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Microbiology > Units 1-3 > Flashcards

Units 1-3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nomenclature

A

Genus species.
First letter of first word capitalized
Second word all lowercased

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2
Q

Gram + vs Gram -

A

Gram+: thick peptidoglycan layer; NAM and NAG connected with a peptide (purple)
Gram-: thin peptidoglycan layer; endotoxin with LPS release (red)

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3
Q

Viral structure

A
  • Capsid-> surrounds genome
  • Nucleic Acid-> ds and ss ; DNA or RNA
  • Spikes-> attachment and determines host cell
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4
Q

Bacterial Structure

A
  • Fimbriae-> attachment
  • Flagella-> motility/movement
  • Axial Filament-> endoflagellum
  • Pili-> attachment and conjugation
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5
Q

Plasmids (bacterial structure)

A

DNA, circular, 0 or 100s, smaller, disease causing genes (antibiotic resistance) (toxin production)

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6
Q

Capsules vs Endospores (bacterial structures)

A

Capsules: Found inside body, protects from phagocytosis, active, permeable, both gram negative and positive can make

Endospores: Found outside of body, protects against harsh environments, dormant, non-permeable, peptidoglycan, only gram positive but not all

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7
Q

Methods of Identifying Microorganisms

A

-Morphology (Microscopy)
-Staining (mainly Gram-staining):
>Basic Acidic Dyes
>Simple Staining
>Differential Staining (Gram Stain procedure)
>Special Stains
-Biochemical (enzymatic metabolism relating to identification)
-Serological (antibody identification->ELISA)
-PCR (DNA genome identification)

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8
Q

Media

A
  • Selective: selects for one, suppresses the other

- Differential: see differences, usually by color

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9
Q

Sterilization vs. Disinfection vs. Antisepsis

A
  • Sterilization: complete elimination of microbes
  • Disinfectant: surfaces/ inanimate objects
  • Antiseptic: used on living tissue
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10
Q

Antivirals

A
  • Acyclovir: DNA viruses; inhibits DNA replication

- Tamiflu: targets neuraminidase

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11
Q

Chemical Methods of control

A
  • Alcohol: ethanol (hand sanitizer) and isopropanol (alcohol)-> targers membranes, cidal, broad towards bacteria and enveloped viruses
  • Halogens: chlorine (bleach)(disinfectant) and iodine (betadine)(antiseptic)-> targets protein bonding, cidal, broad
  • Metal compounds: silver nitrate and mercury-> targets protein bonding, cidal, broad, antiseptic
  • Phenolics: triclosan-> targets membrane synthesis(enzymes), cidal, narrow toward bacteria, antiseptic
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12
Q

Physical Methods of Control

A
  • Heat: moist and dry; protein bonding; cidal; broad
  • Filtration: broad
  • Radiation: ionizing(x-ray) and nonionizing(UV), targets nucleic acid, cidal, broad
  • Osmotic Pressure: salt curing and freeze drying, cidal, narrow towards bacteria
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13
Q

Antibiotics (definition)

A

a medicine that inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms.

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14
Q

Definition of Narrow vs. Broad Spectrum Antibiotics

A

Broad: Bacteria and viruses
Narrow: Bacteria or Viruses

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15
Q

Definition of Bacteriostatic vs. Bacteriocidal

A
  • Static: inhibit the microbes growth

- Cidal: kill the microbe

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16
Q

Examples of Antibiotics (just know the 8 we discussed in class & the specifics on your tables)

A
  • Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis (Penicillin)-> static, narrow(gram+)
  • Inhibition of Protein Synthesis (Chloramphenicol, Streptomycin, Tetracycline, Erythromycin)-> static, broad (stepto is cidal)
  • Plasma Membrane Damage (Polymyxin B)-> cidal, narrow (gram-)
  • Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis (Rifampin & Ciprofloxacin)-> cidal, rifa-> narrow(gram+), cipro-> broad
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17
Q

Types of Vaccines

A
  • Attenuated whole agent-> weakened, living, microbe
  • Inactivated whole agent-> dead or inactive
  • Subunit-> piece of the microbe (ex.spike, fimbriae)
  • Toxoid-> inactivated toxin
  • Conjugated-> less reactive piece (ex. capsule) w/ a highly reactive piece (ex. toxin)
  • Nucleic acid-> DNA or RNA
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18
Q

Normal Flora

A

good bacteria

19
Q

Signs vs. Symptoms

A
  • Sign: measured/seen (vomiting)

- Symptom: how one feels (headache)

20
Q

Course of Illness

A
  • Incubation: no sign/symptoms
  • Prodromal: mild signs and symps
  • Period of illness: unique signs and symps
21
Q

Principles of Disease terminology (i.e. acute, chronic, latent, sepsis, pandemic, etc…)

