Unit_4_APES Flashcards
Evolution
the process by which all of the living organisms on the Earth changed over time from their early ancestor species.
Ecology
the study of the relationships between organisms and the living and nonliving parts of the environment
Abiotic factors
Non-living factors such as soil composition, climate, surrounding landforms.
Biotic factors
Other species, including predators and competitors.
What do Tolerance range graphs showcase?
define the specific abiotic factors that are survivable for a species.
Ex: Temperature, pH, salinity, amount of sunlight, etc.
Define optimal range
the ideal amount of that factor for the population to survive
Where are Zones of physiological stress found?
found when the factor is too high or low, killing off the weaker members of the population
Zones of intolerance are…
not survivable in the long-term, causing the population to eventually die out.
What are three types of adaptations
Structural, Behavioral, Physiologic
Define Genetic drift
change in a gene’s frequency over time due to random chance. Happens most often in small populations.
What is the bottleneck effect?
the result of a sudden decrease in population size, which reduces the gene pool and encourages inbreeding.
What is the founder effect?
occurs when a few individuals from a large population migrate to an isolated area, such as an island.
Explain Divergent forms of evolution
Groups of a single species become separated, evolve, and become new species.
Have homologous structures that evolved from a common ancestor and are very similar.
Explain Convergent forms of evolution
Unrelated organisms evolve similar adaptations because they occupy similar niches.
Have analogous structures that perform a shared task but are structurally different.
Explain Coevolution forms of evolution
Two species evolve together due to a close relationship.
Have reciprocal structures that enable more interaction.
