Univers Vivant Flashcards
what is the first stage of the hierarchy of life?
atoms and molecules
what is the second stage of the hierarchy of life?
a cell (base unit of life)
what is the third stage of the hierarchy of life?
a tissu (group of similar specialized cells, with ONE function)
what is the fourth stage of the hierarchy of life?
an organ (2 or more tissus which together have a specific function and form
what is the fifth stage of the hierarchy of life?
a system (multiple tissus + organs which complete one/multiple functions)
what is the final stage of the hierarchy of life?
an organism (something that can live or die, comprised of multiple systems)
what is the function of epithelial tissu?
to absorb and secrete substances
what are the sub categories of epithelial tissu? what do they look like?
- simple: ONE single layer of thin rectangular cells stuck together.
- composed: MULTIPLE layers of thick rectangular cells stuck together.
what are the three sub categories of muscle tissu. what do they look like?
- squelettal: long and striped layers of cells with dark nuclei
- soft: little to no stripes, waved lines and dark nuclei
- cardiac: branched and striped muscle tissu with dark lines (intercellular disks)
what is the function for each muscle tissu subcategory?
squelettal: to voluntarily move the muscles of the skeleton
- soft: involuntarily makes internal organs move
- cardiac: involuntarily pumps the heart
what are the 5 subcategories of connective tissu
- cartilagineux
- osseux
- adipeux
- sanguins
- non-specialises
what are the six ‘constituants alimentaires’?
- glucides
- proteines
- lipides
- minerals
- vitamines
- eau
what is the role of glucides?
source of energy
what is the role of proteins?
construction and repair of tissus in organism, chemical reactions , and sources of energy
what is the role of lipides?
source of energy, protects and isolates against cold, composition of hormones and cellular membranes.
what is the role minerals?
construction of tissu, participates in transmitting nervous influx and transporting oxygen in blood and chemical reactions.
what is the role of vitamins?
contributes to chemical reaction, each vitamine has a different role
what is the role of eau
is a solvant in most chemical reactions, maintains body temperature, transportation of substances in body
what are the sources for each constituant alimentaire?
- glucides: veggies, fruits and cereals
- proteines: meats and substituts
- lipides: vegetal oils and animal fats
- minerals: fruits and veggies, meats and substituts, dairy products,
vitamins: variety of aliments
eau: fruits and veggies and LIQUIDS
what are the parts of the digestif tube in order?
- mouth
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestin
- large intestin
- rectum
- anus
what are the digestive glandes and where are they found?
salivary glandes, found in the mouth. liver, pancreas, gastric glandes, found in the stomach. intestinal glandes, found in the small intestin.
what three organs do chemical and mechanical digestion take place?
the mouth, the stomach and the small intestin
what mechanical digestion takes place in the mouth?
MASTICATION: cuts up aliments in pieces to accelerate digestion.
what chemical digestion takes place in the mouth?
INSALIVATION: saliva wets and transforms aliments with enzymes, beginning digestion.
saliva transforms amidon into dissacarides
what mechanical digestion takes place in the stomach?
BRASSAGE: contractions of smooth muscle tissu that breaks up and mixes bols alimentaires
what chemical digestion takes place in the stomach?
gastric juice breaks proteins into short polypeptides
what mechanical digestion takes place in the small intestin?
EMULSION: water molecules droplets mix with oils and fats, creating an emulsion.
what chemical digestion takes place in the small intestin?
intestinal juice breaks triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acides. ALSO short poly peptides into amino acides
what are the parts of the respiratory systems in order
- fosses nasales
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachee
- bronches
- pompons
- bronchioles
- alveoles
what is the role of the respiratory system?
permits the exchange of gaz between blood and air
what are the three figured elements in blood
- red blood cells
- white blood cells
- plaquettes
what is the function of red blood cells?
transport O2 (oxygen) to cells thanks to protein called hemoglobin as well as transport of CO2 to lungs
what is the function of white blood cells
immunitary defense of an organism against pathogens
what is the function of plaquettes
coagulation of blood to repair injuries
what are the three vaisseaux sanguins?
- arteries
- veines
- capillaries
what is function of the heart
pump blood to the body
what is the function of the arteries
bring oxygenated blood from the heart to the cells
what is the function of the veines
bring deoxygenated from the cells to the heart
what is the function of the capillaries
oxygen passes from blood to intercellular liquid to cells. also transforms oxygen.
what are the two different ‘active’ immunity
get sick and vaccines, because they both produce antibodies
what are antibodies?
secreted from white blood cells to target specific aggressors (diseases, sicknesse)
what are the parts of the urinary system in order?
-kidneys
-uretres
- bladder
- uretere
what is the role of the urinary system
to filter blood and eliminate cellular waste
what is the role of kidneys in the excretory system
- keeping homeostasis of the ratio of mineral salts to water AND excreating dechets azotes
what is the role of lungs in the excretory system
- keeping the homeostasis of the ph of blood
what is the role of sudoriparous glands in the excretory system
- keeping the homeostasis of body temperature
what is the role of the peripheral nervous system
transporting nervous influx to and form the brain and muscles, acting on the brains information.
what is the role of the central nervous system?
think and control
what are the three types of articulary mouvments
- mobile
- imobile
- semimobile
what is flexion?
approaching 2 bones of an articulation
what is an extension?
distancing 2 bones of an articulation
what is abduction?
moving a limb laterally away from the axis of the body
what is adduction?
moving a limb laterally towards the axis of the body
what is rotation?
moving a limb around the axis of the body
what is the function of mitosis?
reproduction, growth and regeneration of tissue.
what are the 4 steps of mitosis
- DNA condenses
- chromosomes align on the ‘equator’ of the cell
- copies of chromosomes separate
- condensation and final division
what is the result of mitosis
2 cells, identical copies
what is the function of meiosis?
producing gametes
what happens before both mitosis and meiosis?
DNA replicates (46 chromosomes, 2 copies each.)
what are the 8 steps of meiosis?
- condensation of DNA + ‘enjambement’
- alignment on the equator of the cell
- separation (23 chromosomes, 2 copies)
- condensation and first division
- condensation
- alignment
- separation (23 chromosomes, 1 copy)
- condensation and final separation
what is the result of meiosis?
4 new cells, all with 23 chromosomes, all genetically different
what is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
mitosis cells only divide once, they have to do with growth and regeneration while meiosis cells divide twice and contribute to creating gametes for reproduction. also, mitosis creates 2 genetically identical cells with 46 chromosomes in each while meiosis creates 4 genetically different cells, with 23 chromosomes each.
what are the factors in genetic diversity?
sexual reproduction (two genetically different parties), mutations, mixing amongst the population
