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PNS Exam 1 > Units I & II > Flashcards

Units I & II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two STRUCTURAL subdivisions of the nervous system?

A

CNS and PNS

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2
Q

CNS includes (2)

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

PNS includes ___ and ___ nerves?

A

Cranial and spinal

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4
Q

Cranial Nerves - # pairs attach directly to the ___ (____)

A

12, brain, apparent origin

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5
Q

Cranial Nerves -

  1. Nucleus of ____
  2. ___ function
  3. it is considered to be ___
A
  1. origin
  2. motor
  3. mixed
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6
Q

Cranial Nerves -

  1. Nuclei of ___
  2. ___function
  3. it is considered to be ___
A
  1. termination
  2. sensory
  3. mixed
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7
Q

Cranial nerves exit the skull via ____, which can or cannot change shape?

A

patent openings, cannot change shape

Pg 168

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8
Q
  1. Spinal nerves have # pairs which are ___

2. include ___ and ___

A
  1. 31, mixed

2. number and region

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9
Q
  1. spinal nerves are attached to ___ by (2).

2. Which is motor/sensory?

A
  1. spinal cord, ant and post ROOTLETS

2. Ant. are motor and post are sensory

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10
Q

What are two other names for dorsal root ganglion (DRG)?

A

post. root ganglion and spinal ganglion

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11
Q

___ is continuous with dura mater

A

epineurium

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12
Q

dorsal root contains ___, which are ___ neurons

A

DRG, sensory

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13
Q

Each spinal nerve splits into ___ and ___ which are ___.

A

anterior primary ramus and posterior primary ramus, mixed

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14
Q

What are the two FUNCTIONAL subdivisions of the NS?

A

Somatic and Visceral (autonomic)

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15
Q

Somatic -

  1. deals with ___ muscle
  2. includes # sensory (___) and # motor (___) neuron
A
  1. skeletal

2. 1 afferent, 1 efferent

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16
Q

Visceral -

  1. targets (2) muscles and ___
  2. controls what?
A
  1. smooth and cardiac muscle and glands

2. vital body functions

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17
Q

Visceral - Sympathetic Division -

  1. supplies (5) organs
  2. # ___ neurons used to reach target.
  3. List them
A
  1. heart, lungs, abdominopelvic organs, blood vessels, arrector pili
  2. 2 efferent
  3. preganglionic and postganglionic neurons
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18
Q

Visceral - Sympathetic Division -

  1. Considered a ___ response
  2. Preganglionic neuron is short or long and b/w what cord levels? What does it release?
  3. Postganglionic neuron is short or long. What does it release?
A
  1. Adrenergic
  2. short, T1 and L2, ACH
  3. Long, NE
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19
Q

Visceral - Sympathetic Division -

  1. ___ trunk which is where most ____ neurons terminate
  2. associated with what “___” response?
  3. List three splanchnic nerves and what they carry
A
  1. Sympathetic, preganglionic
  2. fight or flight (emergency)
  3. Greater, lesser, and least carry preganglionic sympathetics right through the trunk
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20
Q

Parasympathetic - supplies?

A

same organs as sympathetic, fewer blood vessels

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21
Q

Visceral - Parasympathetic -

  1. # ___ neurons to reach target
  2. Supplies what organs
A
  1. 2 efferent

2. Essentially the same as Sympathetic, fewer blood vessels

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22
Q

Visceral - parasympathetic -

  • Preganglionic*
    1. cell body location?
    2. length?
    3. CNs and cord level?
    4. What does it release?
  • Postganglionic*
    1. Length?
    2. What does it release?
A
  1. brain and spinal cord
  2. long
  3. CN 3,7,9,10 and S2-4
  4. ACH
  5. Short
  6. ACH
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23
Q

Visceral - Parasympathetic division - is considered a ___ reaction

A

cholinergic

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24
Q

Visceral - Parasympathetic has what type of splanchnic nerves?

A

pelvic

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25
Q

what is special about parasympathetic division?

A

ability to “Return to normalcy” esp. after fight or flight responce

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26
Q

visceral afferent cell bodies are located where (2)?

A

spinal ganglia or CN

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27
Q

What is CN I?

