Units 1,2,3,4 Flashcards
Communication
the process of stimulating meaning in the minds of others through verbal and nonverbal messages
Model of transactional communication
sender message channel reciever feedback
sender
the originator of the message
message
the information the sender is relaying
channel
the mode of the message
receiver
the recipient of the message
feedback
the message composed by the receiver in response to the sender
noise
something that gets in the way of the message
physical noise
any external or environmental stimulus that distracts us from the intended message. ex. temperature, hammer outside, lighting, people talking nearby
psychological noise
preconceived notions that we bring to conversations. ex. racial stereotypes, assumptions, reputation, daydreaming
semantic noise
emotional response to a word, phrase, or look from the sender. ex. moist, cuss words, facial expressions do not match words (im sorry)
context
when the communication occurs
intrapersonal
communication that we have with ourselves, not very logical because it is one sided, not reliable because you can talk yourself into anything
interpersonal
communication between two people
small group
communication between 3-15 people working interdependently on a task
organizational communication
communication with a heiarche. teacher&student, boss&employss
public communication
communication from one person to a group. ex. coach&team, valedictorian&class
mass communication
the same message given to a huge audience. ex. president&US, news channels
small group communication definition
three or more people working interdependently for the purpose of accomplishing a task
minimum and maximum group size
3 - 15 people
ideal group size
5-7 poeple
interdependence
the process by which a change in one part affects the other parts
task
an activity in which no externally correct decision exists and whose completion is dependent on member accceptance
additive task
people work individually on pieces of the project and then put them all together to make one group project
conjunctive task
tasks where the entire group has to work together
4 task considerations
- all group members must participate
- some members may not understand or comprehend the task
- members might have vested interests
- group may terminate upon task completion
norms
a guideline or rule designed to regulate the behaviors of group members
task norm
the things that we do as a group that helps us accomplish a task
procedural norm
the procedures a group follows. ex. time limits on meetings
social norm
the ways that we participate in interpersonal communication with our group. ex. going out to dinner or hanging out
ways a norm can develop
verbally - someone just says this is what we do
crucial event - someone yells so group decides no yelling
previous experiences - you did all the work in your last group so you don’t do as much for this group
it just happens - someone starts bringing their computer to every meeting
Sanctions
punishments for norm violations ex. get kicked out of the group
Identity
the psychological and/or physical boundaries that distinguish a group member from a nongroup member
psychological identity
(we-ness) can be positive or negative. saying “we, us, our” rather than “I”. successful - feelings of pride or superiority. unsuccessful - feelings of disgust, embarrassment
physical identity
we use artifacts to identify as part of a group ex. wearing jerseys or sorority shirts
grouptyping identity
when nonmembers make assumptions about group members (can be positive or negative) ex. treating a sports player better than other people or thinking a sorority girl is a slut
problem solving talk
talk that centers on group accomplishment. ex. when and how will we get this done?
role talk
talking to one another about a specific role that people play. ex. who is the leader of the group? who is the follower?
consciousness - raising talk
talk that centers on group identification and pride ex. we are doing a really great job, lets keep going!
encounter talk
every other type of talking. interpersonal communication. talking about our personal lives
primary group
members who are engaged in intimate relationships. fulfills our interpersonal needs, affection, and support. ex. mom, dad, brother, sister, children, boyfriend, or a really close friend.
social group
groups of people that all share a common interest or activity. ex. sports, frat, sorority, clubs
self - help group
Where people share a common problem or life situation. ex. AA, weight watchers
learning group
people join these groups to learn a new skill. ex. yoga class, birthing class, CPR certification, dance class
service group
volunteers who help and support others outside their group. ex. charity organization
civic group
supports causes to help others in their group. ex. APT, home owners association
work group
groups that people are in at work to complete a task within their organization. ex. committees, shifts
public group
where group members interact for the benefit of an audience. ex. city council, school board, talk show
% of people that will be part of a self help group at some point in their life
40%
6 advantages of small group communication
- access to resources ex. time, money, talent
- better understanding and retention of concepts
- diversity of opinions and behavior
- creativity
- learning ex. new members can learn from older members
- civic engagement ex. taking strategies and skills you learn in class and using them in the real world
4 disadvantages of small group communication
- task coordination
- social loafing ex. people who don’t do what they should be doing will piss you off
- conflict ex. where to meet, what to do, what grade you want
- member misbehaviors ex. missing group meetings, missing deadlines
Ethics
rules or standards for the right conduct or practice
4 guidelines of ethics
- be willing to communicate
- treat others with respect and consideration
- use critical thinking skills
- be committed to the group
why do individuals join groups? (8)
- attraction theory
- interpersonal communication needs
- control
- affection
- lack of volition
- escape
- pleasure
- relaxation
attraction theory
people join groups because they like the group’s activity, goal, membership, or members
inclusion
people need to feel included because it gives us a sense of belonging and helps us feel understood. social, undersocial, and oversocial members.
