Unit V Vocabulary

Question 1

Agricultural location model (von Thunen)

Answer 1

The model constructed by Von Thunen which shows that the center of a city is dairy and market gardening, forest, grains and field crops, and the outer ring is ranching
*Von Thunen also has a formula to figure out the maximum amount a farmer could pay for using the land without losing profit

Question 2

Agricultural origins

Answer 2

Through time nomadic people noticed the growing of plants in a cycle and began to domesticate them and use for there own use

Question 3

Agriculture

Answer 3

The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth’s surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain.

Question 4

Animal domestication

Answer 4

When nomads started to domesticate animals to either hunt along with them or be used for livestock

Question 5

Commercial agriculture

Answer 5

Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm

Question 6

Core/periphery

Answer 6

The areas in the world that include MDCs are called the core and the area of the world that contains the LDCs is referred to as the periphery

Question 7

Cultivation regions (maps)

Answer 7

Regions were there is agricultural activity

Question 8

Dairying

Answer 8

A class of agricultural enterprise, used for long-term production of milk from animals like cows, goats and sheep

Question 9

Economic activity (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, quinary)

Answer 9

Economic activity is any action that relates to the making, buying, and selling of goods and services

primary economic activity economic activity concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment; such as mining, fishing, lumbering, and especially agriculture

secondary economic activity economic activity involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished industrial products; the manufacturing sector

tertiary economic activity economic activity associated with the provision fo services (transportation, banking, retailing, education, routine, office-based jobs)

quaternary economic activity service sector industires concerned with the collection, processing, and manipuation of information and capital (finance, administration, insurance, legal services)

quinary economic activity service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge skill (scientific research, high-level management)

Question 10

Environmental modification (pesticides, soil erosion, desertification)

Answer 10

Environmental modification are changes in the ecosystem resulting from human activities such as the use of pesticides, soil erosion, desertification.
Pesticides- Substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants or to animals.
Soil erosion- soil and rock are removed from the Earth’s surface by exogenic processes such as wind or water flow, and then transported and deposited in other locations.
Desertification- Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, animal grazing, and tree cutting.

Question 11

Farming

Answer 11

The business and activity of growing crops and raising livestock.

Question 12

First agricultural revolution

Answer 12

A complex, global collective of diverse businesses that supply much of the food energy consumed by the world population.

Question 13

Genetically Modified Organisms

Answer 13

crops that carry new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods

Question 14

Hunting and gathering

Answer 14

Hunting and fishing wild animals for food and collecting plants and berries to live off of.

Question 15

Intensive subsistence agriculture (types)

Answer 15

A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers much expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land

Question 16

Livestock ranching

Answer 16

Commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area. Practiced is semi-arid or arid land, where vegetation is too sparse or the soil to too poor to support crops.

Question 17

Market gardening

Answer 17

The commercial production of plants, flowers, vegetables, and fruits on a scale larger than a home garden but small enough that normal gardening principles are applied.

Question 18

Mediterranean agriculture

Answer 18

The agriculture that takes place on the coasts of the Mediterranian Sea. This place is good because the sea provides moisture for crops and moderate winter temps.

Question 19

Plantation agriculture

Answer 19

Production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop. Almost all plantations were established within the tropics; in recent decades, many have been divided into smaller holdings or reorganized as cooperatives

Question 20

Rural settlement (dispersed, nucleated, building material, village form)

Answer 20

Rural settlement are sparsely settled places away from the influence of large cities
Dispersed- A type of settlement from where people live relatively distant from each other
Nucleated- A relatively dense settlement form
Building material- Wood, brick, stone, wattle, grass, and bush
Village form- Linear- tightly packed, need land for farming
cluster- may have began as a hamlet, then further developed
round- keep animals inside, houses surrounding them
walled- farm villages fortified for protection
grid- easy to get around in, modern

Question 21

Sauer, Carl O.

Answer 21

Defined cultural landscape, as an area fashioned from nature by a cultural group. A combination of cultural features such as language and religion; economic features such as agriculture and industry; and physical features such as climate and vegetation. “Culture is the agent, the natural area is the medium, the cultural landscape is the result.”

Question 22

Second agricultural revolution

Answer 22

Tools and equipment were modified, methods of soil preparation, fertilization, crop care, and harvesting improved the general organization of agriculture made more efficient.

Question 23

Specialization

Answer 23

The basis of global trade as few countries produce enough goods to be completely self-sufficient.

Question 24

Survey patterns (long lots, metes and bounds, township-and-range)

Answer 24

Survey patterns are the methods of separating land, usually devised by the government of the land
Long lots- houses erected on narrow lots perpendicular to a long river, so that each original settler had equal river access
Metes and bounds-uses physical features of the local geography, along with directions and distances to define the boundaries of a perpendicular piece of land
Township and range- land is divided into six-mile square blocks (township), which is then divided into one-mile square blocks (range), which are also further divided

Question 25

Sustainable yield

Answer 25

The continuing supply of a natural resource, as timber, through scheduled harvests to insure replacement by regrowth or reproduction.

Question 26

Third agricultural revolution/ Green revolution (mechanization, chemical farming, food manufacturing)

Answer 26

Third agricultural revolution is currently in progress, development of genetically modified organisms
Mechanization- the process of doing work with machinery. In an early engineering text a machine is defined as follows.
Chemical farming- increased use of fertilizers with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
Food manufacturing- the transformation of raw ingredients into food.

Question 27

Transhumance

Answer 27

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

Question 28

Truck farm

Answer 28

Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities.

Question 29

Von Thünen, Johann Heinrich

Answer 29

German scholar-farmer who developed the core-periphery model in the nineteenth century (economic determinism). In his model he proposed an “isolated state” that had no trade connections with the outside world; possessed only one market, located centrally in the state; and had uniform soil, climate, and level terrain throughout. He created this model to study the influence of distance from market and the concurrent transport costs on the type and intensity of agriculture.

Question 30

Jared Diamond- Guns, Germs, and Steel

Answer 30

The book attempts to explain why Eurasian civilizations (including North Africa) have survived and conquered others, while arguing against the idea that Eurasian hegemony is due to any form of Eurasian intellectual, moral, or inherent genetic superiority.

Question 31

The Meatrix

Answer 31

The Meatrix is a short flash animation critical of factory farming and industrial agricultural practices

Question 32

Food Inc.

Answer 32

Documentary filmmaker Robert Kenner examines how mammoth corporations have taken over all aspects of the food chain in the United States, from the farms where our food is grown to the chain restaurants and supermarkets where it’s sold

Question 33

National Geographic Article Discussion

Answer 33

Feeding the world

Question 34

Agribusiness

Answer 34

Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.