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SCIENCE - FINAL > Univers Vivant > Flashcards

Univers Vivant Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the first stage of the hierarchy of life?

A

atoms and molecules

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2
Q

what is the second stage of the hierarchy of life?

A

a cell (base unit of life)

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3
Q

what is the third stage of the hierarchy of life?

A

a tissu (group of similar specialized cells, with ONE function)

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4
Q

what is the fourth stage of the hierarchy of life?

A

an organ (2 or more tissus which together have a specific function and form

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5
Q

what is the fifth stage of the hierarchy of life?

A

a system (multiple tissus + organs which complete one/multiple functions)

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6
Q

what is the final stage of the hierarchy of life?

A

an organism (something that can live or die, comprised of multiple systems)

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7
Q

what is the function of epithelial tissu?

A

to absorb and secrete substances

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8
Q

what are the sub categories of epithelial tissu? what do they look like?

A
  • simple: ONE single layer of thin rectangular cells stuck together.
  • composed: MULTIPLE layers of thick rectangular cells stuck together.
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9
Q

what are the three sub categories of muscle tissu. what do they look like?

A
  • squelettal: long and striped layers of cells with dark nuclei
  • soft: little to no stripes, waved lines and dark nuclei
  • cardiac: branched and striped muscle tissu with dark lines (intercellular disks)
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10
Q

what is the function for each muscle tissu subcategory?

A

squelettal: to voluntarily move the muscles of the skeleton
- soft: involuntarily makes internal organs move
- cardiac: involuntarily pumps the heart

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11
Q

what are the 5 subcategories of connective tissu

A
  • cartilagineux
  • osseux
  • adipeux
  • sanguins
  • non-specialises
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12
Q

what are the six ‘constituants alimentaires’?

A
  • glucides
  • proteines
  • lipides
  • minerals
  • vitamines
  • eau
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13
Q

what is the role of glucides?

A

source of energy

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14
Q

what is the role of proteins?

A

construction and repair of tissus in organism, chemical reactions , and sources of energy

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15
Q

what is the role of lipides?

A

source of energy, protects and isolates against cold, composition of hormones and cellular membranes.

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16
Q

what is the role minerals?

A

construction of tissu, participates in transmitting nervous influx and transporting oxygen in blood and chemical reactions.

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17
Q

what is the role of vitamins?

A

contributes to chemical reaction, each vitamine has a different role

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18
Q

what is the role of eau

A

is a solvant in most chemical reactions, maintains body temperature, transportation of substances in body

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19
Q

what are the sources for each constituant alimentaire?

A
  • glucides: veggies, fruits and cereals
  • proteines: meats and substituts
  • lipides: vegetal oils and animal fats
  • minerals: fruits and veggies, meats and substituts, dairy products,
    vitamins: variety of aliments
    eau: fruits and veggies and LIQUIDS
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20
Q

what are the parts of the digestif tube in order?

A
  • mouth
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestin
  • large intestin
  • rectum
  • anus
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21
Q

what are the digestive glandes and where are they found?

A

salivary glandes, found in the mouth. liver, pancreas, gastric glandes, found in the stomach. intestinal glandes, found in the small intestin.

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22
Q

what three organs do chemical and mechanical digestion take place?

A

the mouth, the stomach and the small intestin

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23
Q

what mechanical digestion takes place in the mouth?

A

MASTICATION: cuts up aliments in pieces to accelerate digestion.

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24
Q

what chemical digestion takes place in the mouth?

A

INSALIVATION: saliva wets and transforms aliments with enzymes, beginning digestion.
saliva transforms amidon into dissacarides

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25
Q

what mechanical digestion takes place in the stomach?

A

BRASSAGE: contractions of smooth muscle tissu that breaks up and mixes bols alimentaires

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26
Q

what chemical digestion takes place in the stomach?

A

gastric juice breaks proteins into short polypeptides

27
Q

what mechanical digestion takes place in the small intestin?

A

EMULSION: water molecules droplets mix with oils and fats, creating an emulsion.

28
Q

what chemical digestion takes place in the small intestin?