A

Olfactory

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28
Q

CN 1 -

  1. motor or sensory?
  2. fibers in olfactory mucosa traverse the ___ and synapse on the ___
A
  1. special sensory

2. cribriform plate, olfactory bulb

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29
Q

What is CN II

A

Optic

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30
Q

CN II -

  1. motor or sensory?
  2. fibers from ___ are carried in the (3) to the ___
  3. Which of the three listed above only have some fibers cross at that section?
A
  1. special sensory
  2. retina converge on the optic disc, 1. optic nerve, 2. optic chiasma, 3. optic tract, lateral geniculate bodies
  3. Optic Chiasma
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31
Q

What is CN III?

A

Oculomotor

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32
Q

CN III -

  1. motor or sensory?
  2. Supplies ___ and ___ muscles
A
  1. Motor: somatic and parasympathetic

2. 5 somatic and 2 visceral (smooth)

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33
Q

What is CN IV?

A

Trochlear

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34
Q

CN IV -

  1. motor or sensory?
  2. supplies ___ muscle, which action is to?
A
  1. Somatic motor

2. superior oblique, turn eyes down and out

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35
Q

What is CN V?

A

trigeminal

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36
Q

CN v -

  1. sensory or motor?
  2. What are its three branches?
  3. Nickname: including (6)
  4. Size?
  5. motor supply to?
A
  1. Mixed: somatic motor and sensory(primarily)
  2. Opthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular
  3. “Great sensory nerve of the face: orbit, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, oral cavity, ear, and internal skull
  4. largest CN
  5. muscles of mastication
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37
Q

What is CN VI?

A

Abducens (abducent)

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38
Q

CN VI -

  1. motor or sensory?
  2. supplies ___ muscle
  3. Action
A
  1. somatic motor
  2. lateral rectus
  3. rotates eye outward
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39
Q

What is CN VII?

A

Facial

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40
Q

CN VII -

  1. motor or sensory?
  2. Nickname?
  3. Carries ___ information from the?
  4. Supplies muscles of ___ including (2)
  5. also includes (2) glands
A
  1. Mixed:
    - Motor - somatic and parasympathetic
    - Sensory - somatic and special
  2. “Nerve of Facial Expression”
  3. taste, ant. 2/3 or the tongue
  4. facial expression, stylohyoid and stapedius
  5. Lacrimal and salivary
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41
Q

What is CN VIII?

A

vestibulocochlear

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42
Q

CN VIII -

  1. Motor or sensory?
  2. information comes from (2)
A
  1. special sensory

2. cochlea and vestibule (for hearing and equilibrium)

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43
Q

What is CN IX?

A

glossopharyngeal

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44
Q

CN IX -

  1. Motor or sensory?
  2. Carries taste info from?
  3. Motor supply to?
  4. Parasympathetic supply to the ?
A
  1. Mixed:
    - Motor - branchiomotor and parasympathetic
    - Sensory - somatic, special and visceral
  2. The post. 1/3 of the tongue
  3. Stylopharyngeus
  4. Parotid gland
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45
Q

What is CN X?

A

vagus

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46
Q

CN X -

  1. Motor or sensory?
  2. Length?
  3. motor supply to the ?
  4. Parasympathetic supply to (3) from ___ to ___
A
  1. mixed:
    - Motor - branchiomotor and parasympathetic
    - Sensory - somatic, special and visceral
  2. Longest of the CNs
  3. Pharyngeal constrictors
  4. Bronchi, heart, and GI tract from the esophagus to distal 1/3 of the transverse colon
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47
Q

What is CN XI?

A

Accessory

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48
Q

CN XI -

  1. motor or sensory?
  2. Contains?
  3. Supplies muscles of the (5)
A
  1. Motor
  2. Cranial and spinal parts (roots)
  3. pharynx, larynx, and palate (cranial part), AND trapezius and sternocleidomastoid (spinal part)
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49
Q

What is CN XII?

A

hypoglossal

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50
Q

CN XII -

  1. motor or sensory?
  2. Supplies?
A
  1. motor

2. intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tounge

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51
Q

What CN exits the cribriform plate of ethmoid bone?

A

I

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52
Q

What CN exits the optic canal?

A

II

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53
Q

What CNs exit the superior orbital fissure?

