Unit VII

Question 1

Bid-rent theory

Answer 1

raphical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases

Question 2

Blockbusting

Answer 2

Illegal practice of inducing homeowners to sell their properties by telling them that a certain people of a certain race, national origin or religion are moving into the area

Question 3

Borchert, John- Epochs of Transportation and Communication

Answer 3

John Borchert’s model: (1967); recognized four epochs in the evolution of the American metropolis based on the impact of transportation & communication:
• 1) Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790-1830) - associated with low technology
• 2) Iron Horse Epoch (1830-70); steam-powered locomotive & spreading rails
• 3) Steel-Rail Epoch (1870-1920); full impact of Ind. Rev. (steel), hinterlands expand
• 4) Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-70); gas-powered internal combustion engine
• High Technology Epoch (1970-today ); expansion of service & information industries (not part of Borchert’s model)

Question 4

CBD (central business district)

Answer 4

The downtown or nucleus of a city where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated; building densities are usually quite high; and transportation systems converge.

Question 5

Central-place theory

Answer 5

Theory proposed by Walter Christaller that explains how and where central places in the urban hierarchy should be functionally and spatially distributed with respect to one another.

Question 6

Christaller, Walter

Answer 6

What is the premise of the Central Place Theory? To explain the distribution of central places in the urban hierarchy.
Name some strengths of Central Place Theory. His model yielded practical conclusions, like the fact that ranks of urban places form a hierarchy, places of the same size and number of functions would be far away from eachother, and larger cities would be farther away from eachother than smaller cities.
Name some weaknesses of Central Place Theory It does not include the fact that development of places is very temperamental. It does not apply to industrial or postindustrial areas.
What is the function of Central Place Theory? Hinterlands, range and threshold, high order and low order functions.

Question 7

City

Answer 7

A large town

Question 8

Concentric zone model- Burgess

Answer 8

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.

Question 9

Counterurbanization

Answer 9

net migration from urban to rural areas in mdcs.

Question 10

Density Gradient

Answer 10

an urban area from the center to the periphery.

Question 11

Early cities- Hearths

Answer 11

Urbanization Hearths Mesopotamia, Nile River Valley, Indus River Valley, Huanghe and Wei River Valleys, Mesoamerica

Chronologically, the first of the five urbanization hearths. It is located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. There is signs of social inequality from the variants in housing. There was an established priest-king class. The ancient city in this region was usually covered by a mud wall. There were many temples. The conditions were very unsanitary.

Nile River Valley Chronologically, the second of the five urbanization hearths. The interrelationship between urbanization and irrigation in this region distinguishes it from other urban hearths. There were no walls around the individual cities because of the singular control in this region. Power of rulers was demonstrated through the building of massive structures.

Indus River Valley Chronologically, the third of the five urbanization hearths. The two major cities were Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. There was a leadership class, but houses were equal in size.

Huanghe and Wei River Valleys Chronologically, the fourth of the five urbanization hearths. The ancient cities were planned to center on a vertical structure with an inner wall around it for the leadership class. Power of emperors was demonstrated through the building of massive structures.

Mesoamerica Chronologically the fifth and last of the five urbanization hearths. The ancient cities were religious centers.

Question 12

Economic base (basic/nonbasic)

Answer 12

a commutity’s collection of basic industries

Question 13

Edge city

Answer 13

…, a large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area

Question 14

Exurbs

Answer 14

Small communities lying beyond the suburbs of a city

Question 15

Favela

Answer 15

Poor slums in the disamenity sectors of many Latin American cities.

Question 16

Gateway city

Answer 16

Cities that, because of their geographic location, act as ports of entry and distribution centers for large geographic areas.

Question 17

Galactic City Model/Edge City Model

Answer 17

Galactic City- A mini edge city that is connected to another city by beltways or highways

Edge Cities- A Large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area

Question 18

Gentrification

Answer 18

A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominately low-income renter-occupied area to a predominately middle-class owner-occupied area

Question 19

Global Cities

Answer 19

centers of economic, culture and political activity that are strongly interconnected and together control the global systems of finance and commerce

Question 20

Greenbelt

Answer 20

a ring of land maintained as parks, agricultural, or other types of open space that limit the sprawl of an urban area

Question 21

High-tech corridors

Answer 21

areas along or near major transportation arteries that are devoted to the research, development, and sale of high-technology products

Question 22

Hinterland

Answer 22

Surrounding area served by an urban center. That center is the focus of goods and services produced for its hinterland and it is the dominant urban influence as well.

