Universal Precaution Flashcards
– A set of practices used to prevent contamination of the bloodstream and surrounding tissues during venipuncture.
ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE
– The practice of cleaning hands to remove microorganisms and prevent the spread of infection. Hand hygiene is critical before and after performing venipuncture to minimize the risk of cross-contamination.
HAND HYGIENE
– Equipment worn by healthcare professionals to protect themselves and patients from exposure to infectious agents.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
– Accidental puncture of the skin by a needle used during venipuncture, which can expose healthcare workers to bloodborne pathogens, leading to infections.
NEEDLESTICK INJURY
– Microorganisms present in blood that can cause disease when transmitted to another person. Common bloodborne pathogens include hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS
– The process of killing or inactivating microorganisms on surfaces or equipment to prevent the spread of infection.
DISINFECTION
– Devices designed to minimize the risk of needlestick injuries by covering or retracting the needle after use.
NEEDLE SAFETY DEVICES
– Procedures used to maintain sterility and prevent contamination of equipment and supplies during venipuncture.
STERILE TECHNIQUE
– The inadvertent introduction of microorganisms into blood culture bottles during venipuncture, leading to false-positive results.
BLOOD CULTURE CONTAMINATION
– Guidelines recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to prevent the transmission of infectious agents in healthcare settings. Standard precautions include hand hygiene, the use of PPE, safe injection practices, and environmental cleaning and disinfection.
STANDARD PRECAUTIONS
acquired in the course of medical care
Nosocomial
infections contracted in an acute care hospital, patients in extended care facilities, outpatient clinics & behavioral health institutions.
Nosocomial
cannot be present at admission; rather, it happens within 48 hours after you’ve entered the hospital.
Nosocomial
also called as Hospital Acquired Infection
Nosocomial
A nosocomial infection that results from a particular treatment or therapeutic procedure.
Iatrogenic
may lead to physical, mental, or emotional problems or, in some cases, even death.
Iatrogenic
: exo- “outside”, -genous “born from”
infection or disease originates outside the body
-When a commensal organism enter places it should not be
-When a pathogen comes from other source.
EXOGENOUS
: endo- “within”, -genous “born from”
-infection or disease originates within body
-disease can occur when microbes included in normal bacterial flora enter a sterile area of the body such as the brain or muscle.
Endogenous
refer to infectious illnesses that can be transmitted from person to person through various means, including direct contact, droplets, or contaminated surfaces.
Communicable diseases
Communicable Diseases
Key Preventive Measures:
Vaccination
Hand Hygiene
Respiratory Hygiene
Safe Food Handling
Environmental Sanitation
are microorganisms that cause disease.
Pathogens
Four major groups of microorganisms are known to produce diseases are:
bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites
If a microorganism is known to produce disease, it is called a _____
pathogenic microorganism
are one-celled organisms with a typical nucleus. They both contain DNA and RNA. They come in various shapes and sizes and can cause disease through toxin production or direct tissue invasion
Bacteria
can enter the body through various routes, including inhalation of spores, ingestion of contaminated food or water, direct contact with infected individuals, or through breaks in the skin.
Fungal pathogens
: Yeast infections caused by Candida species, which can affect the mouth, throat, skin, genitals, and bloodstream.
Candidiasis
Systemic fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans, which primarily affects immunocompromised individuals, especially those with HIV/AIDS.
Cryptococcosis
infect people through contaminated food, water, or surfaces, and more. In medical settings, they can spread through contaminated equipment or contact with infected healthcare workers or patients.
Parasites
are single-celled organisms classified under the kingdom Protista.
Protozoa
are multicellular parasitic worms that belong to two main groups: flatworms (platyhelminths) example is Schistosoma mansoni, which causes schistosomiasis; and roundworms (nematodes) example is Ascaris lumbricoides, the giant intestinal roundworm.
Helminths
are tiny infectious agents that cause various diseases. They spread through respiratory droplets, contaminated food or water, direct contact with infected individuals or surfaces, bites from infected vectors like mosquitoes, and from mother to baby during pregnancy or childbirth.
Viruses
Two of the most common viruses in the medical field are:
1.Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
: Transmitted through blood or bodily fluids. Causes liver inflammation and can lead to liver cancer.
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
: Transmitted through sex, needles, or from mother to child. Attacks the immune system, leading to AIDS if untreated.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
