5. Cervical spinal cord injury
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11
Q

When is a person most likely to die of a fatal strike of lightning? (2)

A

Summer rainfall period ( September to April) between 15h30 and 18h30

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12
Q

Name 6 fatality mechanisms of lightning from most to least common

A
  1. Ground current
  2. Side flash
  3. Contact (indirect strike)
  4. Upward streamers
  5. Direct strike
  6. Explosive baroTrauma
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13
Q

Name 3 late mechanisms of death due to lightning

A
  1. Acute tubular necrosis (myoglobinuria)
  2. Intra-cardiac haemorrhage
  3. Multiple organ failure
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14
Q

Lethal dose of current?

A

50-80 mA

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15
Q

Mechanisms of death by electrocution (3 immediate, 3 late)

A 
Immediate death 
1. Ventricular fibrillation
2. Respiratory paralysis
3. Cardiac paralysis
Late death
4. Acute tubular necrosis (myoglobinuria)
5. Intra-cardiac haemorrhage
6. Multiple organ failure
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16
Q

Define traumatic asphyxiation

A

External pressure to chest eg transportation injuries, collapsed buildings…

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17
Q

What is positional asphyxiation?

A

Restriction chest movement due to external pressure resulting from positioning eg intoxication, custody restraint

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18
Q

What is commotio cordis?

A

Blunt force trauma to precordium resulting in vfib. Rare. Increased risk in sports. Blunt force trauma hit as pt begins t wave

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19
Q

Label the #shown in picture 26

A

A: Le fort 1 (most common )
B: 2
C: 3 (least common)

20
Q

What commonly causes pontine haemorrhage?

A

Chronic systemic ht

21
Q

Name the sequela of brain injury (7)

A
  1. cerebral swelling
  2. Raised ICP
  3. Hypoxic/ischaemic brain damage
  4. Infections
  5. Neurological sequela
  6. Enlargement of primary haemorrhage
  7. Traumatic aneurysm
22
Q

Which 3 pathologies are shown in shaken baby syndrome?

A
  1. Brain swelling due to acceleration-deceleration
  2. Subdural haematoma due to shearing forces
  3. Retinal haemorrhaging due to breakage of vessels
23
Q

Name 4 acute causes of death by burns

A
  • “death by fire’
  • inhalation smoke
  • asphyxia
  • Shock hypovolaemic
24
Q

Name 2 delayed causes of death by burns

A
  • Electrolyte disturbances

* toxaemia

25
Q

Name the sequence of 5 events that may be seen in asphyxial episodes

A
  1. Dyspnoea phase:expiratory dyspnaca with raised respiratory rate, cyanosis, tachycardia. (Minute or more)
  2. Convulsive phase: loc, reduced respiratory movements, facial congestion, bradycardia, ht, fits ( few minutes)
  3. Pre-terminal respiratory phase: no resp action, failure of respiratory and circulatory centres, tachycardia, ht (few minutes)
    4 gasping for breath: respiratory reflexes
  4. Terminal: loss movement, areflexial, pupillary dilatation.
26
Q

Define burking

A

Homocidal suffocation accomplished by sitting on victim’s chest with hand placed over mouth and nose.

27
Q

What is café coronary?

A

Also called bolus death. Accidental death caused by impaction of large food bolus in hypopharynx with dilation of pharyngeal wall in stimulation of autonomic nerve plexus, and virtually instantaneous neurogenic cardiac arrest. Type of asphyxia

28
Q

Name 5 rich factors for café coronary

A
  • Ill fitting dentures
  • alcohol intoxication
  • psych patients
  • elderly
  • mentally ill or retarded
29
Q

Name the 6 mechanisms of death in hanging.

A
  1. Obstruction of airways (directly or from tongue pressing against palate -> anoxic anoxia )
  2. Acute neurogenic cardiac arrest
  3. Decreased arterial blood supply to brain ( compression of carotid and vertebral arteries)
    4 decrease in flow owing to obstruction of venous return from brain → cerebral anoxia.
  4. Dislocation of atlanto-axial joint only in execution by hanging, causing injury to spinal cord, or # between second and third cervical vertebrae. Very rare.
  5. Tethering of vagal nerve with diaphragmatic paralysis.
30
Q

What are vitiated atmosphere deaths?

A

Usually due to carbon dioxide poisoning - high concentration small space eg grain silos

31
Q

Name 5 examples of vitiated atmosphere deaths

A
  1. Lake Nyos 1986: limnic eruption
  2. Mazuku (“evil wind”): c02 accumulate in pockets low to ground, may be related to volcanic activity / limnic eruptions
  3. Grain silos
  4. Rusty old ship tanks: damp steel walls use up oxygen, forming ferric oxides (rust). Oxygen replaced by nitrogen.
  5. Breweries
    Also manholes, frozen carbon dioxide
32
Q

Define secondary drowning

A

Casualty rescued from water but died between 30 minutes and several days later.

33
Q

Define hydrocution and 3 ways it occurs

A

Death attributed to cardiac arrest due to vagal inhibition from stimulation of vagal nerve endings:
• sudden entry of water into nasopharynx or larynx
• falling or diving into water in a manner so that it suddenly strikes the abdomen, especially epigastric region
• sudden in-rush of cold water into ears

34
Q

Which term describes survival for at least 24 hours after immersion?

A

Near drowning

35
Q

Which term describes severe resp distress causing death after near drowning?

A

Post-immersion syndrome/ secondary/dry drowning

36
Q

Classic wound by electrocution?

A

Targeted lesion with inner dark area, surrounding pale skin, outer pink or more congested skin

37
Q

Identify pathology in picture 27.

A

Immersion burn

38
Q

Identify pathology in picture 28

A

Contact burn by lighter

39
Q

Identify pathology in picture 29

A

Severe heat related skin splitting and charred skin

40
Q

Identify pathology in picture 30

A

Sliding or friction or brush or graze abrasion

41
Q

Name 3 differences between intentional and accidental scalds.

A
  • forced immersion in Hot water vs spill injuries from flowing liquid
  • symmetrical glove and stocking injuries to limbs, sparing skin Folds (and buttocks for those who are forced to sit in water) vs lacking
  • uniform depth vs irregular margins and depths.
42
Q

Name characteristics of SUDI and causes (6)

A

• Occur between 7 to 365 days of life
• unexplained and unexpected at autopsy
• occur during acute illness of less than 24h in a previously healthy infant or death after this if life was only prolonged by ICU
• result from any form of accident, poisoning, trauma
. Result from preexisting occult condition
• SIDS is a subcategory

43
Q

What is SIDS?

A

Subcategory of SUDI defined as sudden unexpected death of infant less than 1 year of age, with onset of fatal episode apparently occurring during sleep, that remains unexplained after a thorough investigation, including complete autopsy and review of circumstances of death and clinical history.

44
Q

Most common presentation of lightning victims?

A

Cataracts

45
Q

What is a lethal dose of current?

A

50-80 mA

46
Q

Name the 4 main non-kinetic energy components of lightning that account for macroscopic pathology

A
  1. Light
  2. Heat
  3. Electricity
  4. Barotrauma

Forensics (9 decks)

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