Unit Two Test

Question 1

“In the course of the fifth year (1519) the terrible pestilence began. First there was a cough, then blood. The
number of deaths at this time was truly terrible.
In 1520 the pestilence spread. Truly, the number of deaths among the people was terrible and the people
could not escape from the pestilence.
in 1521 my father, King Hung, died. The elders and the priests died alike from the pestilence. Half the people threw themselves into the ravines to escape it. The oldest son of the king died at the same time as well as his young brother. Thus, our people became poor.
In 1524 the Spanish arrived in our country and destroyed our people. The Spanish conquered all the towns.
In 1542 Dominican friars arrived from Mexico, and they taught us the Doctrine of Christ in our language.
Until that time we had been ignorant of the word and the commandments of God.
In 1560 the pestilence that had formerly raged among the people returned again. It was truly terrible when this death was sent among us by the great God. Many families disappeared. All here were soon attacked, and I was also attacked with the disease.”
Historical chronicle of the Maya Kaqchikel people, composed and edited by different members of the Maya
political elite in the Kaqchikel language, circa 1571-1604
1. All the following pieces of evidence in the passage directly support the author’s claim that the “pestilence” was terrible EXCEPT
a. The Maya King died of the epidemic
b. Fear of the disease drove the Maya people to commit suicide
c. The disease killed members of the Maya elite, including priests and elders
d. The disease led to the arrival of Dominican friars

Answer 1

d. The disease led to the arrival of Dominican friars

Question 2

“In the course of the fifth year (1519) the terrible pestilence began. First there was a cough, then blood. The
number of deaths at this time was truly terrible.
In 1520 the pestilence spread. Truly, the number of deaths among the people was terrible and the people
could not escape from the pestilence.
in 1521 my father, King Hung, died. The elders and the priests died alike from the pestilence. Half the people threw themselves into the ravines to escape it. The oldest son of the king died at the same time as well as his young brother. Thus, our people became poor.
In 1524 the Spanish arrived in our country and destroyed our people. The Spanish conquered all the towns.
In 1542 Dominican friars arrived from Mexico, and they taught us the Doctrine of Christ in our language.
Until that time we had been ignorant of the word and the commandments of God.
In 1560 the pestilence that had formerly raged among the people returned again. It was truly terrible when this death was sent among us by the great God. Many families disappeared. All here were soon attacked, and I was also attacked with the disease.”
Historical chronicle of the Maya Kaqchikel people, composed and edited by different members of the Maya
political elite in the Kaqchikel language, circa 1571-1604

2. Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use to support his claim that the arrival of the Spanish “destroyed our people”?
   a. The Spanish spread infectious disease among the Maya
   b. The Spanish conquered all of the Maya towns
   c. Maya became poor
   d. The Spanish assassinated the king’s eldest son

Answer 2

b. The Spanish conquered all of the Maya towns

Question 3

“In the course of the fifth year (1519) the terrible pestilence began. First there was a cough, then blood. The
number of deaths at this time was truly terrible.
In 1520 the pestilence spread. Truly, the number of deaths among the people was terrible and the people
could not escape from the pestilence.
in 1521 my father, King Hung, died. The elders and the priests died alike from the pestilence. Half the people threw themselves into the ravines to escape it. The oldest son of the king died at the same time as well as his young brother. Thus, our people became poor.
In 1524 the Spanish arrived in our country and destroyed our people. The Spanish conquered all the towns.
In 1542 Dominican friars arrived from Mexico, and they taught us the Doctrine of Christ in our language.
Until that time we had been ignorant of the word and the commandments of God.
In 1560 the pestilence that had formerly raged among the people returned again. It was truly terrible when this death was sent among us by the great God. Many families disappeared. All here were soon attacked, and I was also attacked with the disease.”
Historical chronicle of the Maya Kaqchikel people, composed and edited by different members of the Maya
political elite in the Kaqchikel language, circa 1571-1604

Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use to support his implicit argument that Maya society underwent dramatic cultural change in the sixteenth century?
a. Dominican friars knew the Maya language
b. The Maya converted to Christianity
c. The Maya nobility lost social status
d. Maya people before the conquest were illiterate

Answer 3

b. The Maya converted to Christianity

Question 4

4. the trend on the graph above is best explained by
   a. increased production of cash crops like sugar
   b. growth of silver mining in New Spain
   c. industrialization of textile production through cotton plantations
   d. African slave trading kingdoms demand for European goods

