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AP Psych > Units 3-5 > Flashcards

Units 3-5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Maturation

A

Learning, relatively permanent change caused by experience or practice

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2
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Pavlovs dog, associating two events together, stimulus and response

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3
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Learning by avoiding punishment and repeating reward, reinforced behaviors, learn stuff by accident and remember what you learned

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4
Q

Observational Learning / cognitive learning

A

learn by observing and imitating

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5
Q

John B Watson

A

Father of Behaviorism

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6
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Physiologist, wanted to discover digestive properties of saliva but accidentally discovered classical conditioning

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7
Q

Neutral Stimulus

A

Stimulus that doesn’t make a response (bell)

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8
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus

A

What does make a natural response (food)

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9
Q

Unconditioned response

A

the natural response to the US (saliva)

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10
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

same as neutral stimulus (bell)

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11
Q

Conditioned Response

A

same as unconditioned response (saliva)

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12
Q

Acquisition

A

The first time the CR is caused by the CS, for this to happen CS comes HALF A SECOND before UCS

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13
Q

Higher-Order Conditioning / Second-Order Conditioning

A

adding another neutral system to make the process longer, skipping more steps

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14
Q

Extinction

A

Conditioning, decreasing response to stimulus by removing the unconditioned stimulus (ex not giving food after ringing bell)

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15
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

Random moments after reconditioning where the CR comes from the CR

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16
Q

Little Albert

A

classically conditioning fear… white rat –> loud noise –> fear

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17
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

Response comes from things similar to stimulus

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18
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

Opposite of stimulus generalization, ability to tell difference between stimulus

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19
Q

Systematic Desensitization

A

incremental exposure, slowly exposing you to something so that you normalize it, treats phobias (ex stuffed animals)

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20
Q

Thorndike

A

creator of operant conditioning

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21
Q

Thorndike’s Puzzle Box

A

starved cats for a few days, placed them in a box with food outside with a button to open the box… trial and error learning

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22
Q

Law of Effect

A

if behavior is followed by something SATISFACTORY it will occur more, if its followed by something DISSATISFACTORY it will occur less

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23
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

changes law of effect to behaviors followed by REINFORCEMENT occur more, and things followed by PUNISHMENT occur less

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24
Q

Skinner Box

A

Rats press bar for food

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25
Q

Shaping

A

Gradual rewards, use successive approximations to shape… rewarding each step at a time

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26
Q

Reinforcing Stimulus

A

Outcome that increases likelihood of a behavior, reinforcement

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27
Q

Primary Reinforcement

A

things we don’t have to learn to like: food, air, sleep, water, sex for procreation… anything for survival

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28
Q

Secondary Reinforcement

A

Conditioned reinforcement, anything you learn to like… candy

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29
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Add something good so behavior will be repeated… giving candy

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30
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Taking something bad away so you will do it again, avoidance behavior… taking meds

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31
Q

Avoidence behaviors

A

enacting a behavior to avoid something bad… putting up an umbrella to avoid the rain

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32
Q

Punishing Stimulus

A

Consequence that decreases behavior, TIME MATTERS

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33
Q

Positive Punishment

A

adding something bad to reduce a behavior… being given a detention slip

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34
Q

Negative Punishment

A

Removal of something good to reduce a behavior… getting grounded

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35
Q

Continuous Reinforcement Schedule

A

giving someone reinforcement after every single time… doesn’t work long term

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36
Q

Partial Reinforcement Schedules

A

Includes ratio and interval schedules… variable is stronger than fixed

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37
Q

Fixed Ratio

A

set number of behaviors… buy six cups of coffee get a cup free

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38
Q

Variable Ratio

A

varying amount of behaviors… gambling, selling door to door

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39
Q

Fixed Interval

A

Fixed amount of time… taking medicine, getting report cards

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40
Q

Variable Interval

A

varying amount of time, hunting, pop quizzes

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41
Q

Observational / Cognitive Learning

A

Shaping, Modeling, Vicarious reinforcement, happens more in childhood

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42
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