Question 23

Medieval cities

Answer 23

Cities that developed in Europe during the Medieval Period and that contain such unique features as extreme density of development with narrow buildings and winding streets, an ornate church that prominently marks the city center, and high walls surrounding the city center that provided defense against attack.

Question 24

Megalopolis/conurbation

Answer 24

Several, metropolitan areas that were originally separate but that have joined together to form a large, sprawling urban complex.

Question 25

Metropolitan Statistical Area

Answer 25

Within the United States, an urban area consisting of one or more whole county unites, usually containing several urbanized areas, or suburbs, that all act together as a coherent economic whole.

Question 26

Model Cities (European, Latin American, African, Islamic, Southeast Asian city)

Answer 26

Hi

Question 27

Multiple nuclei model- Harris and Ullmann

Answer 27

Type of urban form wherein cities have numerous centers of business and cultural activity instead of one central place.

Question 28

Multiplier effect

Answer 28

When the owners and managers of the touristical services can then spend more money and so the extra wealth spreads throught the community

Question 29

New Urbanism

Answer 29

A counter to urban sprawl. Development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs. New urbanists want to create neighborhoods that promote a sense of community and a sense of place.

A general new urbanist community is designed with one central shopping center clustered around by neighborhoods. New urbanists aim to take less space.

Examples of new urbanist projects: Seaside, Florida; West Laguna, California; Kentlands, Maryland; Celebration, Florida.

Question 30

Office park

Answer 30

A cluster of office bulidings, usually located along an interstate, often forming the nucleus of an edge city

Question 31

Planned communities

Answer 31

A city built to a definite plan

Question 32

Primate city

Answer 32

a city that ranks first in a nation in terms of population and economy

Question 33

Range

Answer 33

Range (of goods and services) - The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service.

Question 34

Rank-size rule

Answer 34

try, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.

Question 35

Redlining

Answer 35

discriminatory real estate practice in North America in which members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in predominantly white neighborhoods. The practice derived its name from the red lines depicted on cadastral maps used by real estate agents and developers. Today, redlining is officially illegal

Question 36

Restrictive covenants

Answer 36

A statement written into a property deed that restricts the use of the land in some way; often used to prohibit certain groups of people from buying property

Question 37

Sector model-Hoyt

Answer 37

Focuses on residential patterns explaining where the wealthy in a city choose to live. He argued that the city grows outward from the center, so a low-rent area could extend all the way from the CBD to the city’s outer edge, creating zones which are shaped like pieces of a pie.

Question 38

Settlement form (nucleated, dispersed, elongated)

Answer 38

Settlement Form the spatial arrangements of buildings roads, towns and other features that people construct while inhabiting the area

Nucleated Settlement Form a compact closely packed settlement sharply demarcated from adjoining farmland

Dispersed Settlement Form in comparison iwht nucleated settlemet, a dispersed settlement pattern characterized by scattered, isolated dwellings

Elongated Settlement Form a settlement that is clustered linearly alnog a street, river, etc.

Question 39

Slum

Answer 39

district of a city marked by poverty and inferior living conditions

Question 40

Squatter settlement

Answer 40

an area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures

Question 41

Suburb

Answer 41

a residential district located on the outskirts of a city

Question 42

Suburbanization

Answer 42

the process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe

Question 43

Urban Hierarchy

Answer 43

A ranking of settlements (hamlet, village, town, city, metropolis) according to their size and economic functions

Question 44

Tenement

Answer 44

a building in which several families rent rooms or apartments, often with little sanitation or safety

Question 45

Threshold

Answer 45

the size of the population required to make provision of services economically feasible

Question 46

White Flight

Answer 46

working and middle-class white people move away from racial-minority suburbs or inner-city neighborhoods to white suburbs and exurbs

Question 47

Urbanization

Answer 47

The movement of people to, and the clustering of people in, towns and cities- a major force in every geographic realm today. Also when expanding cities absorb the rural countryside and transforms it into suburbs.

Question 48

Urban Sprawl

Answer 48

Unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning. A phenomenon of the automobile era. Before the automobile era, cities were built in walking-distances; there was less development. Then, when the automobile was invented, it grew “up” in the city instead of “out”.

Question 49

Zoning Laws

Answer 49

legal restrictions on land