Unit VIII - Plants and Animals Flashcards
asexual reproduction
producing offspring without sperm and egg (only one parent)
cell
the smallest unit of life (most basic building block of life)
cellular respiration
chemical reaction cells used to make energy
circulation
movement of blood through the body (transports nutrients and wastes)
digestion
the breakdown of food into nutrients and wast
ectothermic
unable to maintain own body temperature (cold-blooded)
endothermic
able to maintain own body temperature (warm-blooded)
excretion
the elimination of wastes, e.g., urine or sweat, from the body
external fertilization
reproduction which involves sperm fertilizing egg cells outside of the body
eukaryotic
having cells which contain a nucleus
evolution
the change in a population over many generations
function
the action that’s carried out by a particular structure in the body
heterotrophic
unable to make its own food
homeostasis
the process of keeping internal body conditions constant (equilibrium)
hormones
molecules produced by the endocrine system to coordinate body functions in response to changes in the environment
internal fertilization
reproduction involving sperm fertilizing an egg in the female
locomotion
the act of moving from one place to another
motile
able to move
nutrients
molecules used by the body as an energy source
organ
a structure in the body made of many different kinds of tissue
organ system
different organs that work together to accomplish a function
organism
a living thing made up of many organ systems working together
photosynthesis
the chemical reaction plants use to make their own food
physical characteristics
external and internal observable traits of an animal’s body
reproduction
the process of producing offspring from the combining of sex cells
respiration
inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide (gas exchange)
structure
the way in which the parts are arranged
symmetry
the quality of an animal’s body having similar halves
tissue
a group of similar cells working together to accomplish a specific function
what 4 things make an organism?
cell, tissue, organ, organ system
what parts does food go through in digestive system? (order)
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
how is homeostasis maintained in the digestive system? (2)
pancreas (maintains insulin) and liver (maintains glucose and toxins)
how is homeostasis maintained in the respiration system? (1)
diaphragm (regulates breath per minute, amount of oxygen, and keeps blood ph constant)
how is homeostasis maintained in the excretion system? (1)
kidneys (regulates osmotic pressure, blood pressure, and amount of urea)
types of blood vessels (3)
artery, capillary, veins
how is homeostasis maintained in the circulatory system? (2)
heart (contracts and relaxes when exercising) and blood vessels (controls amount of blood flow in body)
how is homeostasis maintained by the nervous system? (3)
hypothalamus (secretes releasing hormones), pituitary gland (releases hormones) and adrenal gland (releases adrenaline to cause muscles to contract and relax)
formula for calculating time
y = 1/2 x a x t^2
what are the characteristics of all animals? (4)
multi-cellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic, and motile
how are animals classified?
based on characteristics.
classification (sections to classify)
KPCOFGS (king phillip came over for good spaghetti)
characteristics of PORIFERA (3)
- body made of two cell layers w spongin and spicules in between
- obtain nutrients from water flowing through pores
- reproduce by releasing sperm into water that will join with egg cells in another sponge
examples of animals from PORIFERA (1)
sponge
characteristics of CNIDARIA (3)
- body made of two cell layers and includes stinging cells
- predators with mouths and “stomachs”
- can reproduce both sexually and asexually
examples of animals from CNIDARIA (3)
jellyfish, corals, hydra
characteristics of PLATYHELMINTHES (3)
- body flat made of three cell layers
- mouth that takes in nutrients and expels waste
- produce sperm and eggs)
examples of PLATYHELMINTHES (2)
tapeworm, planarian
characteristics of NEMATODA (3)
- body made of three cell layers with internal cavity
- has digestive system w two openings and nervous system
- cycle involves larva stage before maturity
examples of NEMATODA (3)
c. elegans, heartworms, ascaris
characteristics of GASTROPODS (3)
move on muscular foot, tongue that can scrape, and mucus allows gliding
characteristics of BIVALVES (3)
two shell halves, filter feeders, live in water
characteristics of CEPHALOPODS (3)
closed circulatory system, mantle that acts like a shell, rapid expulsion
characteristics of ANNELIDA (5)
digestive system with two openings, body made of repeating segments, nervous system with a brain, closed circulatory system, earthworms are hemaphroditic
examples of ANNELIDA (1)
earthworm
characteristics of ARTHROPODA (4)
joined appendages, exoskeleton, network of tubes to gain oxygen, internal fertilization
how does internal fertilization aid animals?
