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Neuroanatomy 1 > Exam 3, Ch. VII > Flashcards

Exam 3, Ch. VII Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the prosencephalon

A
  1. 3rd ventricle
  2. epithalamus
  3. thalamus
  4. hypothalamus
  5. subthalamus
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2
Q

Functions of the prosencephalon

A
  1. relay center to the cerebrum
  2. integrative
  3. autonomic and endocrine
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3
Q

What does the epithalamus include?

A

Pineal gland, posterior commissure

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4
Q

What is the other name for the pineal gland?

A

Hypophysis cerebri

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5
Q

What is the pineal gland filled with?

A

Epiphysial cells

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6
Q

T/F: the pineal gland is less numerous in capillary beds and glial support cells

A

False- more numerous

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7
Q

What is brain sand?

A

Calcifications in the pineal gland

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8
Q

Why are pineal tumors hard to remove?

A
  1. located behind major structures
  2. in geographic center
  3. posterior side of brain stem
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9
Q

*What does the pineal gland secrete?

A

Melatonin, serotonin, norepinephrine

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10
Q

Is the pineal gland sensitive to light directly?

A

No

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11
Q

What is involved with the circadial cycle?

A

Melatonin

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12
Q

How many people are affected by SAD?

A

1 in 20

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13
Q

*What is the largest commissure?

A

Corpus callosum-> 300 million neurons

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14
Q

Is the posterior commissure small or large?

A

Small, but identifiable

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15
Q

*What is located in the posterior commissure?

A

Pupillary light reflex fibers and nuclei

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16
Q

Just inferior and anterior to the posterior commissure is the ___, which may produce aldosterone

A

Subcommissural organ

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17
Q

What is included in the thalamus?

A

Lateral and medial geniculate bodies

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18
Q

*What joins each half of the thalamus?

A

Massa intermedia

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19
Q

*The thalamus forms the bulk of the ___ walls of the 3rd ventricle

A

Lateral

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20
Q

*All sensory input to the cerebral hemispheres, except ___, is relayed in the thalamus

A

Olfaction

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21
Q

An ___ of myelinated fibers runs through the substance of each thalamic mass and helps divide them into subdivisions

A

Internal medullary lamina

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22
Q

*What is the largest part of the thalamus only found in high primates?

A

Pulvinar

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23
Q

What forms the floor of the 3rd ventricle and portions of the 3rd ventricle’s lateral walls?

A

Hypothalamus

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24
Q

Is the hypothalamus small or large?

A

Small

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25
Q

*What is included in the hypothalamus?

A

Infundibular stalk and optic chiasma

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26
Q

Subdivisions of the medial zone of the hypothalamus?

A

Anterior, intermediate and posterior

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27
Q

T/F: the hypothalamus works unaided or uninfluenced from other centers

A

False- does not

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28
Q

The hypothalamus has vague control over the basic drives of ___

A

Hunger, thirst and sex

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29
Q

What controls the physical aspects of emotional expression?

A

Hypothalamus

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30
Q

The hypothalamus has central control over ___ functions

A

Fight or flight

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31
Q

Endocrine control of the HT: directly via ___ axon extensions into the ___ pituitary

A

Neuron, posterior

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32
Q

Endocrine control of the HT: indirectly via ___ to control the release of ___ pituitary hormones

A

Neurohormones, anterior

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33
Q

*Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei send axons down through the infundibular stalk via the ___ tract

A

Hypothalamohypophyseal

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34
Q

*The supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei release ___ and ___

A

Oxytocin and ADH

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35
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

Stimulates uterine contractions and ejection of milk

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36
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Increases water resorption

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37
Q

What nucleus is responsible for circadial rhythms?

A

Suprachiasmatic nuclei

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38
Q

The anterior nucleus of the HT is know for ___ functions

A

Parasympathetic

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39
Q

The ___ is a thermoregulator, especially as the body heats up

A

Preoptic area

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40
Q

What does the preoptic area stimulate?

A

Sweating

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41
Q

The dorsomedial nuclei of the intermediate area of the HT has ___ influence

A

Parasympathetic

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42
Q

The ventromedial nuclei of the intermediate area of the HT is a center for ___

A

Eating and thirst gratification-> “satiety center”

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43
Q

*Arcuate nuclei release ___ -> hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones

A

Releasing factors

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44
Q

What is the tuber ceinereum?

A

Bulge between the infundibular stalk and mammillary bodies

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45
Q

*Mammillary bodies deal with ___

A

Short-term memory

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46
Q

What is Korsakov’s Syndrome?

A

Lack of vitamin absorption, causes you to invent memories

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47
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Where forward memories stop being created for a while

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48
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Not remembering things prior to an event

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49
Q

___ is a thermoregulatory, especially as the body cools down

A

Posterior nuclei

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50
Q

What would fibers from the hypothalamic nuclei be doing if they descend to specific nuclei for CNs III, VII, IX, or X?

