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nursg 2100 > Units2/3 > Flashcards

Units2/3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the great is barrier for drugs?

A

Crossing the membrane that separates the drug from the target cells.

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2
Q

simple/passive diffusion

A

movement of a chemical from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

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3
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

no energy need to diffuse but a carrier protein is

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4
Q

active transport

A

energy is need for transport to move molecules against the gradient

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5
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

the study of drugs within the body

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6
Q

absorption

A

the rate, extent, and process of moving a drug from the sight of administration to the blood stream

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7
Q

oral med absorption

A

absorbed in GI or intestine, slow absorption and a slow onset time

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8
Q

Topical med absorption

A

skin or mucous membranes, absorbed slowly in the skin and quickly in the mucous membrane

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9
Q

onset

A

the length of time it takes a drug to produce and affect

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10
Q

If the absorption rate is high what happens to the response?

A

produces a more effective response

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11
Q

what has the fastest absorption rate?

A

IV

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12
Q

What is the advantage of administering a medication intradermally?

A

it has a slow absorption and the effect is localized

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13
Q

the _____ absorption, the _____ the onset.

A

faster, faster

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14
Q

What are the advantages of transdermal drug delivery system?

A

slow, steady absorption

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15
Q

what are the disadvantages of transdermal drug delivery system?

A

skin irritation, slow onset time

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16
Q

What are some factors that effect drug absorption?

A
  • dosage form of the drug (pill vs liquid vs cream, etc)
  • concentration of the drug
  • solubility (fat vs water)
  • blood flow
  • contact time with absorption site
  • presence of food
  • surface area
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17
Q

What does food do to absorption?

A

slows it down

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18
Q

what happens to absorption with a higher dose of a drug?

A

produce a faster, greater response, because it produces a higher concentration gradient

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19
Q

Bioavailaability

A

amount of drug that is able to reach the target site to produce it’s effect

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20
Q

first pass effect

A

drug metabolized by the liver before it’s able to reach systemic circulation

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21
Q

Distribution

A

the movement of drugs fom body fluids to body tissues after they are absorbed

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22
Q

what hinders distribution?

A

bad blood flow to tissues, drug solubility, tissue storage, drug protein binding, barriers

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23
Q

free drug

A

drugs not bound to to plasma proteins, the drugs not bound are able to act on body cells

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24
Q

metabolism/biotransformation

A

method of changing a drug to be more easily excreted

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25
Q

what is a prodrug

A

a drug that can be activated and used until it is metabolized

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26
Q

induction

A

increased enzyme production

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27
Q

what is the result of induction

A

more drug metabolized and need higher dose

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28
Q

inhibition

A

inhibiting liver enzymes

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29
Q

what is the result of inhibition?

A

less drug metabolized and more drug in the blood

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30
Q

what effects metabolism?

A
  • lifespan/age
  • lifestyle
  • diet
  • habits
  • genetics
31
Q

Excretion

A

elimination of a drug, either unchanged or as a metabolite from the body

32
Q

What happens when drugs are secreted in the bile?

A

reabsorbed so metabolites may be recycled multiple times

33
Q

serum drug level

A

amount of drug in the blood

34
Q

minimum effective concentration (MEC)

A

amount of drug in the blood required to get a drug action

35
Q

toxic concentration

A

too much drug causes toxic reactions

36
Q

therapeutic range

A

between the MEC and Toxic concentration levels

37
Q

therapeutic index

A

margin of safety of a drug

38
Q

loading dose

A

a large initial dosing of a drug to achieve rapid minimum effective concentration in the plasma

39
Q

peak and trough levels

A

highest and lowest plasma concentration of a drug

40
Q

maintenance dose

A

drugs given to keep plasma drug levels in therapeutic range.

41
Q

peak

A

highest blood level

42
Q

duration

A

length of pharmacological action

43
Q

serum half life

A

time required for serum concentration to be decreased by 50%

44
Q

What needs to happen when you have short half life? a long half life?

A

more frequent dosing, less frequent dosing

45
Q

potency

A

the dose at which a drug will produce it’s therapeautic effect

46
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

how the drug changes the body

47
Q

efficiancy

A

the greatest response that can come from a drug

48
Q

receptors

A

drug binding sites, effect can stimulate or inhibit cell function,

49
Q

agonist

A

promote or produce a response

50
Q

antagonist

A

block a response

51
Q

partial agonist

A

produces a weaker or less efficient response to a drug

52
Q

down regulation

A

receptor desensitization can occur through repeated or long term stimulation

53
Q

up regualation

A

excess excitatory responses can be noted if receptor has been repressed for a long time and then a small dose of a stimulating drug is given.

54
Q

specificity/selectivity

A

how many different receptors the drug will effect

55
Q

adverse effect

A

a reaction that occurs other than the desired therapeutic effects of drug therapy

56
Q

Adverse drug reactions

A
  • result in patient death, hospitalization or disability
  • cause a congenital abnormality
  • cause a life threatening event
  • require an intervention to prevent permanent damage
57
Q

what can a nurse do prevent adverse effects?

A
  • take a thorough medical history
  • thoroughly assess the patient and all diagnostic data
  • prevent medication errors
  • monitor pharmocotherapy closely
  • know the drugs
  • be prepared for the unusual
  • question unusual orders
  • teach patients about adverse effects
58
Q

hypersensitivity

A

abnormal exaggerated response to an antigen

59
Q

drug allergy

A

abnormal reaction to a drug because of prior exposure stimulated the immune system to develop antibodies

60
Q

anaphlaxis

A

most serious allergic reaction. a medical emergency, with systemic reaction evidenced by dyspnea, cardiac arrhythmia, laryngeal edema, broncospasm, and circulatory collapse.

61
Q

idiosyncratic drug response

A

an unanticipated or unexplainable response to a drug, often referred to as a paradoxical response, is not considered an allergic response, rare unpredictable varies from patient to patient

62
Q

carcinogen

A

drug that many cause cancer

63
Q

teratogen

A

drug that may cause birth defect

64
Q

pregnancy classifications

A

A, B, C, D, X

65
Q

Additive effect

A

when 2 drugs from the same therapeutic class are used together for a greater response

66
Q

synergistic effect

A

when 2 drugs create a bigger response than what you would think if you simply combined them together

67
Q

antagonistic

A

one drug blocks the effects of another drug

68
Q

displacement

A

displacing one drug from protein binding sites increases the amount of free drug thereby increasing the drug effect.

69
Q

antidote

A

reverse or block the toxic effects of another drug

70
Q

binding

A

drug binds with another drug or food and is unable to be absorbed

71
Q

enzyme induction

A

increases liver metabolism of drugs

72
Q

drug tolerance

A

needing more drug to achieve desired effect

73
Q

signs of drug dependence

A

withdrawal, physical dependence, psychological dependence drug seeking behavior

74
Q

management of a drug overdose

A

recognition or identification of drugs taken, gastric lavage, activated charcoal, and whole bowel irrigation
treat life threatening symptoms
administer antidotes

nursg 2100 (5 decks)

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