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Neuroanatomy 1 > Unit V: Rhombencephalon > Flashcards

Unit V: Rhombencephalon Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the hindbrain

A
  1. MO
  2. pons
  3. cerebellum
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2
Q

*Which is included in the myelencephalon?

A

MO

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3
Q

*Which is included in the metencephalon?

A

Pons and cerebellum

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4
Q

What is the brain stem?

A

MO and pons

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5
Q

*What is the apparent origin?

A

Where a nerve attaches to the brainstem-> sensory

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6
Q

*What is the nucleus of origin?

A

Where the nerve actually attaches-> motor

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7
Q

*What is the nucleus or termination?

A

Where a nerve terminates-> sensory

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8
Q

What are functions of the MO?

A
  1. passive fiber conduction
  2. relay nuclei: gracilis, cuneatus, inferior olivary nucleus
  3. CN nuclei: V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII
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9
Q

*Where is the exact inferior border of the MO?

A

Superiormost ventral rootlet of C1

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10
Q

Apparent origin of CNs that are near the posteriolateral sulcus

A

IX, X, XI

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11
Q

Apparent origin of CNs that are in the inferior pontine sulcus

A

VI

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12
Q

Apparent origin of CNs that are in the pontocerebellar angle

A

VII, VIII

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13
Q

Apparent origin of CNs that are in the ventrolateral sulcus

A

XII

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14
Q

*What is the area that detects toxins in the blood and triggers vomiting?

A

Area Postrema

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15
Q

Internal features of the inferior olivary nucleus

A
  1. relays information to cerebellum’s central nuclei and cortex
  2. fibers come from the cord, red nucleus, midbrain, cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and reticular formations
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16
Q

What controls general arousal of activity in the CNS?

A

Reticular formation

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17
Q

*What fibers are located in the pyramids?

A

Descending pyramidal fibers

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18
Q

*Which fibers cross in the pyramids?

A

Lateral spinothalamic tract

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19
Q

*What is the medial lemniscus of the brain?

A

Bilateral band of ascending fibers-> gracilis and cuneatus

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20
Q

*What are the CN nuclei in the MO?

A

V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII

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21
Q

Accessory oculomotor nucleus

A

Parasympathetic control of ciliary and pupillary constrictor smooth muscles of the eye

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22
Q

Oculomotor nuclei

A

Somatic motor muscle control for 4 of the 6 extraocular eye muscles and upper eyelid

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23
Q

Trochlear nucleus

A

Somatic motor muscle control for the superior oblique extraocular eye muscle

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24
Q

Trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus

A

Proprioception from muscles of mastication and periodontal ligaments of the teeth

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25
Q

Trigeminal motor nucleus

A

Somatic motor to muscles of mastication- tensor villi palatini, tensor tympanic, anterior belly of the digastric and mylohyoid muscle

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26
Q

Abducens nucleus

A

Somatic motor muscle control for the lateral rectus extraocular eye muscle

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27
Q

Facial nucleus

A

Most superficial somatic motor muscles of the scalp and face

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28
Q

Superior salivary nucleus

A

Parasympathetic control of lacrimal glands, submandibular and sublingual salivary gands

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29
Q

Inferior salivary nucleus

A

Parasympathetic control of parotid salivary gland

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30
Q

Vestibular and cholera nuclei

A

Equilibrium and hearing

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31
Q

*Hypoglossal nucleus

A

Somatic motor control for 16 of the 18 named tongue muscles

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32
Q

Posterior nucleus of vagus

A

Sensory and motor for organs supplied such as voice, heart, lung, and intestines in X CN

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33
Q

Nucleus ambiguus

A

Nerves Ix, X, Xi in delivery of visceral efferent fibers to the pharynx musculature

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34
Q

Solitary nucleus

A

Sensory reception via the VII, IX, X CNs dealing with taste from the tongue, palate and pharynx

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35
Q

Main and spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve

A

Main sensory reception nucleus for the face dealing with pain, thermal, discriminative tactile and proprioception-> C3-C4 cord levels-> CN VII, IX, X

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36
Q

Spinal nucleus of the accessory nerve

A

Somatic motor nucleus for movement of head/neck muscles (trap and SCM)-> 5 upper cervical cord levels and lower MO

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37
Q

Notes on the corticobulbar fibers

A
  1. pyramidal fibers
  2. cell bodies in cerebral cortex
  3. synapse in spinal cord
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38
Q

Notes of the medial longitudinal fasciculus

A
  1. another tract

2. similar to fasciculus proprius

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39
Q

What is the artery that is involved in “lateral medullary stroke syndrome”?

A

Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

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40
Q

*The pons contains nuclei for CNs ___

A

V, VI, VII, VIII

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41
Q

Function of the pons

A

Respiratory and cardiovascular control

42
Q

What is the tract found in the pons?

A

Medial reticulospinal tracts

43
Q

*What are the external features of the pons?

A
  1. bulge
  2. superior pontine sulcus
  3. medullopontine sulcus
  4. basilar sulcus
  5. rhomboid fossa
  6. *middle cerebellar peduncle
  7. *apparent origin of CN V
44
Q

What are the subdivisions of the pons?

A
  1. tegmentum

2. basilar

45
Q

*Important features of the pons?

A
  1. medial lemniscus
  2. pontine nuclei
  3. lateral lemniscus-> auditory pathway
  4. CNs V-VII
  5. tracts- spinal trigeminal, spinothalamic, rubrospinal, tectospinal
46
Q

*What are functions of the cerebellum?