A

Parasympathetic fibers

51
Q

Which area gives rise to the anterior pituitary and intermediate pituitary?

A

Rathke’s Pouch

52
Q

The anterior pituitary must receive its hypothalamic influence via the ___

A

Bloodstream

53
Q

Blood supply and portal system pathway

A

Internal carotid arteries-> fenestrated sinusoids-> pick up releasing factors-> hypophyseal portal veins

54
Q

Nuclei included in the subthalamus

A
  1. parvocellular region of the red nucleus

2. superior portion of the SN

55
Q

___ sends and receives fibers to and from the globus pallidus

A

Corpus Luysi

56
Q

Lesions of the ___ may lead to ballism or hemiballism

A

Extrapyramidal system-> Corpus Luysi

57
Q

Are the cerebral hemispheres the same anatomically?

A

Yes

58
Q

Are the cerebral hemispheres the same functionally?

A

No

59
Q

Functions of the left cerebral hemisphere

A
  1. grammar
  2. vocabulary
  3. linear reasoning
  4. speech
  5. tool use
60
Q

Functions of the right cerebral hemisphere

A
  1. prosotic language
  2. spatial manipulation
  3. singing
61
Q

The outer convoluted gray cerebral cortex is called the ___

A

Pallium

62
Q

The underlying mass of white fibers in the cerebral cortex is called ___

A

Centrum semiovale

63
Q

The collections of neuron cells bodies deep within the white matter are called ___

A

Basal ganglia

64
Q

The ___ and limbic region are sometimes called lobes or pseudolobes

A

Isle of Reil

65
Q

Functions of the telencephalon

A
  1. thinking
  2. initiation
  3. memory
  4. integration
66
Q

Abstract thinking serves as a basis for much of our ___ in Brodmann areas 9-12

A

Emotional response

67
Q

In most areas, the ___ cortex is thicker than the ___ cortex

A

Gyrus, sulcus

68
Q

How many neurons are in the cerebral cortex?

A

100 billion

69
Q

Subdivisions of the cortex

A
  1. neocortex

2. allocortex

70
Q

Which occupies the majority of the cerebral cortex: neocortex or allocortex?

A

Neocortex

71
Q

6 laminae of the neocortex

A
  1. molecular lamina I
  2. external granular lamina II
  3. external pyramidal lamina III
  4. internal granular lamina IV
  5. internal pyramidal lamina V
  6. multiform lamina VI
72
Q

Characteristics on the molecular layer

A
  1. outermost-> nearest to pia matter

2. synaptic activity

73
Q

Characteristics on the external granular layer

A
  1. granular neurons
  2. axons extend to deeper lamina
  3. intracortical association layer
74
Q

*Characteristics of the external pyramidal layer

A
  1. pyramidal-shaped neurons
    * 2. axons extend to white matter and the return to gray
  2. inter cortical association layer
75
Q

Which lamina are called the associative lamina?

A

Lamina II and III

76
Q

Characteristics on the internal granular layer

A
  1. small, closely-packed cells
  2. thalamic inputs
  3. well-developed in sensory areas
77
Q

Characteristics on the internal pyramidal layer

A
  1. large pyramidal-shaped neurons
  2. giant pyramidal (Betz) cells
  3. axons project to other brain and cord centers
78
Q

Characteristics of the multiform layer

A
  1. incoming and outgoing fibers

2. projection neurons

79
Q

Which lamina are called the projection laminae?

A

Lamina V and VI

80
Q

*Brodmann area 4

A
  1. pre central gyrus
  2. most fibers to pyramidal system
  3. voluntary motor initiation
  4. distal extremities and facial and oral musculature
  5. giant pyramidal (Betz) cells
  6. lamina V and VI
  7. multiple fibers originate here
81
Q

*Brodmann areas 1, 2, and 3

A
  1. post central gyrus
  2. body sensing
  3. VPL, VPM, lamina IV
  4. voluntary motor initiation pathways
  5. lamina V and VI
82
Q

*Brodmann areas 6 and 8

A
  1. premotor

2. directly and indirectly to pyramidal system

83
Q

*Brodmann area 6

A

Proximal extremities

84
Q

*Brodmann area 8

A
  1. voluntary eye movements
  2. 6 eye muscles
  3. CNs III, IV, VI
85
Q

*Brodmann areas 9, 10, 11, 12

A
  1. lamina II and III
  2. highly developed
  3. thought, reasoning, imaginative and emotional uniqueness
86
Q

*Brodmann area 44

A
  1. frontal operculum
  2. Broca’s speech area
  3. tongue, laryngeal, pharyngeal muscles
  4. speaking, writing, signing
87
Q

What is aphasia?

A

Loss of power to communicate through writing, speaking, or signs

88
Q

Which artery is involved with strokes?

