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Microbiology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Endemic vs Epidemic vs Pandemic

A

Endemic: constant, always in the community, localized (STI’s)
Epidemic: outbreak within a country
Pandemic: cross-continental outbreak (COVID)

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2
Q

Acute vs Chronic vs Latent

A

Acute: Short (Incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, convalescence, recovery)
Chronic: Long lasting (Incubation, prodromal, illness)
Latent: Dormant until its not (Incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, convalescence, latent period, illness…etc)

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3
Q

Signs vs Symptoms

A

Sign: measured/seen (cough, vomiting, rash, etc.)
Symptom: how one feels (headaches, body aches, fatigue)

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4
Q

Primary vs Secondary infections

A

Primary: weakens the immune systems (AIDS)
Secondary: opportunistic, usually cause death (Tuberculosis)

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5
Q

Bacteremia vs Sepsis

A

Bacteremia: bacteria in the blood
Septicemia: bacteria growing in the blood

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6
Q

Reservoir

A

Where the microbe is naturally found

  • Living: humans, animals (zoonosis), arthropods (mosquitos, ticks, fleas)
  • Nonliving: soil, water, air
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7
Q

Portal of Entry

A

Microbe getting inside the host

  • Mucus membranes: respiratory, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, conjunctiva
  • Parenteral: punctures, any break in the skin
  • Skin: microbe burrows through the skin (helminths)
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8
Q

Pathogen Transmission

A

Reservoir to the host

  • Direct contact: person-to-person, droplets (coughing, sneezing), vector (biological-> bites, mechanical-> touching) (arthropods)
  • Indirect contact: Fomites (inanimate objects), vehicles (food, water, air, soil)

“fecal-oral route” not a category, but can be added to further describe transmission.

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9
Q

Normal Flora

A

Long time, no harm, “good” bacteria

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10
Q

Transient flora

A

short term, pathogenic, “bad” bacteria

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11
Q

Microbial antagonism of normal flora

A

Normal flora compete with transient flora for space and nutrients

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12
Q

Bacterial Adhesins

A

Attach to host glycoproteins

Fimbriae, pili, biofilms

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13
Q

Bacterial Invasion

A

Membrane Ruffling: bacteria induces endocytosis and enters host cell

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14
Q

Bacterial Evasion

A
  • Antiphagocytic structures: capsules, waxes (mycolic acid TB)
  • Antigenic variation: changes how it looks
  • mimicking host cells
  • Hiding inside phagocytes
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15
Q

Enzymes that help bacteria

A
  • Hyaluronidase: breaks down hyaluronic acid (holds together connective tissue)
  • Kinase: breaks down blood clots
  • Coagulase: forms blood clots
  • IgA protease: breaks down antibodies (specifically IgA)
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16
Q

Host cell damage

A
  • Siderophores: steals host nutrients (usually iron)
  • Endotoxin
  • Exotoxin
17
Q

Endotoxin

A
  • Shed LPS
  • Only and ALL gram negative
  • unintentional
  • fever (IL-1), inflammation, septic shock
  • systemic
  • toxic at high amounts (low toxicity)
18
Q

Exotoxin

A
  • secreted proteins
  • both can make (usually gram +)
  • Intentional
  • cell specific (usually target the plasma membrane)
  • localized
  • toxic at low amounts (high toxicity)
19
Q

Lysogenic conversion

A

process through which a bacterium gains the ability to produce an exotoxin through bacteriophage
1. cholera 2. botulism 3. diphtheria

20
Q

Viral attachment

A

spikes that attach to specific receptors

21
Q

Viral entry

A
  • Invasion: enveloped fusion, endocytosis

- Evasion: envelope-> camouflage

22
Q

Viral Evasion

A
  • envelope: camouflage
  • antigenic variation
  • Genetic shift: genetic re-assortment, segmented (major changes)
  • Genetic Drift: mutations over time (small, longer changes)
  • Latent
23
Q

Viral cytopathic effects

A
  • syncytia: host cell membrane fusion (evasion tactic)
  • Transformation: virus induces rapid uncontrolled cell growth (cancer) (oncogenesis)
  • Inclusion bodies: masses of proteins
24
Q

