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psych in general Flashcards

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1
Q

Scientific Attitude

A

Curiosity, Skepticism, Humility

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2
Q

Critical thinking

A

don’t blindly accept things

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3
Q

psychology =

A

philosophy + physiology

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4
Q

Socrates and Plato

A

the mind is separable from the body and continues to live after the body dies, knowledge is innate

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5
Q

Aristotle

A

Data, observation, knowledge is not preexisting; it grows from remembered experiences

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6
Q

Rene Descartes

A

Mind is entirely distinct from the body and able to survive after death, “animal spirits” flowed through brain cavities through nerves into muscles

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7
Q

Francis Bacon

A

One of the founders of modern science, common sense

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8
Q

John Locke

A

Labula Rasa

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9
Q

Empiricism

A

Locke and Bacon, knowledge comes from experience, observation and experimentation enable scientific knowledge

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10
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

Birth of psychology

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11
Q

G. Stanley Hall

A

Establishes the first formal US psychology lab at John Hopkins

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12
Q

Early psych schools

A

structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism

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13
Q

structuralism

A

Wundt and Tichener, used introspection

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14
Q

Tichener

A

promoted structuralism, used introspection

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15
Q

Introspection

A

looking inward at yourself to study yourselfWil

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16
Q

William James

A

Gen Z Darwin

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17
Q

Functionalism

A

promoted by James and influenced by Darwin, how mental and behavioral processes FUNCTION

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18
Q

Mary Whiton Calkins

A

First woman to be president of the American Psychological Association

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19
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

First female psychology Ph.D

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20
Q

Experimental psychologists

A

use experiments to investigate basic behavioral processes in animals

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21
Q

John B Watson and BF Skinner

A

Psychology is the scientific study of observable behavior

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22
Q

Behaviorism

A

Psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior WITHOUT reference to mental processes

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23
Q

Psychoanalytic Psychology

A

Freud’s crap

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24
Q

Humanistic psychologists

A

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, emphasized human growth potential, everyone is born good

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25
Q

Psychometrics

A

Study of the MEASUREMENT of our abilities, attitudes, and traits

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26
Q

Biological psychologists

A

explore links between body and mind

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27
Q

Developmental psychologists

A

study the change between our abilities as we grow

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28
Q

Cognitive psychologists

A

experiment how we think

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29
Q

educational psychologists

A

Study influences on teaching and learning

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30
Q

Personality psychologsists

A

investigate our personalities persistent traits

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31
Q

Social psychologists

A

explore how we think about one another

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32
Q

Psychometrics and quantitative psychologists

A

study math-related methods to acquire psychological knowledge

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33
Q

forensic psychologists

A

legal crap

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34
Q

Environmental psychologists

A

study interactions between individuals and their environments

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35
Q

Health psychologists

A

How does psychology promote health and prevent disease

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36
Q

Neuropsychologists

A

investigate relationship between neurological processes and behavior (alzheimers, stroke, adhd)

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37
Q

Rehabilitation psychologists

A

rehabilitate people who have lost optimal functioning

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38
Q

School psychologists

A

gifted kids

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39
Q

Basic research

A

just science

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40
Q

Applied research

A

science that aims to solve problems

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41
Q

Industrial-organizational psychology

A

using psychology to do your job better, also called I/O psychologists

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42
Q

Human factors psychology

A

allied with I/O psych that explores how people and machines interact and how to make that safer

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43
Q

Counseling psychology

A

Assists people in living

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44
Q

Clinical psychology

A

treats people

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45
Q

Psychiatry

A

medicine

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46
Q

Community psychology

A

studies how people interact with their social environment and how social institutions affect people

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47
Q

Dorothea Dix

A

Thearapist

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48
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

Thinking that you would have foreseen the results after the outcome

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49
Q

Philip Tetlock

A

Predictions are right less than 40 percent of the time

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50
Q

Overconfidence Effect

A

Being very sure of a fact, the difference between what you know and what you think you know

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51
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Looking for evidence that confirms our beliefs and ignoring stuff that doesn’t

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52
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

When participants alter their behavior because they know they’re being watched

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53
Q

Descriptive stats

A

ways to organize and describe data

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54
Q

Mean

A

add up the numbers then divide by the amount of numbers, influenced heavily by outliers