Neurons just for watching what happens in an environment, watching and remembering

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43
Q

Albert Bandura’s Bobo Doll

A

teaching aggression, kids would watch an adult beat up a bobo doll and model the behavior

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44
Q

People are more likely to imitate actions if…

A

Someone is in authority, person is similar in age sex or interests, someone we admire, someone of a higher social status, someone we perceive as warm or nurturing, someone who receives rewards for behavior, when you’ve been rewarded for imitating behavior in the past, if you lack confidence in yourself, or if the situation is confusing or unfamiliar

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45
Q

Modeling

A

Showing how something is done

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46
Q

Vicarious learning

A

Model shows behavior and viewers observe and then imitate (ex watching a makeup tutorial and doing it yourself)

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47
Q

Vicarious reinforcement

A

Watching someone else be reinforcement (ex watching a makeup tutorial and at the end someone else tells the person doing the tutorial they look good)

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48
Q

Vicarious

A

watching someone else do something and learning… think of youtube tutorials

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49
Q

Social Cognitive Theory

A

You need to have four things to learn by observing: Attention, Memory, Imitation/Reproduction, and Motivation (MAIM)

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50
Q

Self-Efficacy

A

How much do you believe you can reach a goal, what do YOU think your limits are… this is the key to successful navigation of goals

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51
Q

Reciprocal Determinism

A

there’s a triangle of effects between personal factors, environments, and behavior (PFEB)

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52
Q

Memory

A

Learning that persists over time

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53
Q

Information-Processing Model

A

encoding memory is like a computer… encode, store, retrieve

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54
Q

Encoding

A

How do you input and process information (no such thing as multitasking)

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55
Q

automatic processing

A

unconscious processing, three types space time and frequency, things can become automatic processing

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56
Q

Effortful Processing

A

Conscious effect that requires attention to process

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57
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A

Repeating something to remember it

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58
Q

Spacing Effect

A

Space your rehearsal out so you remember better

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59
Q

Primacy Effect

A

You remember the first term more

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60
Q

Semantic Distinctiveness

A

you remember special terms that mean something different than anything else

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61
Q

Chunking

A

you remember a phrase of multiple terms

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62
Q

Recency effect

A

you remember the last word

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63
Q

Constructive memory

A

remembering something that didn’t happen

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64
Q

Visual encoding

A

encoding pictures

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65
Q

Acoustic encoding

A

encoding of sound, especially the sound of words

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66
Q

semantic encoding

A

encoding meaning, like the meaning of words

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67
Q

Implicit / Non declarative Memory

A

Remembering how to do something without being aware of it, automatically translating the actions

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68
Q

Procedural memories

A

memories that include movement, ex riding a bike or brushing your teeth (habits)

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69
Q

Conditioned memories

A

starts as something that you did need to remember than then turned into something you don’t… learned emotional responses to stimuli

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70
Q

Eididic Memory

A

Photographic memory, mostly seen in kids, can also be sound or taste

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71
Q

Explicit / Declarative Memory

A

Effortfully encoded and processed memories

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72
Q

Semantic Memory

A

Remembering facts and knowledge (ex your multiplication tables), includes scripts of what happens in certain situations (ex only the bride wears white)

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73
Q

Episodic Memory

A

Memories for personal events at a specific place and time (ex where and when your first kiss was)

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74
Q

Long Term Potentiation (LTP)

A

how memories go from short to long term, which happens when you’re sleeping in the hippocampus

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75
Q

Amygdala

A

Explicit and Episodic Memory, primary processor for emotional memories

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76
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

memories of things that happened that were incredibly emotional

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77
Q

Cerebellum

A

Procedural Memory

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78
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Memory retrieval and procedural memory (habits)

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79
Q

Frontal Lobes

A

Working memory

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80
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

retro=old, when you can’t remember anything before the event, but you would remember your alphabet and how to walk, you can get these back depending on the cause