A

III, IV, V1, VI

54
Q

What CN exits the foramen rotundum?

A

V2

55
Q

What CN extis the foramen ovale?

A

V3

56
Q

What CNs exit the internal acoustic meatus?

A

VII and VIII

57
Q

What CNs exit the jugular foramen?

A

IX, X, and XI

58
Q

What CN exits the hypoglossal canal?

A

XII

59
Q

Somatic Motor Pathway -

  1. It takes # neuron(s) to get from the cerebral cortex to the target.
  2. List them.
A
  1. 2

2. UMN and LMN (peripheral nerves)

60
Q

UPN -

  1. What are the two types and their actions?
  2. They contain ___.
  3. Describe the pathway.
A
    • Pyramidal - initiate voluntary movement
    • Extrapyramidal - coordinate movement
  2. Cell bodies
  3. Descends through corona radiate, internal capsule, crus cerebri, most cross in pyramids and descend in lateral corticospinal tract before synapsing in the anterior horn ( primarily Rexed lamina VII) of the gray matter
61
Q

LMN -

  1. Where is the cell body location?
  2. It exits the cord via ___ and are carried in named nerves to supply ___
A
  1. ant. horn of gray matter or nuclei of origin of CN

2. ant. rootlets, somatic (skeletal) muscle

62
Q

Somatic sensory input from the trunk and extremities uses a # neuron pathway to get from ___ to ___

A

3, receptor to cerebral cortex

63
Q
  1. Primary (first order) sensory neuron cell bodies are located in the ___.
  2. They convey info from ___ to ___, synapsing ___
A
  1. DRG

2. PNS to CNS, in the spinal cord (fibers carried in the post columns synapse in the M.O.)

64
Q

Secondary (second order) sensory neurons ___ and convey information to the ___

A

decussate, thalamus

65
Q

Tertiary (third order) sensory neurons relay info to the ___ where ___ in integrated

A

cerebral cortex (post central gyrus, primarily), sensory info

66
Q

Primary sensory neurons for CN1 are called ___

A

olfactory neurons (bipolar)

67
Q

CN 1-

  1. Primary sensory neurons/olfactory neurons are found in ___ lining superior part of the nasal cavity.
  2. A thin layer or ___ covers this ___.
A
  1. olfactory epithelium

2. mucus, olfactory epithelium

68
Q

CN 1 -

  1. Primary sensory neurons/olfactory neurons are supported by “___”.
  2. Olfactory hairs function as ___.
  3. Central processes (___) collected into # olfactory nerves that convey info to the ___.
A
  1. supporting cells
  2. receptors
  3. axons, 10-20, olfactory bulbs
69
Q

CN 1 -

  1. Primary sensory neurons/olfactory neurons axons are ___, however they are covered by ___.
  2. Olfactory nerves pass through the ___, part of the ethmoid bone.
  3. They enter the ___ and synapse on ___ of ___.
  4. What is formed at the synapses?
A
  1. unmyelinated, Schwann cells
  2. cribriform plate
  3. olfactory bulb, dendrites, mitral cells
  4. Synaptic glomeruli
70
Q

Secondary sensory neurons for CN1 are called ___

A

Mitral cells

71
Q
  1. Secondary sensory neurons/Mitral cell bodies are located in the ___.
  2. They relay info ___ via ___.
  3. At the ant. perforated substance, the tract fibers split into ___
A
  1. olfactory bulb
  2. posterior via olfactory tract
  3. medial and lateral olfactory striae
72
Q

Mitral Cells - Medial Stria fibers ___ the mid-line via the ___ and travel to ___.

A

cross, ant. commissure, the opposite olfactory bulb

73
Q

Mitral Cells - Lateral Stria fibers carry info to the ___; the __ and __, including the __ (BA #) on the medial aspect of the ___ lobe.

A

primary olfactory cortex, periamygdaloid and prepiriform area, uncus, 34, temporal

74
Q

What is another name for olfactory nerves?

A

Fila olfactoria

75
Q

Olfactory cell bodies are found in the ___

A

nasal cavity

76
Q

In the PNS are Schwann Cells myelinated?

