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7th Grade Science > Unit II - Rocks and Minerals > Flashcards

Unit II - Rocks and Minerals Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

absolute age

A

the age in years, of something

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2
Q

chemical weathering

A

the breaking down of rock as its chemical composition changes

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3
Q

what is the difference between weathering and erosion?

A

weathering is the breaking down of rock, while erosion moves the rock from one place to another

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4
Q

cleavage

A

mineral breaking with smooth flat surfaces

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5
Q

density

A

the mass per unit volume of a mineral

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6
Q

erosion

A

the wearing away and removal of rock or sediment

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7
Q

extrusive

A

igneous rock formed from lava

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8
Q

foliated

A

metamorphic rock with visible layers of mineral grains

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9
Q

non-foliated

A

metamorphic rock with no visible layers of mineral grains

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10
Q

fracture

A

mineral breaking with no smooth flat surfaces

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11
Q

fossil

A

remains, imprint, or trace of prehistoric organisms

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12
Q

geology

A

the study of the earth

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13
Q

half-life

A

the time it takes for half of a substance to decay

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14
Q

hardness

A

a mineral’s resistance to scratching

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15
Q

igneous rock

A

formed when melted rock cools and hardens

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16
Q

intrusive

A

igneous rock formed from magma

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17
Q

metamorphic rock

A

formed when existing rock is heated/ squeezed deep within Earth

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18
Q

mineral

A

inorganic solid made of specific elements found in nature

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19
Q

mineralogy

A

the study of minerals

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20
Q

radiometric dating

A

the process of calculating the absolute age of a rock

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21
Q

rock

A

a combination of two or more minerals

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22
Q

rock cycle

A

a model that shows how rock can change from one type to another

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23
Q

sediment

A

pieces of broken rock, shells, and mineral grains

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24
Q

sedimentary rock

A

formed when sediment collects in layers and hardens over time

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25
Q

soil

A

a mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air that supports life

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26
Q

specific gravity

A

tthe ratio of a material’s density to water’s density

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27
Q

streak

A

the color of a mineral’s powder

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28
Q

mechanical weathering

A

the breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces without changing them chemically

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29
Q

how are rocks related to each other? and how do they change form one to another?

A

rocks relate to each other because of the rock cycle, which conspicuously shows that a sediment rock can turn into a metamorphic rock, etc. they change from one form to another viat heat and compaction, weathering and erosion, melting, and more.

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30
Q

what FIVE factors affect soil formation?

A

parent rock, slope of land, climate, time, and organisms

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31
Q

How does erosion change the surface of the earth over time?

A

erosion changes the surface of the earth over time by wearing away land and moving it from one place to another, thus creating various landforms, such as mountains, canyons, etc.

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32
Q

Which river eroded the Grand Canyon?

A

colorado river

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33
Q

what can prevent erosion?

A

planting trees

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34
Q

what two landforms are most affected by weathering?

A

glacier and mountains

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35
Q

why is glacial erosion not obvious?

A

because it is a slow process

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36
Q

igneous intrusion

A

magma that’s forced its way through sedimentary rock and became igneous rock

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37
Q

fault

A

a crack or break in rock

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38
Q

unconformities

A

gaps in rock sequences hat develop when agents of erosion wash or scrape them away

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39
Q

What type of unconfromities are there?

A

angular unconformity, disconformity, and nonconformity

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40
Q

THREE aspects of ANGULAR UNCONFORMITY

A

tilted and uplifted, layers erode, and new layers form

41
Q

THREE aspects of DISCONFORMITY

A

bumps, and no new deposit occuring, and records still have gap

42
Q

THREE aspects of Nonconformity

A

metamorphic/igneous rocks uplifted and eroded, sedimentary rocks deposited above eroded surface, surface between the two rock types is called nonconformity

43
Q

where are the oldest rock layers located?

A

the bottom

44
Q

what does uranium-238 convert to

A

lead-206

45
Q

what does carbon-14 convert to

A

nitrogen-14

46
Q

how long does it take for parent, uranium-238 to convert to daughter?

A

4.5 billion years

47
Q

what is the half=life of carbon-14

A

5700 years

48
Q

why is uranium-238 more efficient to use than carbon-14?