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81
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

antero=new, damage to the hippocampus where you can’t form new memories, you don’t get these back

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82
Q

Source Amnesia

A

forgetting the source of a memory (ex when you dream something and you’re not sure if you dreamt it or if it actually happened)

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83
Q

Hermann Ebbinghaus

A

Debunked cramming with disturbed practice, storage decay and forgetting curve, and much more

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84
Q

Storage Decay / Forgetting Curve

A

the loss of information after you learn it, as time goes on you’ll remember less and less information

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85
Q

Disturbed Practice

A

spacing out studying with breaks, cramming doesn’t work

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86
Q

Massed Practice

A

Cramming

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87
Q

State Dependent memory cues

A

being in the same biological state as when you learned something makes you better at recalling it (caffeine, hunger, etc)

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88
Q

Mood congruent / Mood dependent memory cues

A

You are more likely to retrieve info if you’re in the same mood you were in when you learned it, can’t be faked

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89
Q

Context Dependent

A

you’re more likely to retrieve info if you’re in the same context of environment as when you learned it (ex smelling the same smell)

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90
Q

Interference Theory

A

P.O.R.N. (Proactive interference is when Old information interferes with new, Retroactive interference is when New information interferes with old

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91
Q

Superstitious Beliefs

A

Actions that are only incidentally tied to good results (lucky socks)

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92
Q

Effects of Severe Punishment

A

May cause child to avoid punisher instead of avoiding behavior, may encourage lying to avoid punishment, creates fear that doesn’t promote learning, models aggression

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93
Q

Latent Learning

A

You can learn something without showing the behavior right away (ex knowing the way to school but storing it until you can drive)

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94
Q

Abstract Learning

A

Understanding complex cognitive concepts rather than concrete stimuli

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95
Q

Insight Learning

A

(Wolfgang Kohler), sudden realization, light bulb moment

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96
Q

The Premack Principal

A

You will do a less desirable activity in order to do a more desirable activity as a consequence

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97
Q

Martin Seligman

A

Dogs in cage with partially electrified floor either gave up or kept going based on knowledge of how to turn electrification off… helplessness

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98
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

A mental state where someone gives up and keeps experiencing something bad after learning that they have no ability to change anything

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99
Q

Julian Rotter

A

Behavior is influenced by social context, locus of control

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100
Q

External locus of control

A

outside forces control your fate

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101
Q

Internal locus of control

A

you control your own fate

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102
Q

Self-Control

A

control your own impulses, especially delaying short term rewards for long term rewards

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103
Q

Synesthesia

A

Two senses are sensed at the same time where one evokes the other

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104
Q

Sensation

A

Passively taking in sensory stimuli

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105
Q

Perception

A

Organizing sensory input into patterns and filing it away, happens in cortices

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106
Q

Transduction

A

Transforming stimuli to electric neural impulses

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107
Q

Bottom Up Processing

A

Starting at the bottom at every individual sense and then working your way up to the full picture… putting a puzzle together without knowing the final product

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108
Q

Top down Processing

A

Drawing on context and expectations, using prior knowledge to find small things

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109
Q

Psycophysics

A

study of relationships between physical energy and psychological experiences

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110
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Lowest level at which you can get a stimulus 50 percent of the time

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111
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

Predicting how and when you can predict a stimuli’s presence depending on experience, expectations, motivation, and sleep

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112
Q

Subliminal Messages

A

Messages below threshold for conscious awareness

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113
Q

Priming

A

unconscious activation of certain associations to predispose your perception, memory, or response

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114
Q

Difference Threshold

A

“Just noticeable difference” the minimum difference between two stimuli to see the difference 50 percent of the time

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115
Q

Weber’s Law

A

Bigger stimuli have larger difference thresholds vs smaller stimuli, there’s a percentage difference instead of a constant difference

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116
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

After constantly feeling a stimulus you don’t sense it as much (ex not feeling the clothes touching your skin)