internal fertilization helps to live in dry climates where there is no water.
examples of ARTHROPODA
insects
characteristics of ECHINODERMATA (4)
water-vascular system to transport nutrients, tube feet which act as suction, digestive system which includes mouth and anus, sexual and asexual reproduction
what is the meaning of ECHINODERMATA?
echino - spiky , derm - skin
examples of protostomes (3)
mollusks, annelids, and arthropods
examples of denterostomes (2)
echinoderms and chordates
examples of ECHINODERMATA (3)
sea urchins, sea cucumber, sea stars
characteristics of CHORDATA (4)
pharyngeal slits, dorsal nerve cord, notochord, and post-anal tail
pharyngeal slits
openings that connect throat to outside
dorsal nerve cord
down the organism’s back
notochord
rigid rods that provide for structure
post-anal tail
extension of body beyond the anal opening
why are lancelets considered living
they are able to respond.
why are lancelets put in the same phylum as vertebrates
they had the characteristics of CHORDATES sometime during development
why are lancelets less complex than vertebrates
what they have don’t develop into something else and the systems they have remain the same throughout their lives
what do lancelets help us learn about?
they had characteristics that other animals didn’t have before and by observing them clearly, we can understand more
three classes of fish
osteichthyes (bony), chondrichthyes (cartilaginous), agnatha (jawless)
types of fins (5)
dorsal, pelvic, pectoral, anal, caudal
why are amphibians called amphibians?
amphibians live double lives; one as tadpoles and the other as frogs. they live in water and then land
how do snakes eat (2)
constrict, venom
biomimicry
copying an animal and using that to their advantage
characteristics of REPTILIA (3)
ectothermic, shell-covered amniotic eggs, internal fertilization
why are reptiles able to live in dry climates?
they have internal fertilization and they don’t have gills that need extra oxygen for moisture
how are birds well-adapted for flight? (3)
lightweight skeleton, tail stabilizes flight, and air sacs provide more oxygen,
what unique characteristics do MAMMALS have?
mammary glands to feed their young
What do plant cells have that animal cells don’t have?
cell wall
parts of a plant cell (7)
mitochondria, cell membrane, vacuole, cytoplasm, nucleus, cell wall, chloroplasts
mitochondria
turns glucose into energy
cell membrane
lets things in and out; surrounds cytoplasm
cell wall
rigid and box shaped
vacuole
holds water
chlorophyll
executes photosynthesis
chloroplasts
contains chlorophyll
nucleus
dna
how are plant and animal cells alike?
mitochondria, nucleus, and cell membrane
cytoplasm
jelly-like substance
how are plants different from animal cells?
chloroplasts, only one vacuole, cell wall
how are animals different from plant cells?
circle-like cell, nucleus lies in center, many small vacuoles
three ways plants reproduce
spores, cones and flower
what is the simplest phylum?
porifera
what is needed to be considered a living thing? (7)
digestion, respiration, excretion, movement, reproduction, growth, and response
what can too much co2 lead to?
lower pH
what do kidneys do?
maintains water
what surrounds the alveoli?
capillaries
mouth
food broken down mechanically and chmeically
esophagus
muscles relaxes and contracts pushing food down to stomach
stomach
physically mixes food and chemically breaks down with HCl
small intestine
glucose gets through walls and blood vessels collect glucose ; taking nutrients
*pancreas
adds insulin so glucose can be absorbed by cells
*liver
produces bile and stores and releases glucose into blood after and between meals
large intestine
absorbs anything else the body needs; water and salt
rectum
begins at the end of intestine
anus
releases waste from body
what does the pancreas and liver have in common?
regulates glucose and gets rid of toxins
what causes diabetes?
inability for pancreas to produce insulin
arteries
carry away blood
vein
carry blood to heart
how nervous system works (9)
- receptor senses stimulus
- receptor transmits signal
- signal travels to brain
- brain receives signal
- brain processes signal
- brain transmits signal
- signal travels to muscles
- muscles contract and relax
- bones move the organism
