Units 2 3 4 Vocab Test. Flashcards
1
Q
Placebo Effect
A
when a person’s physical or mental health appears to improve after taking a fake treatment
2
Q
Just-Noticeable Difference
A
(difference threshold)
the smallest amount of change needed in a stimulus before we detect a change
3
Q
Weber’s Law
A
the change needed for just-noticeable difference is proportional to the original intensity of the stimulus
4
Q
Top-Down Processing
A
using experience to perceive an object
5
Q
Schemata
A
(schema)
mental representations of how we expect the world to be
6
Q
Perceptual Set
A
predisposition to perceiving something in a certain way
7
Q
Bottom-Up Processing
A
(feature analysis)
use the features to to build a complete perception
8
Q
Figure-Ground Relationship
A
what part of a visual image is the figure and what part is the background
9
Q
Gestalt Psychology
A
we normally perceive images as groups, and not as isolated elements
10
Q
Proximity
A
Objects that are close together are more likely to be grouped
11
Q
Similarity
A
Objects that are similar in appearance are more likely to be grouped
12
Q
Continuity
A
Objects that are arranged in a continuous line or curve are more likely to be grouped
13
Q
Closure
A
Objects that make up a recognizable image are more likely to be grouped, even with gaps
14
Q
Monocular Depth Cues
A
depth cues that do not depend on having two eyes
15
Q
Binocular Depth Cues
A
depth cues that depend on having two eyes
16
Q
Linear Perspective
A
parallel lines appear to converge in the distance
17
Q
Relative Size Cue
A
larger = closer
smaller = further
18
Q
Interposition Cue
A
objects that block other object are closer
19
Q
Texture Gradient
A
we see texture details up close, but not far away
20
Q
Retinal Disparity
A
(binocular disparity)
each of our eyes view an object from a slightly different angle
21
Q
Convergence
A
as an object moves closer to our face, our eyes move toward each other to keep focused on the object
22
Q
Nature
A
genetic factors
23
Q
Nurture
A
environmental factors
24
Q
Teratogens
A
chemicals or agents that cause harm to baby if ingested by mother during pregnancy, can pass through protective placenta barrier
25
Reflexes
specific, inborn, automatic responses to certain specific stimuli
26
Rooting Reflex
when touched on cheek, baby turns and puts what touched it in its mouth
27
Sucking Reflex
baby sucks on what is placed in mouth
28
Grasping Reflex
baby grabs what is placed into palm or foot pad
29
Moro Reflex
baby flings and retracts limbs when startled
30
Babinski Reflex
baby spreads toes if foot is stroked
31
Visual Cliff
an apparatus to investigate the development of depth perception in infants
32
Motor Skills
the learned ability to perform a movement or series of movements quickly, smoothly, and precisely
33
Gross Motor Skills
he movements we make with large muscles
34
Gender Schema
a mental framework or blueprint that individuals use to understand and categorize information about gender
35
Discontinuous
perspective on speed of development, development happens in stages
36
Growth Spurt
a period of rapid physical development during adolescence
37
Zone of Proximal Development
the range of tasks a child can perform independently, and those tasks a child needs assistance with
38
Psychosocial Stage Theory
focuses on specific social conflicts
(Erik Erikson)
39
Trust VS Mistrust
can i trust the world?
leads to sense of attachment or mistrust
40
Autonomy VS Shame and Doubt
do i have some control over my life?
leads to independence, unable to assert oneself, or overly demanding
41
Initiative VS Guilt
am i capable of doing things for myself?
confident to take risks or lack self-sufficiency
42
Industry VS Inferiority
am i capable of doing things socially?
sense of belonging or inferiority
43
Identity VS Role Confusion
who am i, what is my place in this world?
sense of self or confusion and unstable identity
44
Intimacy VS Isolation
can i love and be loved?
leads to developed sense of intimacy or isolation
45
Generativity VS Stagnation
am i productive and giving back to the world?
sense of accomplishment or mid-life crisis
46
Integrity VS Despair
has it all been worth it?