A

Middle cerebral

89
Q

Speech in specific and communicative skills are dominate on the ___ side of the brain

A

Left

90
Q

*Brodmann areas 17, 18, 19

A
  1. occipital lobes

2. visual cortex

91
Q

*Brodmann area 17

A
  1. calcarine sulcus
  2. lateral geniculate body
  3. primary visual cortex
  4. striate cortex
92
Q

*Brodmann areas 18 and 19

A
  1. integrating
  2. memory storage for visual sensations
  3. lesions inhibit correlating present images with past experience
93
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A
  1. damage to areas 18 and 19

2. being unable to recognize faces

94
Q

What macula lutea?

A
  1. portion f the retina with the clearest vision

2. part that is affected by macular degneration

95
Q

*Brodmann area 41

A
  1. superior temporal gyrus
  2. Heschl’s gyrus
  3. fibers come from the medial geniculate body
  4. hearing-> pitch, tone, loudness
96
Q

*Brodmann area 22

A
  1. Wernicke’s area
  2. nearly to the parietal lobe
  3. hearing memory
  4. formation of written word
  5. lesion results in dysphasia
97
Q

*Brodmann area 5, 7, 39, 40

A
  1. parietal lobe
  2. sensation memory
  3. reading, writing, language
  4. lesions in 39 result in Alexia and agraphia
98
Q

*What is the arcuate fasciculus?

A
  1. connection between 22 and 44

2. use tools

99
Q

*What is the gustatory area?

A
  1. taste reception
  2. parietal operculum
  3. gustatory center
100
Q

*What are the olfactory areas?

A
  1. only sense that skips the thalamus
  2. stem cells are constantly replaced
    * 3. interpretation comes from 34 in the uncus and 28 in the parahyppacampal gyrus
101
Q

Name of the caudate and putamen nuclei

A

Neostriatum

102
Q

Name of the caudate, putamen and globus pallidus

A

Corpus striatum

103
Q

Name of the caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, and amygdaloid complex

A

Basal ganglia

104
Q

*Name for the putamen and globus pallidus

A

Lenticular nucleus

105
Q

Features of stratal lesions

A
  1. caudate, putamen, globus pallidus

2. lead to dyskinesia

106
Q

What are types of dyskinesia (muscle tone disturbances)?

A
  1. tremor
  2. chorea
  3. ballism or hemiballism
107
Q

Features of tremors

A
  1. shaking of digits and lips at rest

2. action of voluntary muscles-> lesion to the cerebellum

108
Q

Features of chorea

A
  1. involuntary movements
  2. deficiency of GABA
  3. corpus striatum begins to deteriorate
109
Q

Features of ballism or hemiballism

A
  1. violent movement
  2. lesions of the globus pallidus
  3. Corpus Luysi
110
Q

Function of the corpus stratum

A

Regulating movement

111
Q

*Characteristics of the caudate nucleus

A
  1. head is continuous with the putamen nucleus by gray matter bridges
  2. afferent fibers synapse in the cortex, thalamus, substantial nigra, putamen
  3. efferent fibers extend to the putamen, globus pallidus, substantial nigra, thalamus
112
Q

Characteristics of the putamen nucleus

A
  1. afferents synapse in the cortex, thalamus, SN, putamen
  2. efferents extend to the putamen, GP, SN, thalamus
  3. stored dopamine
113
Q

Characteristics of the globus pallidus nucleus

A
  1. medial and lateral medullary lamina
  2. afferents: caudate, putamen, sub thalamic nucleus (GP)
  3. efferents: primary efferent outflow from the corpus striatum-> anterior aspect
114
Q

*Characteristics of the amygdala

A
  1. temporal lobe
  2. introvert have a higher functioning one
  3. limbic system
    * 4. increased inhibition-> must be intact to sense fear and anger
115
Q

What is the name of the white matter of the telencephalon?

A

Centrum semiovale

116
Q

Where do white matter fibers travel in the telencephalon?

A

Corona radiate and internal capsule

117
Q

*How many neurons does the corpus callosum have?

A

300 million neurons

118
Q

Parts of the corpus callosum

A
  1. splenium
  2. body
  3. genu
  4. rostrum
  5. forceps anticus
  6. forceps posticus
  7. tapetum
119
Q

Which is the largest of all commissures?

A

Corpus callosum

120
Q

Lesions and surgery of the corpus callosum can cause ___

A

Alien hand syndrome

121
Q

*What is the most abundant part of the white matter in the telencephalon?

A

Association axon bundles

122
Q

Short association axon fibers connect adjacent or ___

A

Near gyri

123
Q

Long association axons fibers connect distal parts of the ___

A

Same hemisphere

124
Q

Clinical considerations of the telencephalon

A
  1. trauma-> mild traumatic brain injury (biomechanical forces)
  2. concussion
  3. dementia pugilistica (repeated head trauma)
  4. plasticity (map, redundancy, rewiring, neglect)

Neuroanatomy 1 (8 decks)

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