A

NO

77
Q

The ___ nerve is found in the ___ and is ___

A

terminal, nasal septum, autonomic

78
Q

The ___ nerve is poorly developed in __, greatly developed in ___

A

Vomeronasal, humans, prey trackers

79
Q

BA # ___ is the 2nd ___

A

28, parahippocampal gyrus, olfactory cortex (entorhinal area)

80
Q

Clinical considerations of CN 1 -

  1. Loss of smell is termed ___, which is ___ and ___.
  2. Skull fractures are usually from ___ and can affect ___.
  3. CSF leakage is different from ___, because it is __ and is usually the result of ___.
  4. Mitral cells do not synapse in the ___
A
  1. anosmia, rare, congenital
  2. head trauma, smell
  3. mucus, clear, head trauma
  4. Thalamus
81
Q

CN II -

  1. Eye is the sensory organ of ___.
  2. It is composed of # layers (___).
A
  1. vision

2. 3 (tunics)

82
Q
  1. Outermost layer of the eye: ___ tunic

2. Consists of (2).

A
  1. Fibrous

2. Sclera, cornea

83
Q
  1. Middle layer of the eye: ___ tunic

2. Consists of (3)

A
  1. Vascular

2. ciliary body, iris (colored part, has hole(pupil)), choroid

84
Q
  1. Innermost layer of the eye: ___

2. which has # layers

A
  1. retina

2. ten

85
Q

Retina - __ layer is adjacent to the choroid

A

pigmented

86
Q

Retina - ___ made of rods and cones

A

photosensitive outer segments

87
Q

Retina - external ___ membrane

A

limiting

88
Q

Retina - ___ layer contains rod and cone cell bodies

A

outer nuclear layer

89
Q

Retina - ___ layer rods and cone synapse with bipolar cells here

A

outer plexiform

90
Q

Retina - ___ layer contains cells bodies of bipolar cells

A

inner nuclear

91
Q

Retina - ___ layer bipolar cells synapse with ganglion cells here

A

inner plexiform layer

92
Q

Retina - ___ layer, ganglion cell bodies

A

ganglion cell

93
Q

Retina - ___ layer, retinal ganglion cell axons, these fibers are ____

A

nerve fiber, NOT myelinated

94
Q

Retina - ___ is a glial boundary separating the __ from the ___

A

internal limiting membrane, retina, vitreous body

95
Q

CN II - Photoreceptors -

  1. The distal end (“called the “___”), closest to the choroid, is either ___ or ___ shaped
  2. # types of cones ___ (colors) receive color information aka allow us to see color
  3. they require adequate ___ to function best
  4. Where are they more concentrated?
A
  1. outer segment, cylindrical (rod shaped) or tapered (cone shaped)
  2. 3, red, green, or blue
  3. light
  4. center of retina/fovea
96
Q
  1. Color Blindness comes in different forms and is mostly ___ linked
  2. Are males or females more likely to be colorblind?
A
  1. sex

2. males

97
Q

CN II - Rods -

  1. sense only ___ vs ___
  2. No rods in ___
  3. ___ is almost completely composed of rods
A
  1. light vs. dark
  2. fovea
  3. periphery of retina
98
Q

CN II -

  1. When depolarized photoreceptors relay info to ___ by synapsing in the ___.
  2. In what layer are bipolar cell bodies found?
  3. Bipolar cells relay info to ___, In what layer does this synapse occur?
A
  1. bipolar cells, outer plexiform layer
  2. inner nuclear layer
  3. ganglion cells, innerplexiform layer
99
Q

CN II -

  1. Axons from ganglion cells are conveyed in the __ layer toward the ___.
  2. These axons are carried in the ___ after leaving the eyeball.
  3. The optic nerves enter the skull through the ___ and unite to form the ___
A
  1. nerve fiber, optic disc
  2. optic nerve
  3. optic canal, optic chiasma
100
Q

Are optic nerves myelinated?

A

Yes

101
Q

What cells form the myelin?

A

Oligodendrocytes

102
Q

What neurons make up the 3 neuron pathway?