DNA

A
  • slower replication
  • slower transmission
  • bigger genome (ds)
  • usually chronic or latent
  • less mutations
25
Q

RNA

A
  • quick replication
  • quick transmission
  • smaller genome (ss)
  • usually acute
  • more mutations
  • more likely to be zoonosis
26
Q

Prions

A
  • infectious proteins
  • brain shrinkage and deterioration
  • occurs rapidly
  • same symptoms as Alzheimer’s
  • can spread in the body
27
Q

Lyme disease

A
  • Gram stain: negative
  • morphology: spirochete
  • motile?: yes
  • unique structures: slowing growing, LPS endotoxin, systemic and chronic, antigenic variations
  • Reservoir: rodents, white footed mouse, deer (zoonotic)
  • Transmission: vector, black legged tick (parenteral)
  • signs: fever, swollen lymph nodes, bullseye rash
    symps: chills, numbness, fatigue
  • Px: avoid tick bites
  • Tx: tetracyclines
  • “Endemic”
28
Q

Necrotizing Fascitis: Streptococcus pyogene

A
  • Gram stain: positive
  • morphology: cocci
  • Motile?: no
  • Unique structures: exotoxin (streptolysin), capsules, enymes (hyaluronidase, streptokinase
  • Reservoir: Humans and cattle
  • Transmission: open wound, droplet, direct contact, indirect contact (parenteral-> cuts)
  • Signs: Acute, blicsters, black spots, pus
  • Symps: pain, dizziness, nausea
  • Complications: sepsis, shock, organ failure, TSS
  • Px: good wound care, hand hygiene, avoid swimming w/ wound
  • Tx: surgical debridement, antibiotics (penicillin, ampicillin, clindamycin), Oxygen therapy
  • “Endemic”
29
Q

HPV carcinoma: Human papilloma Virus

A

-morphology: non-enveloped
-viral genome: ds DNA
-reservoir: humans, local in the body
-transmission: 40 strains transmitted sexual contact. Genital/skin contact, can be passed during child birth
-signs/symps: genital warts and lesions, can cause cancer (LATENT)
-entry: parenteral
-Tx: no treatment. most infections self-resolve in 1-2 yrs. warts burned out, cancer removed
-Px: abstinence/monogamy.
Vaccine: gardasil-> subunit proteins
-Endemic

30
Q

Measles virus

A
  • morphology: enveloped
  • viral genome: negative sense ss RNA (antigenic drift)
  • reservoir: humans
  • transmission: droplet transmission, vehicle (air)
  • Entry: respiratory, systemic
  • signs: high fever, cough, kolpik spots (white), syncytia (rash)
  • symps: sensitivity to light, loss of appetite, aches (ACUTE)
  • complications: hearing loss, pneumonia, encephalitis(deaf),
  • Px: vaccine-> attenuated, 2 doses
  • Tx: supportive care, vitamin A, anti-measles antibodies
  • Epidemic
31
Q

Case Study 1: Bacteria Neisseria meningitidis

A
  • causes meningitis
  • IgA protease: enzyme that destroys antibodies (IgA)
  • produces endotoxins -> released when cell dies
32
Q

Case Study 2: Streptococcus pneumoniae

A
  • IgA protease
  • produces exotoxin pneumolysin: causes cell disruption and inflammation
  • produces protein called PdgA: protects bacteria against host lysozyme modifies the NAG sugars of peptidoglycan
33
Q

Case study: E. Coli

A
  • reservoir: GI tract of animals
  • transmission: indirect contact by vehicles
  • Shiga toxin: disrupts cells protein synthesis. Exotoxin
  • E. coli is gram (-) therefore producing endotoxins
  • Tx: treat with rehydration. antibiotics and antidiarrheics not recommended. Antibiotics increase shiga toxins
34
Q

Case Study: Influenza

A
  • segmented negative strand RNA genome
  • Antigenic shift: human flu crosses with flu virus that affects animals. Virus mutates and creates a new strain
  • Antigenic drift: small mutations that change the surface proteins of virus. makes us have to create a new vaccine every year.

Microbiology (4 decks)

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