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117
Q

Selective Attention

A

Focusing your awareness on one stimulus, can’t multitask

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118
Q

Cocktail Party Effect

A

Your ability to focus your attention on one sound (someone talking) while filtering out others (music)

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119
Q

Change Blindness

A

When you can’t see changes in your environment or objects because your attention is directed elsewhere

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120
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

When your focus is directed at one stimuli and you are blind to others

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121
Q

Visual Transduction

A

Transforming light energy into neural messages, happens in rods and cones

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122
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance from peaks of waves, affects Hue and pitch/frequency (measured in hertz for sound)

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123
Q

Hue

A

Dimension of color that’s determined by wavelength

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124
Q

Amplitude

A

From the bottom to the top of a wave, affects brightness / intensity and loudness (loudness measured in decibels)

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125
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent tissue in the front of your eye

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126
Q

Iris

A

The colorful bit, a muscle that pulls the pupil open or closed

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127
Q

Pupil

A

Adjustable opening where light enters the eye, the black bit in the center

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128
Q

Lens

A

Behind the pupil that changes shape to focus light / images onto retina

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129
Q

Retina

A

Light sensitive inner surface of eye, containing rods and cones plus neurons that process information

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130
Q

Visual Accommodation

A

How your lens changes shape to accommodate close vs far objects

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131
Q

Cones

A

Light detecting cells, concentrated near center of retina, functions well in well lit conditions, perceives color

132
Q

Fovea

A

Center of the retina, contains a lot of cones

133
Q

Rods

A

Work well in low light, peripheral vision, perceive black and white

134
Q

Optic Nerve

A

Carries neural impulses to the brain

135
Q

Blind spot

A

Where the optic nerve makes a hole in the rods and cones, so we have no vision there

136
Q

Feature Detectors

A

In visual cortex, specialized neurons for reacting to shapes, angles, edges, lines, and movement in vision

137
Q

Parallel Processing

A

Ability for the brain to do multiple things at once… color, motion, shape, and depth are processed simulaneously

138
Q

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory

A

Three color theory, all colors are a combination of a red, green, and blue

139
Q

Opponent-Process Theory

A

Opposing processes enable color vision, (red-green, yellow-blue, and white-black)

140
Q

After image

A

When you can see the opposite of a visual image after removal of the stimulus

141
Q

Audition

A

Sound

142
Q

Sound waves

A

vibrations in the air

143
Q

Pinna

A

The outer, visual part of the ear designed to catch sound waves

144
Q

Tympanic Membrane

A

the eardrum, sound waves make the eardrum vibrate (conduction)

145
Q

Hammer

A

Malleus, the first of the tiny unbreakable bones in the middle ear

146
Q

Anvil

A

incus, the second tiny unbreakable bone in the middle ear

147
Q

Stirrup

A

Stapes, the last of the tiny unbreakable bones in the middle ear

148
Q

Cochlea

A

Inner ear, coiled fluid-filled tube where auditory transduction occurs, contains corti (tiny hairs)

149
Q

Place Theory

A

The pitch of a sound relates to where in the coiled cochlea the sound is recieved by the corti, Hermann von Helmholtz

150
Q

Frequency Theory

A

How fast a sound is going into the auditory nerve affects the frequency / pitch

151
Q

Sound Localization

A

Sound waves strike one ear before another, and based on that our brain can tell where its coming from

152
Q

Conduction Hearing Loss

A

Hearing loss caused by structural damage to the outer and middle ear (could be determined by age, genetics, environment, exposure to noise, and certain illnesses), could be cured by hearing aids

153
Q

Sensorineural Hearing loss / Nerve Deafness

A

Damage to corti or auditory nerve, so transduction doesn’t happen, cured by cochlear implant

154
Q

Cochlear Implant

A

Hearing aid that translates sounds into electrical signals that stimulate auditory nerve

155
Q

Gestalt Psychologists

A

Brains tendency to integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes, completing patterns