A

Photoreceptors (rods and cones), bipolar cells, and ganglion cells

103
Q

CN II -

  1. In the optic chiasma, fibers from the medial (nasal) side of each retina will __, while fibers from the lateral (peripheral) side of the retina will ___
  2. The fibers split to form the ___
A
  1. cross, not cross

2, optic tracts

104
Q

CN II -

  1. The optic tract travels ___ and fibers synapse on ?
  2. Most synapse in the ___ and are relayed to the ___ in the __ lobe (BA #)
  3. Fibers synapsing in the ___ where info is relayed to the ___.
  4. What two muscles are influenced by the tectospinal tract?
  5. Some fibers synapse in the ___, these fibers deal with ___
A
  1. around the cerebral peduncles, one of three nuclei of termination
  2. lateral geniculate body, cerebral cortex, occipital, 17
  3. superior colliculus, tectospinal tract
  4. SCM and trapezius
  5. pretectal nucleus of the midbrain, light reflexes
105
Q

CN II -

  1. It takes # neurons to get from photoreceptor to the primary visual cortex.
  2. List them
  3. It takes # neurons to arrive to occipital cortex (BA 17), but # to activate.
A
  1. 4 or 5
  2. Rods/cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, LGB to BA 17, Neuron cell body in BA 17?
  3. 4, 5
106
Q

CN II - Signs and symptoms associated with a lesion of:

  1. Optic Nerve
  2. Decussating fibers of the optic chiasma
  3. optic tract
A
  1. decreased visual field w/ loss of depth perception
  2. loss of peripheral vision, pituitary lesion
  3. lose 1/2 of visual field on opposite side
107
Q

CN II - Visual Reflexes:

  1. What are the 4 visual relexes?
  2. Explain - direct and consensual light reflexes
  3. Explain - accommodation relex
  4. Explain - corneal reflex
  5. Explain - convergence
A
  1. Direct and consensual light reflexes, accommodation reflex, corneal reflex, and convergence
  2. flashlight
  3. change shape of the lens to focus near and far (from far to near make lens more convex)
  4. touch eye with cotton ball pt should blink and turn away
  5. focus on a pen and move it closer and closer while pt tracks it
108
Q

CN III -

  1. a ___ nerve supplying ___ muscles except (2).
  2. Carries ___ fibers
A
  1. motor, all extraocular, superior oblique and lateral rectus
  2. both somatic and parasympathetic
109
Q

CN III -

  1. oculomotor nuclei are ___.
  2. located?
  3. Oculomotor nuclei reveives fibers from (3)
  4. axons travel anteriorly, through the ___ and exit CNS in the ___. at this point the nerve is covered by ___.
A
  1. somatic nuclei of origin
  2. periaqueductal gray matter, ant to cerebral aqueduct, at the level of the superior colliculi
  3. BA 8, superior colliculus, and medial longitudinal fasciculus
  4. Red nucleus, interpeduncular fossa (into the cistern), epineurium
110
Q

CN III -

  1. The nerves penetrate the dura mater and travel along the ___ and exit the skull through the ___. Once in the eye socket, the nerve splits into ___
  2. muscles supplied by the superior ramus include (2)
  3. muscles supplied by the inferior ramus include (3)
A
  1. cavernous sinus, superior orbital fissure, superior and inferior rami
  2. superior rectus and levator palpebrae superioris
  3. -Medial branch = medial rectus, -central branch = inferior rectus, -lateral branch = inferior oblique
111
Q

CN III -

  1. The accessory oculomotor nucleus contains ___ neurons. Axons from this nucleus follow the ___ nerve and exit the skull via ___ following the inf ramus and synapse in the ___
  2. Ciliary ganglion is located where?
A
  1. preganglionic parasympathetic, oculomotor, superior orbital fissure, ciliary ganglion
  2. post to the eyeball about 1 cm ant to the superior orbital fissure
112
Q

CN III -
1. Postganglionic parasympathetic axons follow the course of the ___, pierce the ___ and travel along the internal surface of the sclera to supply (2)

A
  1. ciliary arteries, sclera, ciliaris and pupillary constrictor (sphincter pupillae)
113
Q

CN III - Note for future reference:

  1. nerves leaving the ciliary ganglion also carry ___ fibers. These fibers were picked up from the ___ nerve and pass through the ____ WITHOUT synapsing
  2. What would happen if the ciliary ganglion were damaged?
A
  1. sympathetic and somatic sensory, ophthalmic (V1), ciliary ganglion
  2. would lose sympathetic, sensory, and postganglionic parasympathetic
114
Q