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55
Q

Median

A

Place numbers in order and then find the middle, best for representation

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56
Q

Mode

A

Number that occurs most

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57
Q

Measures of central tendency

A

Mean, median, mode

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58
Q

Measures of variability / variance

A

Range, Standard deviation

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59
Q

Range

A

Highest number minus the lowest number

60
Q

Standard deviation

A

the average distance a score is from the mean, represented by a Z-score

61
Q

Z-score

A

Standard deviation

62
Q

Normal distributions

A

68, 95, 99

63
Q

Inferential statistics

A

draw conclusions from a dataset

64
Q

Statistical significance

A

P value

65
Q

P value

A

Statistical significance

66
Q

Neurons

A

Smallest building blocks of behavior, messengers coded for one specific neurotransmitter

67
Q

Glial cells

A

Provide support for neurons, processing speed, feeding neurons, clean up remains with dead neurons

68
Q

Sensory neurons / Afferent neurons

A

senses stuff BESIDES SMELL, carry information to brain or spinal cord

69
Q

Interneurons / Relay neurons

A

Worker bees, communicate from brain and spinal cord

70
Q

Motor neurons / Efferent neurons

A

Movement, brain to skeletal muscles

71
Q

SAME

A

Sensory, Afferent, Motor, Efferent

72
Q

Dendrite

A

recieve messages from other cells

73
Q

Soma / Cell body

A

life-support, decides if message is strong enough to pass on

74
Q

Axon

A

Pathway through neuron

75
Q

Myelin sheath

A

covers axon, acts as conductor, degenerative

76
Q

Degenerative myelin sheath –>

A

multiple sclerosis

77
Q

Axon terminals / Axon buttons / Terminal buttons / Axon branches / terminal branches

A

end of axon, sends messages to other neurons

78
Q

Communication in one neuron is…

A

electrical

79
Q

Communication between two neurons is…

A

chemical

80
Q

Resting potential

A

the state of an inactive neuron when not firing an impulse, negatively charged

81
Q

All or none principal

A

a message either fires or it doesnt

82
Q

Action potential

A

When a neuron is gonna fire, positively charged, depolarization

83
Q

Depolarization

A

sodium enters, mixes with potassium and chloride, changes from negative to positive

84
Q

Refractory Period

A

Brief period after firing where a neuron can’t fire again, repolarization

85
Q

Repolarization

A

everything goes back to how it was, negative charge

86
Q

Sodium ion pump

A

the bull crap that happens with sodium going in and out of a neuron

87
Q

Synapse / synaptic cleft / synaptic gap

A

the space in between two neurons that the chemical message has to travel

88
Q

Receptor sites

A

the things at the end of the dendrites that catch the neurotransmitters

89
Q

Reuptake

A

Biological basis of depression, Serotonin is sucked back into the buttons, stopping it from moving on

90
Q

SSRI

A

antidepressant, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

91
Q

Nervous system

A

bundles of neurons, message system, electrical wiring

92
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord, coordinates actions and interactions, largest section

93
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Connects CNS to the rest of the body, includes Motor pathways, sensory pathways, Somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system, sympathetic nervous system, and parasympathetic nervous system

94
Q

Motor pathways

A

part of PNS, signals brain’s thoughts to muscles

95
Q

Sensory pathways

A

Part of PNS, signals senses to brain

96
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Brain to muscles, deciding to do stuff

97
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Automatic crap, includes sympathetic and parasympathetic

98
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Fight flight or freeze system, emergency response, things shut down to give you energy

99
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Calms person, resets after emergency is over

100
Q

Consciousness

A

State of alert, how aware are you

101
Q

Subconscious

A

Memories and stuff you can’t access without help

102
Q

Unconscious

A

Psychodynamic crap, hidden memories you can’t access no matter what

103
Q

Altered state

A

Paradoxal (opposing things are happening, brain is conscious but body is shut down)

104
Q

Pineal gland

A

melatonin

105
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

16 hours awake, 8 hours asleep

106
Q

Supra chiasmatic nucleus

A

runs off of daylight, when daylight ends it starts producing melatonin, wakes you up when the sun rises