156
Q

Figure-Ground Pattern

A

Different images if you focus on the background / figure

157
Q

Proximity (Gestalt Principal)

A

object close together are part of the same group

158
Q

Similarity (Gestalt Principal)

A

Similar objects are in the same group

159
Q

Continuity (gestalt principal)

A

Objects that form a continues thing are part of the same group

160
Q

Closure (gestalt Principal)

A

top-down processing, we fill in gaps if we can recognize them

161
Q

Depth Perception

A

The ability to see objects in 3d

162
Q

Binocular Cues

A

Cues that depend on both eyes

163
Q

Retinal Disparity

A

The way we can see depth using the difference in each eye image

164
Q

Convergence

A

Using both eyes to focus on an object, moving closer together for close objects and vice versa

165
Q

Monocular Cues

A

Depth cues that only need one eye

166
Q

Linear Perspective

A

parallel lines get closer together the farther on they go

167
Q

Interposition

A

if something is blocking something else, the blocking thing is closer than the blocked thing

168
Q

Relative Size

A

Depth cue that things closer are larger and things farther are smaller

169
Q

Relative Height

A

Higher things in your vision are farther

170
Q

Relative Clarity

A

Closer objects are clearer, farther objects are blurry

171
Q

Light and Shadow

A

Dimmer objects are farther away

172
Q

Texture Gradient

A

Closer the object the more detail, the farther the object the less detail

173
Q

Relative Motion

A

Objects that are still may appear to move, far objects move with you, close objects move backward

174
Q

Motion Parallax

A

Objects closer to you move faster than objects that are far away

175
Q

Perceptual Set

A

Predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

176
Q

Context and culture effects

A

Bias to percieve some aspects of stimuli and ignore others which is influenced by emotions, motivation and culture

177
Q

Perceptual Constancy

A

Shape constancy and size constancy, objects are unchanging even though our retinal image could change

178
Q

Lightness Constancy /

A

An object has constant lightness even while its illumination varies

179
Q

Perceived lightness

A

Depends on relative luminance, the amount of light an object reflects based on its surroundings

180
Q

Color Constancy

A

objects have constant color, even as senses change

181
Q

Parapsychology

A

Paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis

182
Q

Gustation

A

Taste, chemical molecules in the mouth sense taste using taste buds

183
Q

Olfaction

A

Smell, chemical molecules breathed through the nose

184
Q

Olfactory receptor cells

A

Located in mucous membrane at top of nose, small hairs serve as sites for odor molecules dissolved in mucus to interact with chemical receptors

185
Q

Path of a smell

A

Dissolves into mucus, mucus interacts with olfactory chemical receptors, signals sent to olfactory bulb, info is sent to limbic system

186
Q

Olfactory Bulb

A

Structure at tip of frontal lobe where olfactory nerves begin

187
Q

Pheromones

A

Airborne chemical signals that send info about reproductive status of a potential mate, illicit emotions in hypothalamus like attraction, sexual desire, arousal

188
Q

Somesthetic Senses

A

skin senses, touch, pressure, pain, cold, warmth

189
Q

Pain

A

Bodies warning sign something isn’t right, brain can stop it if it needs to

190
Q

Gate Control Theory

A

there’s a gate in the spinal cord that switches pain on and off

191
Q

Phantom Limb Sensations

A

Amputees feeling pain or movement in nonexistent limbs, brain can create pain

192
Q

Kinesthesis

A

sensing the position and movement of body parts

193
Q

Vestibular sense

A

sense that monitors your body and head’s position and movement

194
Q

Change deafness

A

When people aren’t focusing on change or something they don’t notice it

195
Q

popout

A

stimuli that are powerfully, strikingly distinct

196
Q

Gustav Fechner

A

Absolute thresholds

197
Q

Extrasensory Perception (ESP)

A

perception can occur apart from sensory input, telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition

