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Geography Paper 1 Content > Units 1-5: Geomorphology > Flashcards

Units 1-5: Geomorphology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is gemorphology?

A

Study of the form and structure of the earth and the process that shape them

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2
Q

The crust (which is thickest under the continents and thinnest under the ocean) is split into what?

A

Tectonic plates

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3
Q

What is the Moho Discontinuity?

A

The boundary between the crust and the mantle

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4
Q

What is the asthenosphere?

A

the upper mantle of the earth

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5
Q

What is NiFe? What is SiAl? What is SiMa?

A

Nickel and Iron (core)
Silicon and Aluminum (Continental crust)
Silicon and Magnesium (Oceanic crust)

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6
Q

How is sedimentary rock formed?

A

Formed from sediments deposited by wind, water or ice. They are compacted together forming strata

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7
Q

How is metamorphic rock formed?

A

It is formed when igneous or sedimentary rock undergoes a change cause by heat or pressure

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8
Q

How is igneous rock formed?

A

It is formed when molten rock called magma rises through the crust, cools then crystalizes. The slower it cools the larger the crystals that form

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9
Q

Explain resistance in rocks.

A

Some rocks are more resistance than others meaning they erode more slowly and have a steeper slope, eg sandstone. (Shale is soft)

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10
Q

Explain permeability. (opposite is impermeable rock)

A

The ability of a rock to let water pass through. Water can pass through tiny spaces between cracks or sediments in a rock

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11
Q

What is the continental drift theory?

A

Theory suggested by Alfred Wegener that tectonic plates move and are not fixed. This was later expanded into the Plate Tectonic theory.

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12
Q

Fill in the blanks:

200 million years ago there was a super continent called _____ which later broke apart into ____ and ____. These then broke into the continents we know today.

A

Pangea
Laurasia
Gondwanaland

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13
Q

6 pieces of evidence of plate tectonics

A
  1. Coastlines (fit together)
  2. Fossils (same species that cant swim was found on multiple continents)
  3. Plants (plant life is very similar on different continents)
  4. Rocks (mountain ranges with similar rock formations form on different continents)
  5. Deposits (coal deposits formed from the same thing are found on different continents)
  6. Glacial deposits (Brazil and West Africa have the same glacial deposits meaning they were covered in the same ice sheet)
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14
Q

What causes the plates to move?

A

Convectional currents, they are formed from heat in the mantle

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15
Q

What is the cause of faulting?

A

Great pressures causes rocks to bend then fracture and shift

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16
Q

What is a tensile force? (Normal fault)

A

moving away from each other. One side falls down

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17
Q

What is a compression force? (Reverse fault)

A

Moving towards each other. One side is pushed up

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18
Q

What are lateral/horizontal forces? (Strike slip fault)

A

(eg San Andreas fault) Move past each other

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19
Q

How is a rift valley formed? OR graben

A

caused by normal fault or tensile forces

20
Q

How is a block mountain formed? OR horst

A

caused by reverse fault or compression forces

21
Q

Describe a horst.

A

roof with a floor on either side

22
Q

Describe a graben.

A

floor with a roof on either side

23
Q

Labels in normal / reverse faults

A

Exposed rock - fault scarp
Rock pushed up/falling down - roof/hanging wall
Other piece of rock - floor / footwall

24
Q

Why are rift valleys important?

A

Helps with farming, attracts tourists, the steep slopes help to generate HEP,

25
Q

Focus definition

A

The place where earthquakes start (underground)

26
Q

Epicenter definition

A

The place directly above the focus (above ground)

27
Q

Seismic wave definition

A

Movement of ground traveling through the earths surface in the form of a wave

28
Q

Seismograph definition

A

Instrument used to measure seismic waves

29
Q

Richter scale definition

A

Scale used to compare strengths of earthquakes

30
Q

Effect tsunamis has on people

A

Death, loss of resources and possessions, land is eroded and places can get cut off

31
Q

Why are earthquakes less devastating in developed countries?

A

They have early warning systems and technology that can predict them, buildings are more resistant to them, emergency services are better and more equipped, people are more educated about how to deal with these situations

32
Q

How to reduce impact of earthquakes?

A

Identify high risk areas and avoid them, better prepare emergency services, build dams at fault lines to absorb shock, strengthen infrastructure, educate people on these situations and crises

33
Q

How to predict an earthquake?

A

Tremors can occur before earthquake, animal behavior can help predict it, instruments can record signs and help predict it in the future

34
Q

Active volcano definition

A

Volcano that still erupt (have erupted in the last 10000 years)

35
Q

Dormant volcano definition

A

Volcano that show no sign of activity, but are likely to erupt again

36
Q

Extinct volcano definition

A

Volcano that isn’t expected to erupt again

37
Q

Features of a volcano

A

Magma chamber —-> pipe / fissures —-> Volcanic cone —-> crater —-> lava flows / rocks / lava bombs / gases

38
Q

What is a shield volcano

A

It has gaseous, runny, hot lava. It gives off few/no explosions (Kilauea)

39
Q

What is a cinder cone volcano

A

It has lots of glassy lava, ash and solid material. It is the simplest volcano with smallest cone and the steepest slope. (Monte Nuovo)

40
Q

What is a composite volcano (stratovolcano )

A

It ha slots of layers of ash and lava surrounding it and has fairly steep slopes. The eruptions are normally explosive (Mount Vesuvius)

41
Q

How do volcanoes affect people positively?

A
  1. Some volcanoes areas become tourist attractions (income)
  2. There could be diamonds in the volcanic pipes
  3. Volcanic ash can act as a fertilizer in tropical regions and rocks can break down to form fertile soil
  4. Hot springs are good for tourist attractions
  5. Underground water in these areas is hot and good for generating heat or electricity
42
Q

How do volcanoes affect people negatively?

A
  1. Water supply could be polluted
  2. Ash and fumes in the air is dangerous for health
  3. Buildings can collapse from the weight of the ash
  4. Changes river systems / creates dams
  5. Burns trees, house etc.
  6. Ash blocks the sun
  7. Ash and solidifying lava is dangerous
  8. Planes cannot fly through ash
43
Q

How can you predict volcanic explosions?

A

Seismographs can be used to measure small earthquakes (These can trigger volcanic eruptions), ground temperatures will rise as the magma moves, gas and steam are given off before it erupts, the sides of the volcano swell and bulge which can be measured with a tiltmeter

44
Q

How can you be prepared for a volcano?

A

Set up a monitoring system or early warning system, make sure emergency and medical services are ready to evacuate, prepare and emergency plan, organize emergency supplies such as water or food

45
Q

Examples of the deadliest volcanic eruptions. (Know at least 2)

A
  1. Mnt Vesuvius, Italy in 79AD, 3 360 casualties caused by pyroclastic flow
  2. Laki, Iceland in 1783, 9 000 casualties caused by starvation
  3. Kelut, Indonesia in 1586, 10 000 casualties
  4. Uzen, Japan in 1792, 15 000 casualties caused by volcano collapse and tsunami
  5. Nevada del Ruiz, Colambia in 1985, 25 000 casualties caused by mudflow
  6. Mont Pelee, Martinique in 1902, 30 000 casualties caused by pyroclastic flow
  7. Krakatau, Indonesia in 1833, 36 000 casualties caused by tsunami
  8. Tambora, Indonesia in 1815, 92 000 casualties caused by starvation

Geography Paper 1 Content (5 decks)

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