CN IV -

  1. ___ nerve supplying the ___ muscle
  2. the ___, located in the ____, just caudal to the oculomotor nuclei, gives rise to ___ that ___ and exit the midbrain just inferior to the ___
  3. The trochlear nucleus receives fibers from (3)
A
  1. somatic motor, superior oblique
  2. trochlear nucleus, periaqueductal gray, LMN, cross, inferior colliculi
  3. BA 8, superior colliculus and the medial longitudinal fasciculus
115
Q

CN IV -

  1. after exiting the CNS, the trochlear nerve curves around the brainstem and continues within the ____
  2. It enters the orbit through the ___ and supplies the ___ muscle
  3. Communication with ___
  4. trochlear nerve is named for ?
A
  1. lateral wall of the cavernous sinus
  2. superior orbital fissure, superior oblique muscle
  3. cavernous plexus
  4. the pulley like mechanism on the superomedial aspect of the orbit that the superior oblique muscle passes through
116
Q

CN VII -

  1. ___ nerve supplying the ___ muscle
  2. the abducens nucleus is located in the ___, at the floor of the rhomboid fossa
  3. axons from the nucleus project anteriorward and exit the CNS at the ___
  4. the abducens nerve receives info from ?
  5. the abducens nerve penetrates the ___, travels along the ___ and exits the skull through the ___ and innervates the ____ muscle
A
  1. somatic motor, lateral rectus
  2. caudal part of the pons
  3. inferior border of the pons
  4. the same parts of the CNS as does the trochlear nerve
  5. dura, cavernous sinus, superior orbital fissure, lateral rectus
117
Q
  1. ____ is when the eyes don’t point in the same direction
  2. explain internal
  3. explain external
A
  1. strabismus
  2. eyes cross (converge), usually only one
  3. eyes are directed away from each other (diverge)
118
Q
  1. ___ is the term for double vision

2. is it subjective or objective

A
  1. diplopia

2. subjective

119
Q
  1. What is it called when eyelid droops?
  2. What is it due to?
  3. ___ may be the cause
A
  1. ptosis
  2. weakness of levator palpebrae
  3. oculomotor nerve lesions
120
Q

Oculomotor paralysis -

  1. what could be three causes of external ophthalmoplegia?
  2. Internal ophthalmoplegia would involve inability to __ as well as loss of ___
  3. (3) possible etiologies include
A
  1. external strabismus (affected eye deviates down and out), diplopia, or ptosis
  2. constrict pupil, light and accommodation reflexes
  3. uncal herniation, PCA aneurysms, diabetes
121
Q

Explain trochlear paralysis

A

rare, internal strabismus (inability to look down which results in difficulty descending stairs), diplopia when looking down

122
Q

Explain abducens paralysis

A

MC, internal strabismus, diplopia (trouble abducting eye)

123
Q

Internuclear ophthalmoplegia -

  1. involves damage to the ___
  2. when pt abducts we see ___
A
  1. MLF

2. nystagmus

124
Q

Levator palpebrae superioris -

  1. NS
  2. A
A
  1. oculomotor (Sup ramus)

2. raises eyelid

125
Q

Superior rectus -

  1. NS
  2. A
A
  1. Oculomotor (sup ramus)

2. directs eyeball upward

126
Q

Medial rectus -

  1. NS
  2. A
A
  1. oculomotor (inf ramus)

2. directs eyeball medially

127
Q

Inferior rectus -

  1. NS
  2. A
A
  1. oculomotor (inf ramus)

2. directs eyeball downward

128
Q

Lateral rectus -

  1. NS
  2. A
A
  1. abducens

2. directs eyeball laterally

129
Q

Inferior oblique -

  1. NS
  2. A
A
  1. oculomotor (inf ramus)

2. directs eyeball sup and lat

130
Q

Superior oblique -

  1. NS
  2. A
A
  1. trochlear

2. directs eyeball inf and lat

131
Q

Ciliaris -

  1. NS
  2. A
A
  1. oculomotor via ciliary gang

2. changes shape of the lens

132
Q

Pupillary constrictor -

  1. NS
  2. A
A
  1. oculomotor via ciliary gang

2. constricts the pupil

PNS Exam 1 (2 decks)

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