198
Q

Tabula Rasa

A

“black slate”, at birth the human bind is black that we build upon, John Locke

199
Q

Epigenetics

A

Someones environment and experience can change at the level

200
Q

Replicate

A

Researchers communicate details of what they did and other researchers try to replicate it, if they can the reliability grows

201
Q

Descriptive research

A

Measurement of behaviors and attributes through observation rather than experiments, doesn’t test relationships

202
Q

Case Study

A

interviews, observation, and records to understand something

203
Q

Meta-Analysis

A

Researchers gaining access to large amounts of data that already exist without interacting with a signal participant to look for patterns or relationships

204
Q

Observer effect

A

People being watched don’t behave normally

205
Q

Observer Bias

A

observers overemphasize behavior they expect to find and don’t notice behavior they don’t expect

206
Q

Correlational Studies

A

research used to see if two variables are related, don’t involve manipulation of variables, don’t show causation

207
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

the measure of how close two variables are, ranges from -1 to +1, REPRESENTED BY R, closer to zero = weaker relationship

208
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

a perceived but nonexistent correlation

209
Q

Population

A

all individuals who could potentially be in a study

210
Q

Confederate

A

individuals who seem like participants but are impostors who are actually researchers

211
Q

Experimenter Bias

A

error resulting from having unconscious expectations of results

212
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

techniques for organizing and describing data sets, mean, median, mode, range

213
Q

Standard Deviation

A

the average distance from the mean for a set of score

214
Q

Z-Score

A

number of standard deviations from the mean

215
Q

Normal distribution

A

Bell Curve shape, 68, 95, 99

216
Q

Percentile Rank

A

percentage of scores in a distribution that a particular score falls above

217
Q

Statistical Significance

A

How likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance, most psychologists look for 5% or less

218
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Being able to draw conclusions from the dataset (analyzing it)

219
Q

Ethical guidelines

A

participants must be protected from harm, don’t use vulnerable populations, they must have a signed informed consent, they must have the right to withdraw, keep deception as little as possible and justified, data must remain confidential, animals are better than humans

220
Q

APA guidelines for animal use

A

justification, personnel, care and housing of animals, acquisition of animals, experimental procedures, field research, educational use of animals

221
Q

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

A

reviews studies to determine if its ethical and follows legal guidelines

222
Q

Glial Cells

A

Cells that provide physical support for neurons to grow on (glue), the more glial cells the smarter you are

223
Q

Sensory / Afferent Neurons

A

Neurons that carry senses from receptors to brain and spinal cord

224
Q

Interneurons / Relay Neurons

A

Communicate from brain and spinal cord, worker bees

225
Q

Motor / Efferent Neurons

A

Neurons that carry outgoing info from the brain to the muscles

226
Q

Dendrites

A

branch like extensions from soma that receive electrical messages from other cells

227
Q

Soma

A

Cell body of neuron

228
Q

Axon

A

Fibers that extend from cell body to terminal endings, carry messages out to buttons

229
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Layer around axon to protect from damage, degenerative myelin sheath is multiple scerosis

230
Q

Axon Terminals / Axon Buttons / Terminal buttons / axon branches / terminal buttons

A

end of axon, sends messages to other neurons by releasing neurotransmitters

231
Q

Neural Transmission

A

Process where information travels from neuron to neuron

232
Q

Action Potential

A

When a neuron is going to fire, positively charged, sodium enters

233
Q

Resting potential

A

state of an inactive neuron when not firing, negatively charged, potassium and chloride inside, sodium outside

234
Q

All or None principal

A

a message either goes or it doesn’t

235
Q

Depolarization

A

sodium enters, mixes with potassium and chloride and changes from negative to positive

236
Q

Refractory Period

A

a brief period after firing where a neuron can’t fire again, gates close, repolarization

237
Q

repolarization

A

Everything inside a neuron goes back to how it was before it fired

238
Q

Sodium Ion Pump

A

When a neuron is going to fire sodium comes in through gates, and after it fires sodium exits