A

uranium-238 has a larger number of years, and rocks tend to have larger years, so doing 5700 years can be evitable by using uranium-238, 4.5 billion years

49
Q

name 2 types of fossils

A

trace fossils and body fossils

50
Q

what are the limitations to using uranium-238?

A

uranium-238 cannot always be used because not all rocks consist of uranium.

51
Q

what are the four agents of erosion?

A

gravity, ice, wind, and water

52
Q

what are the three causes of chemical weathering?

A

carbonic acid, tannic acid, and oxygen

53
Q

what are the three types of chemical weathering?

A

dissolution, oxidation, and hydrolisis

54
Q

where does hydrolisis usually occur?

A

moist regions

55
Q

what is the scientific word for rust?

A

iron oxide

56
Q

does chemical weathering occur more slowly in polar or desert regions?

A

either, because both regions are dry.

57
Q

where in earth would chemical weathering occur faster? why?

A

moist regionsuch as ther rainforest, because the rainforest has tannic acid, found from plants roots.

58
Q

treu or false: weathering is the term that is used to descibe all the processes that break down rocks

A

true

59
Q

what are the six types of weathering? ‘CAFE-TT’

A

crystal growth, abrasion, frost wedging, exfoliation, thermal expansion, and abrasion

60
Q

where does thermal expansion usually occur?

A

desert regions

61
Q

how can tree roots cause mechanical weathering?

A

as trees age, their roots get larger, causing breakage in sidewalks, and more.

62
Q

how does frost weding cause mechanical weathering?

A

water seeps into cracks and freezes over time, causing breakage.

63
Q

how does thermal expansion cause mechanical weathering?

A

repeated heating and cooling

64
Q

how does exfoliation cause mechanical wethering?

A

it peels layers

65
Q

how does abrasian cause mechanical weathering?

A

rocks are broken down by direct actions of other rocks

66
Q

how can igneous rock turn into sediment?

A

weathering and erosion

67
Q

how can sediments turn into sedimentary rock?

A

compaction and cementation

68
Q

how do all types of rock turn into magma?

A

melting

69
Q

How do rocks turn into metamorphic rock?

A

heat and pressure

70
Q

how do rocks turn into sediments?

A

weathering and erosion

71
Q

how does magma turn into igneous rock?

A

cooling

72
Q

How can granite turn into a metamorphic rock?

A

if it isn’t collected by humans, granite can become gneiss. the only differentce is the number of minerals

73
Q

what metamorphic rock can granite transform to?

A

gneiss

74
Q

what metamorphic rock can quartz turn into?

A

marble

75
Q

what is deposition

A

act of layers being formed

76
Q

what is compaction

A

pressure added to bottom layer

77
Q

what is cementation

A

when water mixes with mineral grains and adheses them together

78
Q

what determines roughness of rock?

A

size of sediments

79
Q

conglomeration

A

pile of different things

80
Q

name four types of sedimentary rock

A

shale, sandstone, limestone, and conglomerate

81
Q

process of sedimentary rocks

A

weathering and erosion, sediments combine, deposition, compaction, cementation

82
Q

what is the importance of limestone

A

used to create cement which is why it is beneficial

83
Q

where CAN’T igneous rocks form?

A

core of magma chamber.

84
Q

where CAN igneous rocks form?

A

intrusion or volcano

85
Q

does specific gravity have a unit

A

not, because both get cancelled out anyway

86
Q

What mineral was thought to be gold

A

pyrite

87
Q

what is flourite used for

A

toothpaste, drinking water

88
Q

what is zicronium used for

A

deodorant, and jewelry

89
Q

what is nickel used for

A

coins, stainless steel, alnico, magnets, and sheetrock

90
Q

what is potassium used for

A

fertilizer and toothpaste

91
Q

what is beryllium used for

A

flourescent lights

92
Q

formula for density

A

d = m/v

93
Q

formula for specific gravity

A

sg = density of mineral/density of water

94
Q

what aspect do intrusive rocks usually have

A

crystals

95
Q

how does crystal growth cause weathering

A

salt crystals can form between pores and break apart rocks

96
Q

how does dissolution cause chemical weathering

A

it tears mineral grains apart, kind of like how you mix tea with sugar.

97
Q

where does oxidation usually occur

A

iron

98
Q

how does hydrolisis cause chemical weathering

A

direct contact with water.

7th Grade Science (4 decks)

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