A

-Acute: short
-Chronic: long lasting
-Latent: repeatable
-Sepsis: bacteria growing in the blood
Pandemic: cross-continental

22
Q

Spread of Infection

A

direct or indirect contact

23
Q

Nosocomial Infection

A

infection gained from a hospital

24
Q

Epidemiology (epidemic, endemic, pandemic)

A
  • Epidemic: an outbreak of a sickness
  • Endemic: constantly seen throughout society
  • Pandemic: cross continental
25
Q

Prions

A

infectious proteins-> causes brain shrinkage and can spread in the body

26
Q

Pathogen Portals of Entry (Types of Mucus Membranes & Parenteral)

A
  • Mucus membranes: respiratory, GI, genitourinary, conjunctiva
  • Parenteral: punctures, any break in skin
  • Skin: microbe burrows through skin
27
Q

Pathogen Transmission (Direct & Indirect examples)

A
  • Direct: person-to-person, droplets, vector(bites)
  • Indirect: fomites, vehicles

“Fecal-oral route)

28
Q

Lysogenic conversion

A
  • process through which a bacterium gains the ability to produce an exotoxin through bacteriophage
  • Cholera, botulism, diphtheria
29
Q

Animal virus replication (+ vs. – strand RNA, dsDNA & retroviral RNA)

A
  • RNA + sense: go straight to the ribosome for replication
  • RNA - antisense: contain enzyme to convert to +
  • dsDNA: goes to the nucleus to be translated
  • Retrovirus RNA: uses transcriptase to hide in the body
30
Q

Viral Cytopathic Effects

A
  • Syncytia-> host cell membrane fusion
  • Transformation-> virus induces rapid uncontrolled cell growth (oncogenesis)
  • Inclusion Bodies-> masses of proteins
31
Q

Bacterial Adherence (structures)

A

fimbriae, pili, biofilms

*attach to host glycoproteins

32
Q

Bacterial Invasion & Evasions techniques

A

Invasion: membrane ruffling-> bacteria induces endocytosis and enters host cell
-Evasion: capsules and waxes (mycolic acid w/ TB), antigenic variation, mimicking host molecules

33
Q

Bacterial enzymes

A
  • Hyaluronidase: breaks down hyaluronic acid (connective tissue)
  • Kinase: breaks down blood clots
  • Coagulase: forms blood clots
  • IgA protease: breaks down antibodies
34
Q

Endotoxin

A
  • shed LPS
  • Only and All gram negative
  • unintentional
  • fever (IL-1), inflammation, septic shock
  • systemic
  • toxic @ high amounts (low toxicity)
35
Q

Exotoxin

A
  • secreted proteins
  • both can make (usually gram positive)
  • intentional
  • cell specific (usually target plasma membrane)
  • localized
  • toxic at low levels (high toxicity)
36
Q

Host Damage (bacteria)

A

-Siderophores-> steals host nutrients (iron)

37
Q

C. diff Colitis-> Clostridium difficile

A
  • Gram +
  • Endospore
  • In soil
  • Indirect contact through vehicle
  • GI entry
  • Acute
38
Q

HSV-1

A
  • DNA
  • Enveloped
  • Cold sores
  • Humans
  • Direct contact through person to person
  • GI tract
  • Latent
39
Q

Polio

A
  • Positive RNA
  • Naked
  • Lytic
  • Reservoir: humans
  • Indirect contact through vehicle
  • GI tract
  • Acute
40
Q

MRSA-> Staphylococcus aureus

A
  • Gram +
  • Biofilm
  • Reservoir: Humans
  • Indirect contact through fomite
  • Parenteral
  • Acute
41
Q

Tuberculosis

A
  • Gram +
  • Mycolic Acid wax
  • Reservoir: humans
  • Direct contact though droplets
  • Respiratory
  • Chronic
42
Q

Lyme Disease-> Borrelia burgdorferi

A
  • Gram -
  • Spirochete
  • Axial filaments
  • Reservoir: mice
  • Direct contact through vector
  • Parenteral
  • Chronic
43
Q

Measles

A
  • Negative sense RNA
  • Enveloped
  • Reservoir: Humans
  • Direct contact droplet
  • Respiratory
  • Acute
  • Syncytia
44
Q

Case Studies

A
  • Case Study 2: AcrAB protein-> gram negative bacteria to pump out unwanted chemical compounds
  • Case Study 3: penicillin is a beta lactam ring that binds to DD-transpeptidase (alanyl). Bacteria makes beta lactamase that hydrolyzes bonds in the beta lactam ring in return.
  • Case Study 4:
  • –Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae produce IgA protease.
  • –Streptococcus makes pneumolysin is an exotoxin that causes cell disruption and inflammation. It can also make PdgA which protects against host lysozymes by modifying NAG sugars in peptidoglycan.
  • –Shiga toxins: exotoxin that shut down protein translation.

Microbiology (4 decks)

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