239
Q

Synapse / Synaptic Cleft / Synaptic gap

A

the space between two neurons where the chemical message travels

240
Q

Receptor sites

A

at the end of dendrites the little things that catch neurotransmitters

241
Q

Reuptake

A

Biological basis of depression, stops serotonin from moving on by taking it back up into the buttons

242
Q

SSRI

A

antidepressant, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

243
Q

Brainstem

A

Base of brain that connects to spinal cord

244
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

brainstem, top of spinal cord, controls life sustaining functions, damage = death, involuntary movements

245
Q

Pons

A

brainstem, Facial expressions, facial muscles, relaxation

246
Q

Reticular Formation

A

brainstem, tube that runs through spinal columm, pathway for interneurons, pain perception, comas

247
Q

Thalamus

A

midbrain, sensory information goes here and is sent to the correct place to be percieved, except smell

248
Q

Cerebellum

A

midbrain, Muscle movement, coordination, balance, works off of inner ear vibrations, helps judge time

249
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Limbic System, homeostasis, controls endocrine system, works with parasympathetic system

250
Q

Hippocampus

A

Limbic system, Memory formation while you’re asleep through neural connections

251
Q

Amygdala

A

Limbic System, emotion, impulse control, FIGHT OR FLIGHT, extreme emotions, emotional memories

252
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

develops back to front, isn’t fully developed until around 25, higher order functioning

253
Q

Lobes

A

where perception happens

254
Q

occipital lobes

A

process vision

255
Q

Parietal lobe

A

sense of touch, gauge pressure, understand temperature, gain perception

256
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

A

Sense of touch

257
Q

Temporal Lobes

A

Responsible for sound and being able to meaningfully respond

258
Q

Wenicke’s area

A

Left temportal lobe, language components and understanding the meaning of words

258
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Controls the ability to speak words, left frontal lobe

259
Q

Frontal Lobes

A

everything that makes us human, higher order functions, personality, creativity, problem solving abilities

260
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

judging right from wrong, socially acceptable behavior

261
Q

Motor Cortex

A

Ability to move

262
Q

Functional plasticity

A

Ability to move functions from damaged area of brain to other undamaged areas

263
Q

Structural plasticity

A

Ability to change physical structure of brain due to learning

264
Q

Consciousness

A

State of alert, how aware you are

265
Q

Subconscious

A

memories and stuff in your mind you can’t access but still effect behavior

266
Q

Unconscious

A

hidden memories that influence behavior that can’t be ever known to the conscious mind (psychodynamic perspective)

267
Q

Preconscious

A

Items we can access from long-term memory

268
Q

Nonconscious

A

Biological functions that occur without your awareness (digestion)

269
Q

paradoxal state

A

opposing things happening, brain is conscious but body is shut down, altered state

270
Q

Pineal gland

A

melatonin

271
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

16 hours awake, 8 hours asleep

272
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

Runs off daylight, when daylight ends it starts producing melatonin, keeps you awake with the sun

273
Q

Sleep cycle

A

90 minutes total, 3-5 cycles a night

274
Q

Beta Waves

A

Awake, 15 to 30 hz, alert, anxious

275
Q

Alpha waves

A

Light sleep, 7-12 hz, relaxed, ready for sleep

276
Q

Theta Waves

A

Early sleep, 4-7hz, stages 1 and 2 of NRem sleep

277
Q

Delta waves

A

Deep sleep, up to 4 hz, stage 3 of NRem

278
Q

NREM stage 1

A

hallucinations, light sleep, hypnagogic sensations

279
Q

Hypnagogic sensations / jerks

A

When your body jerks when you’re sleeping, almost like if you’re falling, NRem stage 1

280
Q

NREM stage 2

A

body temperature drops, sleep spindles, sleep talking

281
Q

Sleep spindle

A

Sudden burst of energy in theta waves, NRem stage 2

282
Q

NRem stage 3

A

Deep sleep, slow waves, memory being processed, growth hormones being produced, immune system refreshes, sleepwalking

