Unit_4_APES Flashcards
Evolution
the process by which all of the living organisms on the Earth changed over time from their early ancestor species.
Ecology
the study of the relationships between organisms and the living and nonliving parts of the environment
Abiotic factors
Non-living factors such as soil composition, climate, surrounding landforms.
Biotic factors
Other species, including predators and competitors.
What do Tolerance range graphs showcase?
define the specific abiotic factors that are survivable for a species.
Ex: Temperature, pH, salinity, amount of sunlight, etc.
Define optimal range
the ideal amount of that factor for the population to survive
Where are Zones of physiological stress found?
found when the factor is too high or low, killing off the weaker members of the population
Zones of intolerance are…
not survivable in the long-term, causing the population to eventually die out.
What are three types of adaptations
Structural, Behavioral, Physiologic
Define Genetic drift
change in a gene’s frequency over time due to random chance. Happens most often in small populations.
What is the bottleneck effect?
the result of a sudden decrease in population size, which reduces the gene pool and encourages inbreeding.
What is the founder effect?
occurs when a few individuals from a large population migrate to an isolated area, such as an island.
Explain Divergent forms of evolution
Groups of a single species become separated, evolve, and become new species.
Have homologous structures that evolved from a common ancestor and are very similar.
Explain Convergent forms of evolution
Unrelated organisms evolve similar adaptations because they occupy similar niches.
Have analogous structures that perform a shared task but are structurally different.
Explain Coevolution forms of evolution
Two species evolve together due to a close relationship.
Have reciprocal structures that enable more interaction.
Define niche
The role of an organism within its ecosystem – relationships with other species.
According to competitive exclusion principle two species cannot what?
two species cannot occupy the same niche.
Define intraspecific
Competition between members of the same species
What does resource partitioning do?
avoids niche overlap by dividing up a resource, reducing competition.
Define symbiosis
Relationships that involve a lot of close contact between species.
mutualism
a symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit.
Commensalism
a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected.
Parasitism
a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits while the other is harmed.
Explain type 1 survivorship; give an example
Mortality is initially low due to high parental care. Mortality rapidly increases in old age.
Ex: Humans
Explain type 2 survivorship: give an example
Mortality is constant due to predation or other factors. Example: Birds
Explain type 3 survivorship; give an example
Mortality is initially high due to predation, exposure, etc. Mortality rapidly decreases for individuals that survive to adulthood. Example: Fish, Plants
Explain Logistic growth
begins with a rapid growth rate.
Over time, the rate slows down due to various environmental resistance factors.
What is carrying capacity
the maximum population size that can be supported by an ecosystem.
Logistic growth stops at this point.
Explain exponential growth
has no growth limiting factors.
An overshoot occurs when the carrying capacity is exceeded.
A dieback is a sudden population crash due to a lack of resources.
Name the characteristics of r-selected
Many offspring
Little parental care
Rapid maturity
Type III survivorship
Name the characteristics of K-selected
Few offspring
High parental care\
Slow maturity
Type I survivorship
H’=Sum [pi x (ln(pi))]
How to find H’: Find the number of organisms per species (pi), divide each by the total abundance, then take pi and multiply it by the natural log of the pi. Add the pi(ln(pi)) for each species to finish solving for H’
D=N(N-1)/Sum n(n-1)
N=total number of organisms of all species
n=total number of individuals for a particular species
