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Microbiology > Unit4 Terminology - Virology > Flashcards

Unit4 Terminology - Virology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

pathology

A

scientific study of disease

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2
Q

pathogen

A

disease-causing microbe

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3
Q

pathogenesis

A

the manner in which a disease develops

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4
Q

opportunistic pathogen

A

a microorganism that does not ordinarily cause disease but can be pathogenic under certain circumstances

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5
Q

etiology

A

the study of the cause of disease

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6
Q

infection

A

the invasion and growth of pathogens in the body

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7
Q

disease

A

abnormal state in which part,or all, of the body is not properly adjusted or is incapable of performing normal function

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8
Q

symptoms

A

subjective changes in body functions that are felt by the patient

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9
Q

signs

A

measurable changes in which a physician can make a diagnosis

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10
Q

diagnosis

A

identification of the disease

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11
Q

syndrome

A

specific group of symptoms or signs that always accompanies a specific disease

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12
Q

communicable disease

A

transmitted directly or indirectly from one host to another

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13
Q

contagious disease

A

one that is easily spread from one person to another

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14
Q

noncommunicable disease

A

disease that are caused by microorganisms that normally grow outside of the human body and are not transmitted from one host to another

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15
Q

virulence

A

the degree to which a pathogen can cause disease

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16
Q

virulence factor

A

characteristic and ability of a pathogen that enables it to cause disease

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17
Q

microbial antagonism

A

a process by which pathogenic microorganisms are inhibited by the normal flora from colonizing healthy organisms

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18
Q

symbiosis

A

two organisms living together

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19
Q

commensalism

A

one organism benefits, the other in unaffected

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20
Q

mutualism

A

both organisms benefit

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21
Q

parasitism

A

one organism benefits, the other is harmed

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22
Q

incidence

A

of people contracting the disease

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23
Q

prevalence

A

of cases at one particular time

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24
Q

sporadic

A

occurs occasionally in a population

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25
Q

endemic

A

continually in a population or a geographic location

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26
Q

pandemic

A

acquired by many hosts worldwide over a short period of time

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27
Q

acute

A

disease that develops rapidly but results in full recovery in a short amount of time

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28
Q

chronic

A

disease that continues or recurs over a long period of time

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29
Q

subacute

A

an abnormal condition is a person who seems clinically well

30
Q

latent

A

disease in which the causative agent is continually present and may cause symptoms after a long period of inactivity

31
Q

systemic infection

A

spread throughout the body via the circulatory system

32
Q

focal infection

A

starts as a local infection and spreads to other parts of the body (becomes systemic)

33
Q

primary infection

A

is an acute infection that causes the initial illness

34
Q

secondary infection

A

can occur after the host is weakened from a primary infection

35
Q

subclinical infection

A

infection that does not cause any sign of disease in the host

36
Q

bacteremia

A

presence of bacteria in the blood

37
Q

toxemia

A

blood poisoning by toxins from a local bacteria infection

38
Q

viremia

A

presence of virus in the blood

39
Q

septicemia

A

blood poisoning, esp that are caused by bacteria and their toxins

40
Q

nosocomial infection

A

healthcare acquired infection

41
Q

zoonoses

A

diseases that can affect wild/domestic animals and can be transmitted to humans

42
Q

toxins

A

poisonous substances produced within cells of organisms

43
Q

toxoid

A

an inactivated toxin

44
Q

antitoxin

A

specific antibody produced by the body in response to a bacterial exotoxin or its toxoid

45
Q

toxigenicity

A

ability to produce toxins

46
Q

exotoxin

A

produced by bacteria and released into surrounding medium (produce disease symptoms - mostly G+ bacteria

47
Q

endotoxin

A

(Lipid A) found in call wall of G- bacteria and released upon destruction

48
Q

incubation period

A

the interval between the initial infection and the first appearance of symptoms

49
Q

prodromal period

A

characterized by the appearance of the first mild symptom or sign

50
Q

period of illness

A

the disease at its height; all signs and symptoms are apparent

51
Q

period of decline

A

signs and symptoms subside

52
Q

period of convalescence

A

body returns to predisposed state; health is restored

53
Q

reservoir

A

a continual source of infection

54
Q

carrier

A

person who has disease but is asymptomatic

55
Q

direct contact

A

involves close, physical contact between the source of disease and susceptible host (ex. sex, handshakes)

56
Q

indirect contact

A

transmission by fomites (inanimate objects); ex. toilet seats, doorknobs

57
Q

droplet transmission

A

transmission via saliva or mucous in coughing or sneezing

58
Q

vehicle transmission

A

transmission by a medium such as food, water, air, blood

59
Q

vector transmission

A

involves anthropods (mechanical=legs, body parts; biological=insect bites)

60
Q

epidemiology

A

study of transmission, incidence and frequency of disease

61
Q

descriptive epidemiology

A

collection and analysis of data (John Snow)

62
Q

analytical epidemiology

A

comparison of a diseased group and a healthy group (Nightingale)

63
Q

experimental epidemiology

A

controlled experiments to test hypotheses (Semmelweis)

64
Q

NIDS - notifiable infectious disease

A

diseases in which healthcare workers are required by law to report

65
Q

morbidity

A

rate is # of cases divided by the population at risk

66
Q

incidence

A

rate reflects population that dies from the disease

67
Q

prevalence

A

reflects total number of existing cases

68
Q

endemic

A

diseases that are constantly present

69
Q

epidemic

A

unusually large # of cases in a population

70
Q

pandemic

A

worldwide epidemic

71
Q

outbreak

A

refers to a cluster of cases in a brief time affecting a specific population

Microbiology (4 decks)

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