Answer 4

c. industrialization of textile production through cotton plantations

Question 5

*Americans today… who live within the Spanish system occupy a position in society no better than that of serfs destined for labor, or at best they have no more status than that of mere consumers. Yet even this status is surrounded with galling restrictions, such as being forbidden to grow European crops,… or to establish factories of a type the Peninsula itself does not possess. To this add the exclusive trading privileges, even in articles of prime necessity, and the barriers between American provinces, designed to prevent all exchange of trade, traffic, and understanding. In short, do you wish to know what our future held? -simply the cultivation of fields.. cattle raising.. hunting wild game… mining gold.”
Simón Bolivar, Letter from Jamaica, 1815
5. in the excerpt above, Bolivar expresses which of the following?
a. concern about the lack of restrictions on capital investments
b. outrage at the effect of mercantilist policies
c. disgust with the extravagant spending of socialist governments
d. rebellion against the structure of feudalism

Answer 5

b. outrage at the effect of mercantilist policies

Question 6

9 All the folowing statements about Bernier are factualy accurate. Which would most increase historian’s confidence in the reliability of his account?
a. He originally studied for a postion in the Catholic Church, but then shifted to a nonreligious education
b. He spent several years as an official at the Mughal imperial court
c. He made extensive travels in Europe before going to India
d. He wrote the description of Mughal administration at the request of Colbert, who founded the French East India Company

Answer 6

c. He made extensive travels in Europe before going to India

Question 7

10. The Columbian Exchange involved which of the following new connections in the era 1450-1750?
    a. European food to the Wester Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere diseases to Europe; African population
    b. Wester Hemisphere technology to Africa; African food to Europe; European population to the Western Hemisphere
    c. European technology to Africa; Western Hemisphere population to Africa; African food to the Western Hemisphere
    d. African population to the Wester Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere food to Europe and Africa; African and European diseases to the Wester Hemisphere

Answer 7

d. African population to the Western Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere food to Europe and Africa; African and European diseases to the Wester Hemisphere

Question 8

11. Which of the following accurately describes a significant difference between the Ottoman and Mughal Empires in the early seventeenth century?
    a. The Mughals practiced religious tolerance toward non-Muslim subjects, while the Ottomans did not.
    b. The Ottomans ruled over people who were predominately Muslim, while the Mughals did not.
    c. The Mughals used gunpowder weapons to expand their territory, while the Ottomans did not
    d. The Ottomans made Shia Islam the official state religion, while the Mughals made Buddhism the official state religion

Answer 8

d. The Ottomans made Shia Islam the official state religion, while the Mughals made Buddhism the official state religion

Question 9

9 All the folowing statements about Bernier are factualy accurate. Which would most increase history
confidence in the reliability of his account?
a. He originally studied for a postion in the Catholic Church, but then shifted to a nonreligious education
b. He spent several years as an official at the Mughal imperial court
c. He made extensive travels in Europe before going to India
d. He wrote the description of Mughal administration at the request of Colbert, who founded the French East India Company

Answer 9

b. He spent several years as an official at the Mughal imperial court

Question 10

13. Which of the following best describes the relationship that the Chinese and Aztec empires had with their respective peripheral states during the fifteenth century C.E.?
    a. Both empires used military force to severely limit the sovereignty of their peripheral states to their core
    b. Both empires welcomed the diffusion of cultural traditions from their peripheral territories.
    c. Both empires established tributary relationships with their peripheral states
    d. Both empires actively sought to assimilate the citizens of their peripheral states into their respective core cultures.

Answer 10

d. Both empires actively sought to assimilate the citizens of their peripheral states into their respective core cultures.

Question 11

14. for the period circa 1650-1790, the differences between clove prices in Southeast Asia and those in Amsterdam best support which of the following conclusion?
    a. Imperialism economically benefited those Asians who collaborated with the Europeans and harmed those Asians who resisted European control.
    b. Imperialism led directly to the articulation of anticolonial ideologies based on Enlightenment principles
    and resulted in the colonization of areas of no direct economic interest to Europeans.
    c. Imperialism was undertaken mostly to prevent the expansion of rival European powers to the economic decline or stagnation of Asian producers
    d. Imperialism economically benefited European merchants and governments while leading

Answer 11

a. Imperialism economically benefited those Asians who collaborated with the Europeans and harmed those Asians who resisted European control.