A
  1. integrates sensory information

2. muscle tone, posture, smooth and effective skilled movements

47
Q

*Output from the cerebellum is ___

48
Q

*The cerebellum is attached to the:
MO via the ___
Pons via the ___
Midbrain via the ___

A

Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Superior cerebellar peduncle

49
Q

Inferior peduncle distribution in the cerebellum

A
  1. afferents dominate

2. efferents are present

50
Q

Middle peduncle distribution in the cerebellum

A
  1. afferents only
51
Q

Superior peduncle distribution in the cerebellum

A
  1. afferents present

2. efferents dominate

52
Q

Which is the largest cerebellar peduncle?

53
Q

20% of childhood brain tumors are ___

A

Medulloblastomas

54
Q

Synonym of vestibulocerebellum

A

Archicerebellum

55
Q

Lobe of vestibulocerebellum

A

Flocculonodular

56
Q

Inputs of vestibulocerebellum

A

Vestibular nucleus

57
Q

Functions of vestibulocerebellum

A

Posture, balance, equilibrium

58
Q

Synonym of spinocerebellum

A

Paleocerebellum

59
Q

Lobe of spinocerebellum

A

Anterior, vermis, medial posterior

60
Q

Inputs of spinocerebellum

A

Spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar

61
Q

Functions of spinocerebellum

A

Muscle tone, trunk and limb movements

62
Q

Synonym of cerebrocerebellum

A

Neocerebellum

63
Q

Lobe of cerebrocerebellum

A

Lateral posterio

64
Q

Inputs of cerebrocerebellum

A

Cortico-pontocerebellar

65
Q

Functions of cerebrocerebellum

A

Planning and coordination of skilled movements

66
Q

White matter in the cerebellum is called ___

A

“Corpus medullare”

67
Q

Branches of white matter in the cerebellum is called ___

A

Arbor vitae

68
Q

3 external features on the cerebellum

A
  1. fissures
  2. sulci
  3. folia
69
Q

Most common neuron cell types in the cerebellum

A
  1. purkinje neurons
  2. Golgi type II neurons
  3. stellate neurons
  4. basket neurons
  5. granular neurons
70
Q

3 laminae of the cerebellum

A
  1. outer (molecular layer)- synaptic activity
  2. middle (purkinje cell body layer)
  3. inner (granular layer)- granular cell bodies
71
Q

2 types of axons that bring input to cerebellar cortical laminae

A
  1. mossy fibers

2. climbing fibers

72
Q

___ fibers take messages away from the cerebellar cortex

73
Q

Purkinje cell dendrites are in the ___ layer

74
Q

*Myelinated Pukinje axons are the only ___ fibers from the cerebellar cortex

A

Efferent (outgoing)

75
Q

*What is the neurotransmitter released by Purkinje axons?

A

GABA-> inhibitory

76
Q

*Granular cell dendrites are stimulated by incoming ___

A

Mossy fibers

77
Q

*Pathway of granular cells

A
  1. ascends into molecular layer
  2. bifurcates
  3. synapses with the spine branches
78
Q

*What is the neurotransmitter of granular cells?

79
Q

*Mossy fibers mostly originate from ___ and ___ sources

A

Spinocerebellar and corticopontocerebellar

80
Q

*What cells are excitatory and releases glutamate?

A

Mossy fibers

81
Q

What 2 fibers synapse on the branches of Purkinje fibers?

A
  1. mossy fibers

2. climbing fibers

82
Q

*What fibers are extremely excitatory and reach smooth dendritic branches directly?

A

Climbing fibers

83
Q

*Climbing fibers originate in the ___

A

Inferior olivary nucleus

84
Q

*___ is the neurotransmitter involved with climbing fibers

85
Q

Aspartate is ___ excitatory than glutamate

86
Q

*Climbing and mossy fibers bring excitatory outside input to the ___

87
Q

*Information leaves the cerebellum via ___

A

Purkinje neurons

88
Q

*The major target for inhibitory outflow is the ___

A

Deep or central cerebellar nuclei

89
Q

*Names of the central nuclei

A
  1. dentate
  2. emboliform
  3. globose
  4. fastigial
90
Q

*What is the name for the emboli form and globose together?

A

Interposed nuclei

91
Q

Vestibulocerebellum goes to the ___

A

Vestibular nucleus

92
Q

Spinocerebellum goes to the ___

A

Interposed and fasatigial nucleus

93
Q

Cerebrocerebellum goes to the ___

A

Dentate nucleus

94
Q

*Fastigial nucleus fibers exit the ___ to terminate in the vestibular nucleus

A

Inferior cerebellar peduncles;

95
Q

*Interposed nucleus axons extend to the red nucleus and reticular formations via the ___

A

Superior cerebellar peduncles

96
Q

*Dentate axons reach the thalamus with branches being sent to the red nucleus via the ___

A

Superior cerebellar peduncles

97
Q

Where is ataxia most frequent in?

A

Neocerebellum

98
Q

What is intention tremor?

A

Precise movement of the digits, limbs-> neocerebellar lobe

99
Q

What is dysmetria?

A

Measured movements are difficult to make- over or undershoot your target

100
Q

What is nystagmus?

A

Repetitive jerking movements of they eyeballs

Neuroanatomy 1 (8 decks)

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