107
Q

Sleep cycle

A

90 minutes, 3-5 times per night

108
Q

beta waves

A

awake, 15-30 hz, alert, anxious

109
Q

Alpha waves

A

7-12 hz, relaxed, ready for sleep

110
Q

theta waves

A

4-7hz, stages 1 and 2 of NRem, early sleep

111
Q

Delta waves

A

up to 4hz, deep sleep, stage 3 of NRem

112
Q

NRem stage 1

A

light sleep, hallucinations, hypnagogic sensations / hypnagogic jerks

113
Q

hypnagogic sensations / hypnagogic jerks

A

when your body jerks when you’re sleeping as if you’re falling, NRem stage 1

114
Q

NRem stage 2

A

Body temp drops, sleep spindles, sleep talking

115
Q

Sleep spindles

A

sudden burst of energy in theta waves, NRem stage 2

116
Q

NRem stage 3

A

Deep sleep, slow wave sleep, memories being processed, human growth hormones being produced (which is why babies sleep a lot), immune system refreshes itself, sleepwalking

117
Q

REM Sleep

A

Rapid Eye Movement, beta waves, brain looks like its awake, dream sleep

118
Q

REM / sleep paralysis

A

inability to voluntarily move muscles during REM sleep, your brain wakes up but your body is still sleeping

119
Q

sleep deprivation

A

condition of not having enough sleep, chronic or acute; causes irritability, lack of motivation, anxiety, sleep-deprivation psychosis, depression, aging, cardiovascular disease

120
Q

REM sleep rebound

A

increase in REM sleep after you have a night of just a little REM sleep

121
Q

Sleep-deprivation psychosis

A

break in reality caused by sleep deprivation

122
Q

Microsleep

A

30 seconds where your brain is asleep, usually when you’re in a routine on autopilot

123
Q

Insomnia

A

inability to get sleep, stay asleep, or get good sleep, can be acute (reason) or chronic (no reason)

124
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

disorder where a person stops breathing for 30 seconds, usually happens to overweight people

125
Q

Narcolepsy

A

person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning, genetic

126
Q

Somnambulism

A

sleepwalking, NRem stage 1-3, more common in children than adults, motor cortex is awake but hippocampus isn’t, genetic, amygdala is also asleep (makes them fearless)

127
Q

Nightmares

A

bad dreams during REM

128
Q

Night terrors

A

relatively rare disorder where someone is really scared of something during deep sleep, combines with sleepwalking, don’t remember it

129
Q

REM sleep behavior disorder

A

body isn’t asleep, so a person can act out of dream behavior, Neurodegenerative disorder

130
Q

Wish fulfillment dream theory

A

dreams represent things you would like to do that are socially unacceptable, focuses on Latent (unconscious wishes) and Manifest (symbolic version of that wish) content, lacks scientific support

131
Q

Information-Processing Dream Theory

A

We dream to file away memories, your dreams focus on the memories that you’re going through and filing away

132
Q

Activation-Synthesis Dream Theory

A

Your brain has so much computing power that it spends time creating stories for you, most widely accepted

133
Q

Cognitive Development Dream Theory

A

You dream to enhance cognitive development, people don’t like this because it doesn’t offer much, ex doing math homework in a dream

134
Q

Dream Theory 5

A

We dream to develop and preserve neural pathways, use it or lose it, like playing an instrument so it doesn’t get out of tune

135
Q

Maturation

A

Learning, relatively permanent change caused by experience or practice

136
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

accidentally discovered classical conditioning

137
Q

Classical conditioning

A

associating one event with another… stimulus and response

138
Q

Acquisition

A

First time the conditioned response is caused by the conditioned stimulus

139
Q

Higher-Order / Second-Order conditioning

A

adding another neutral stimulus to make the process longer

140
Q

Extinction

A

Deconditioning, decreasing response to stimulus, removing the unconditioned stimulus

141
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

Random moments of the connection happening again after deconditioning

142
Q

Little Albert

A

Conditioned fear, didn’t decondition

143
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

when the fear extends to things that are similar to the original thing

144
Q

Stimulus Discrimination

A

Opposite of stimulus generalization

145
Q

Systematic desensitization

A

incremental exposure of the thing you fear to make you not afraid of it

146
Q
A

AP Psych (3 decks)

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