social member
inclusion needs are met. feels comfortable working with other people or alone.
undersocial member
inclusion needs not met. they feel unworthy and undervalued, they may withdraw and become a loner
oversocial member
inclusion needs not met. this person tries to attract attention (good or bad) and they hate being alone
control
this person feels like they need to be in control and feels a need to be of status and power. democratic, abdicrat, and autocrat members
democratic member
when control needs are met. they behave well and are happy to be there no matter what role they are in. usually the best leader.
abdicrat member
control needs are not met. they want control but are reluctant to pursue that control so they will just become a follower
autocrat member
control needs not met. loves and needs control and will try to take over the group by talking constantly, criticizing, and trying to force decisions onto the group. people give them some sort of control to calm them down
affection
they want to feel liked because it gives us an emotional warmth or closeness. personal, underpersonal, and overpersonal members
personal member
affection needs met. this person doesnt really mind if people like them or not
underpersonal member
affection needs not met. this person believes that nobody likes them. they dont make friends or give their opinion
overpersonal member
affection needs not met. this person tries to be best friends with everyone. seeks intimate relationships with people even if the other is not interested. they talk too much and give too much personal information.
lack of volition
we join a group because we have no choice. ex. family, work groups
Socialization
a two way process of influence and change where by members use verbal and nonverbal messages to create a new and unique culture. ex. family changes a little when older sibling moves out. ex. get a new family member. ex. make a new friend.
5 phases of socialization
- Antecedent Phase
- Anticipatory Phase
- Encounter Phase
- Assimilation Phase
- Exit Phase
Antecedent Phase
before the group has ever met. What you bring to the group is based on your beliefs and attitudes, communication and personality traits, age, race, and sex
Anticipatory Phase
you ask yourself what you expect from being in this group and what you expect from other group members. It is important to be realistic
Encounter Phase
The first group meeting. the goals should be established and roles and leadership positions will begin to be established.
Assimilation Phase
New group members start to feel accepted as part of the group. members start saying “us” and “ours”
Exit Phase
either when the entire group ends or when a group member leaves
outcomes of socialization
describes how group members feel as a whole about how they cooperated in completing goals
cohesion
all group members reaching an acceptable level of desire to stay in a group. ex. wearing a team uniform
consensus
all group members agreeing with and committing to the groups decision
communication satisfaction
describes members who walk away from the group feeling positively fulfilled from the experience
loneliness
feeling of powerlessness some members have from not being able or allowed to participate in the groups process
new member socialization guidelines (4)
- embrace the values, norms, and behaviors of the group
- acquire the skills and knowledge needed to assume appropriate roles
- learn what is and what is not important
- move from a nonperforming group member to a contributing group member
group socialization guidelines (4)
- focus on recruitment efforts
- initiate new members
- focus on inclusion
- encourage mentoring relationships
downside to socialization
for optimal socialization to occur trust must be established among group members
trait
relatively enduring behaviors that people tend to use consistently across their lifespan
communication trait
an individuals consistencies and differences in message sending and message receiving behaviors
communication apprehension
an individuals level of fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person. high - almost always nervous. low - almost never nervous
trait apprehension
across our life span and a variety of different situations you have felt nervous about communicating
context - based apprehension
only in certain situations you get nervous. ex. talking in front of a class
audience based apprehension
linked with a specific audience. ex. one group that you are in intimidates you
situational apprehension
nervous about talking to someone in a certain situation. ex. principal or parents when in trouble. ex. bf when breaking up
communicator style
the way an individual uses verbal and nonverbal communicative behaviors to indicate how literally others should take a message
friendly communicator style
recognizing others, being kind, caring, and encouraging others to communicate with you
impression leaving communicator style
communicate in some way that is memorable for some people. ex. the way you talk, facial expressions
relaxed communicator style
laid back and anxiety free. calm under pressure.
contentious communicator style
like to argue, often difficult to work with, can get excited or worked up and hard to calm down
attentive communicator style
good listeners, pay attention, repeats themselves to make sure everyone understands
precise communicator style
communicated really clearly and uses good arguments. would ask for proof in an argument
animated communicator style
uses lots of hand gestures, uses eyes to communicate, you know what they are feeling, they express themselves
dramatic communicator style
likes to tell stories to help prove their point, exaggerates to get their point across. ex. I just carried that 800lb box
open communicator style
extroverted, straight forward, reveals a lot about themself
dominant communicator style
takes charge of the situation, talks louder and more frequently than anyone else
argumentativeness
an individuals ability to defend their position on a controversial issue while simotaneously attempting to refute another persons opinion on the same issue. they are rational and do not attack other people. high - likes to argue and are percieved as credible. better cohesiveness with their group
verbal agressiveness
the tendency for someone to attack the self concept of another individual for the purpose of inflicting psychological harm. helpful in sports. high - less satisfaction with group
grouphate
feelings of dread that arise when faced with the possibility of having to work in a group