A

intestinal juice breaks triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acides. ALSO short poly peptides into amino acides

29
Q

what are the parts of the respiratory systems in order

A
  • fosses nasales
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachee
  • bronches
  • pompons
  • bronchioles
  • alveoles
30
Q

what is the role of the respiratory system?

A

permits the exchange of gaz between blood and air

31
Q

what are the three figured elements in blood

A
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • plaquettes
32
Q

what is the function of red blood cells?

A

transport O2 (oxygen) to cells thanks to protein called hemoglobin as well as transport of CO2 to lungs

33
Q

what is the function of white blood cells

A

immunitary defense of an organism against pathogens

34
Q

what is the function of plaquettes

A

coagulation of blood to repair injuries

35
Q

what are the three vaisseaux sanguins?

A
  1. arteries
  2. veines
  3. capillaries
36
Q

what is function of the heart

A

pump blood to the body

37
Q

what is the function of the arteries

A

bring oxygenated blood from the heart to the cells

38
Q

what is the function of the veines

A

bring deoxygenated from the cells to the heart

39
Q

what is the function of the capillaries

A

oxygen passes from blood to intercellular liquid to cells. also transforms oxygen.

40
Q

what are the two different ‘active’ immunity

A

get sick and vaccines, because they both produce antibodies

41
Q

what are antibodies?

A

secreted from white blood cells to target specific aggressors (diseases, sicknesse)

42
Q

what are the parts of the urinary system in order?

A

-kidneys
-uretres
- bladder
- uretere

43
Q

what is the role of the urinary system

A

to filter blood and eliminate cellular waste

44
Q

what is the role of kidneys in the excretory system

A
  • keeping homeostasis of the ratio of mineral salts to water AND excreating dechets azotes
45
Q

what is the role of lungs in the excretory system

A
  • keeping the homeostasis of the ph of blood
46
Q

what is the role of sudoriparous glands in the excretory system

A
  • keeping the homeostasis of body temperature
47
Q

what is the role of the peripheral nervous system

A

transporting nervous influx to and form the brain and muscles, acting on the brains information.

48
Q

what is the role of the central nervous system?

A

think and control

49
Q

what are the three types of articulary mouvments

A
  • mobile
  • imobile
  • semimobile
50
Q

what is flexion?

A

approaching 2 bones of an articulation

51
Q

what is an extension?

A

distancing 2 bones of an articulation

52
Q

what is abduction?

A

moving a limb laterally away from the axis of the body

53
Q

what is adduction?

A

moving a limb laterally towards the axis of the body

54
Q

what is rotation?

A

moving a limb around the axis of the body

55
Q

what is the function of mitosis?

A

reproduction, growth and regeneration of tissue.

56
Q

what are the 4 steps of mitosis

A
  1. DNA condenses
  2. chromosomes align on the ‘equator’ of the cell
  3. copies of chromosomes separate
  4. condensation and final division
57
Q

what is the result of mitosis

A

2 cells, identical copies

58
Q

what is the function of meiosis?

A

producing gametes

59
Q

what happens before both mitosis and meiosis?

A

DNA replicates (46 chromosomes, 2 copies each.)

60
Q

what are the 8 steps of meiosis?

A
  1. condensation of DNA + ‘enjambement’
  2. alignment on the equator of the cell
  3. separation (23 chromosomes, 2 copies)
  4. condensation and first division
  5. condensation
  6. alignment
  7. separation (23 chromosomes, 1 copy)
  8. condensation and final separation
61
Q

what is the result of meiosis?

A

4 new cells, all with 23 chromosomes, all genetically different

62
Q

what is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A

mitosis cells only divide once, they have to do with growth and regeneration while meiosis cells divide twice and contribute to creating gametes for reproduction. also, mitosis creates 2 genetically identical cells with 46 chromosomes in each while meiosis creates 4 genetically different cells, with 23 chromosomes each.

63
Q

what are the factors in genetic diversity?

A

sexual reproduction (two genetically different parties), mutations, mixing amongst the population

SCIENCE - FINAL (4 decks)

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