sense of acceptance or sense of despair and regret
47
Imaginary Audience
individual believes that they are being closely observed and judged by others, adolescence
48
Assimilation
how we incorporate our experiences into existing schemata
49
Accommodation
modifying schema to better fit new information/experiences
50
Object Permanence
knowing that something still exists outside of our field of vision
51
Mental Symbols
internal cognitive units that represent objects, concepts, or events
52
Egocentric
the inability to understand or perceive things from a viewpoint other than one's own
53
Pretend Play
children use objects and actions symbolically to represent objects or scenarios
54
Theory of Mind
the ability to think about and consider the mental states of others
55
Concepts of Conservation
the realization that properties of objects remain the same, even when their shapes change
56
Formal Operational Stage
adult reasoning
57
Abstract Reasoning
the ability to think about intangible or unobservable ideas and things
58
Hypothetical Thinking
imagining possibilities and exploring their consequences through a process of mental simulation
59
Concrete Operational Stage
development of logical thinking applied to concrete, physical objects
60
Metacognition
thinking about thinking
61
Personal Fable
belief that one is different or unique from everyone else
62
Phonemes
smallest units of sound
63
Morphemes
smallest unit of meaningful sound
63
Semantics
the meanings of words, and the combination of words in phrases and sentences
63
Syntax
the rules and principles that govern how words are combined to form meaningful sentences
64
Babbling
a period where infants experiment with vocalizations
65
One-Word Stage
(holophrastic stage)
a child's use of single words to express complete thoughts or requests
66
Two-Word Stage
(telegraphic speech)
toddlers combine words they can say into simple commands
67
Overgeneralization
(overregularization)
misapplication of grammar rules
68
Critical Period
a window of opportunity during which we must learn a skill or our development will permanently suffer
69
Attachment Parenting
the reciprocal relationship between caregiver and child
70
Temperament
our emotional style, or typical way we react to stressful situations
71
Secure Attachments
CG is responsive and consistently available
explore, distress when CG left, came to CG upon their return
72
Avoidant Attachments
CG is emotionally unavailable
resisted affection + explore, did not go to CG upon return
73
Anxious/Ambivalent Attachments
(Resistant Attachments)
CG is inconsistent in their responses
extreme stress with CG left, refused comfort upon their return
74
Separation Anxiety
extreme stress when CG leaves
75
Microsystem
direct interactions between child and their immediate surroundings
76
Mesosystem
acknowledges that each of the 5 ecological systems interact
77
Exosystem
indirect influences on the child's development
78
Macrosystem
culture child is apart of
79
Chronosystem
times of transition or change that occur over the chronology of a child's life
80
Authoritarian Parents
little warmth, high rules
81
Permissive Parents
indifferent: little warmth, no rules
indulgent: warm and nurturing, but no rules
82
Authoritative Parents
warmth and support, clear rules
83
Prosocial Behavior
any voluntary action intended to benefit another person
84
Social Influence Theory
the idea that how people feel and act is affected by the other people around them
85
Attribution Theory
tries to explain how people explain the cause of what they observe
86
Dispositional Attribution
(Person Attribution)
attributing personal factors to behavior
87
Situation Attribution
attributing external factors to behavior
88
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
the expectations we have of others can influence the way those others behave
89
Fundamental Attribution Error
the tendency to overestimate dispositional attribution and underestimate situational attribution
90
Actor-Observer Bias
the tendency to blame one's own behavior on situational factors
91
False-Consensus Effect
the tendency for people to overestimate the number of people that agree with them
92
Self-Serving Bias
the tendency to take more credit for good outcomes than for bad ones
93
Just-World Phenomenon
belief that bad things happen to bad people
94
Attitude
a set of beliefs and feelings
95
Mere Exposure Effect
the more one is exposed to something, the more one will come to like it
96
Elaboration Likelihood Model
persuasive can be processed through either the central or peripheral route
97
Central Route
deeply processing the context of the message, logic
98
Peripheral Route
involves superficial cues like attractiveness, celebrity
endorsements, or positive emotions
99
Persuasion
a process where one person or group attempts to influence another to change their attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors
100
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
people are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behaviors, and feel uncomfortable when they go against them
101
Foot-in-the-door Technique
small request, then slowly build up
102
Door-in-the-face Technique
big unreasonable request, then smaller actual request
103
Social Reciprocity Norm
(Norms of Reciprocity)
when someone does something nice, one has to return the favor
104
Social Norms
unspoken rules and expectations that guide behavior
105
Social Responsibility Norm
the belief that we should all do what we can to make the world a better place
106
Social Traps
situations that undermine social responsibility norm
("what's one more piece of litter going to do", then adds up as everyone thinks this)
107
Stereotypes
ideas about what different groups are like
108
Prejudice
an undeserved, usually negative, attitude toward a group of people
109
Implicit Attitude
something that might influence one's behavior without their being aware of it
110
Ethnocentrism
the belief that one's culture is more superior than others
111
Multiculturalism
opposite of ethnocentrism
recognition of the contribution of many different groups in a society
112
Individualistic Cultures
a culture that supports the individual, do whats best for you
113
Collectivist Cultures
put value on the well being of a group, sacrifice your own needs for the better of the group
114
Out-Group Homogeneity Bias
belief that in group is more diverse than out group, they are all the same
115
Discrimination
an action taken based on prejudice
116
In-Group Bias
preference for members of one's own group
117
Superordinate Goal
objectives that require the cooperation of two or more distinct groups to achieve
118
Social Facilitation
the presence of others improves task performance
119
Upward Social Comparison
we compare ourselves to people doing better than us
120
Downward Social Comparison
we compare ourselves to people doing worse than us
121
Relative Deprivation Theory
people tend to feel less satisfied with their own lives when they engage with a lot of upward social comparison, even if you are fine
122
Conformity
the tendency of people to go along with the views or actions of others
123
Normative Social Influence
people conform for social reasons, to fit in
124
Informational Social Influence
conform because one think the group knows best
125
Obedience Studies
focus on participants willingness to do what they are told
126
Bystander Effect
the more people witness an emergency, the less people are likely to help
127
Social Loafing
individuals do not put in as much effort when acting as part of a group
128
Group Polarization
the tendency of a group to make more extreme decisions than the members would make individually
129
Groupthink
the tendency for some groups to make decisions because nobody wants to speak up
130
Deindividuation
loss of self-restraint when group members feel anonymous in a large group