283
Q

REM sleep

A

beta waves, brain looks like its aware, dreaming

284
Q

R.E.M

A

rapid eye movement

285
Q

REM paralysis

A

inability to voluntarily move muscles during rem sleep, your brain wakes up but your body is still sleeping

286
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

Measures electrical currents in the brain, and records on an encephalogram, used for sleep studies often

287
Q

Histogram

A

Bar graph

288
Q

infrential statistics

A

data that allows us to generalize sample data to an entire population

289
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

attention to information that confirms our beliefs and ignoring info that contradicts them

290
Q

Participant Bias

A

participants try to fit into what they think the researcher wants to find

291
Q

Expectancy Bias

A

Distorting your memory to recall events to fit your expectations

292
Q

Positive transfer

A

old information promotes the learning of new information

293
Q

Repression

A

Psychoanalytical, defense mechanism that says we unconsciously repress painful or unacceptable memories, thoughts, and feelings, motivated forgetting

294
Q

Reconsolidation

A

Previously stored memories are retrieved, and altered, before being stored again

295
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A

memory construction, false memories, how memories are changeable and not always accurate, misinformation effect

296
Q

Misinformation effect

A

When misleading information distorts your memory of an event

297
Q

Recall

A

Retrieving information that isn’t in your conscious awareness

298
Q

Recognition

A

Identifying items previously learned

299
Q

relearning

A

learning something a second time more quickly

300
Q

Memory forming process

A
  1. Sensory memory - immediate, brief recording of sensory information
  2. Short-term memory - activated memory that holds a few items briefly
  3. Long-term memory - relatively permanent storehouse of memories
    Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin
301
Q

Working memory

A

Short term memory plus consciousness and incoming auditory and visual information

302
Q

Iconic memory

A

for a few tenths of a second we have photographic memory in great detail

303
Q

Echoic Memory

A

Even if your attention is elsewhere you can recall the sound and words from the last 3 or 4 seconds

304
Q

George Miller

A

Miller’s magic number, we can store 5-9 pieces of information in our short term memory

305
Q

Millers magic number

A

we can store seven, give or take two, pieces of info in our short term memory

306
Q

Hierarchies

A

Knowing info by knowing a few broad categories that divide up into smaller categories

307
Q

Shallow Processing

A

Encoding on an elementary level, just the words letters or just its sound (their vs there), memorizing things without attaching much meaning

308
Q

Deep Processing

A

encoding semantically

309
Q

Memory Consolidation

A

The neural storage of long term memories

310
Q

glutamate

A

LTP enhancing neurotransmitter

311
Q

Encoding specificity principal

A

cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be the best help in recalling it

312
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

The ways in which you recall the first and last terms in a list

313
Q

Haptic Memory

A

brief memory of sensations, decays after 2 seconds

314
Q

Short-Term Memory (STM)

A

a small capacity of info in an active, readily available state for a brief period of time

315
Q

Memory span

A

number of items a person can remember and repeat back in short term memory… George Miller’s rule of two

316
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A

Transferring information from the Short-Term to Long-Term memory by making it meaningful in some way

317
Q

Encoding Failure

A

When a memory was never formed in the first place

318
Q

Retrieval Failure

A

Failing to recall a memory due to missing stimuli or cues that were there when it was encoded

319
Q

Tip of the Tongue State

A

The feeling when a memory is available but not quite achievable

320
Q

Trace Decay Theory

A

Memories leave a physical or chemical trace in the nervous system

321
Q

Suppression

A

Conscious process of trying to forget something that’s distressful

322
Q

Memory Reconstruction

A

Approach that memory is a cognitive process and error can occur, and people update their memories with logical processes, reasoning, new information, perception, imagination, etc

323
Q

Pseudo-Memories

A

False memories we think are true

324
Q

Nocicepters

A

pain receptors

325
Q

Tinnitus

A

Phantom Ringing noise to those who have hearing loss or otherwise

AP Psych (3 decks)

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