Question 12

12. Which of the following would best support the conclusion that the Columbian Exchange involved more profound consequences than did earlier biological exchanges in world history?
    a. Previous exchanges did not involve societies at radically different levels of technological development
    b. Previous exchanges did not involve the world’s two hemispheres.
    c. The Columbian Exchange involved the peaceful transfer of animals, plants, and diseases. *
    d. The Columbian Exchange was accompanied by the spread of missionary religions

Answer 12

b. Previous exchanges did not involve the world’s two hemispheres.

Question 13

13. Which of the following best describes the relationship that the Chinese and Aztec empires had with their respective peripheral states during the fifteenth century C.E.?
    a. Both empires used military force to severely limit the sovereignty of their peripheral states to their core
    b. Both empires welcomed the diffusion of cultural traditions from their peripheral territories.
    c. Both empires established tributary relationships with their peripheral states
    d. Both empires actively sought to assimilate the citizens of their peripheral states into their respective core cultures.

Answer 13

c. Both empires established tributary relationships with their peripheral states

Question 14

14. For the period circa 1650-1790, the differences between clove prices in Southeast Asia and those in New Amsterdam best support which of the following conclusions?
    a. Imperialism economically benefited those Asians who collaborated with the Europeans
    b. Imperialism led directly to the articulation of anticolonial ideologies based on Enlightenment principles
    and resulted in the colonization of areas of no direct economic interest to Europeans.
    c. Imperialism was undertaken mostly to prevent the expansion of rival European powers
    to the economic decline or stagnation of Asian producers
    d. Imperialism economically benefited European merchants and governments while leading

Answer 14

c. Imperialism was undertaken mostly to prevent the expansion of rival European powers and resulted in the conclusion of areas of no direct economic interest to Europeans

Question 15

The Mexican city of Zacatecas is renowned for the enormous quantity of silver that has been extracted from it and continues to be extracted today. At the time of the discovery of the siven there were many from and conties to this rocky land, allof which have since vanished so that now except for some
Mập
forests no wo clands i this reman, Firewood is very expensive in the city because it is brought in cats
from a distance of eighteen hours away.
The silver was discovered in the year 1540, in the following way: after the fall of the Aztec Empire, Spanish soldiers remained, spread over the entire country. Since no more towns remained to conquer and since they had so many indian slaves, they devoted themselves to seeking riches from silver mines. One of these soldiers was Juan de Tolosa, who happened to have an Aztec among his indian slaves. The Aztec, it is said, seeing his master so anxious to discover mines and to claim silver, told him: If you so desire this substance, l will take you where you can fill your hands and satisfy your greed with it’ The city houses at least 600 White residents, and most of them are Spaniards. There are about 800 Black slaves and mulattoes*. There are about 1,500 Indians in the work gangs who labor in all types of occupations in the mines.”
Alonso de la Mota y Escobar, Bishop of Guadalajara, Mexico, geographical treatise, 1605
ta person of mixed European and African ancestry
15. the economic activities described in the passage contributed most directly to which of the following?
a. The emergence of the first truly global exchange networks
b. The beginning of the process of industrialization
c. The establishment of the first chartered and limited-liability commercial companies
d. The rapid growth of China’s population under the Song and Ming dynasties

Answer 15

a. The emergence of the first truly global exchange networks

Question 16

16. which of the following describes a major cause of the expansion of the Ottoman Empire in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?
    a. The Ottoman Empire successfully pursued mercantilist economic policies.
    b. Ottoman citizens unified by their recent conversion to Islam were strongly motivated to conquer
    c. exploitation of artillery and small arms gave the Ottomans advantages over many of their political rivals.
    d. the decentralized federalism of the Ottoman Empire encouraged competition and technological innovation.

Answer 16

c. exploitation of artillery and small arms gave the Ottomans advantages over many of their political rivals.

Question 17

17. Which of the following historical developments most strongly contributed to the mapmakers depiction of West Africa and the southern half of the world in Map 2?
    a. Portugal’s development of maritime technology and navigational skills
    b. China’s naval expeditions in the Indian Ocean basin
    c. The limited geographical knowledge of western European mapmakers as a result of the region’s commercial isolation
    d. The decline of Mediterranean powers such as Genoa and Venice and the rise of Atlantic powers such as England, France, and the Netherlands

Answer 17

c. The limited geographical knowledge of western European mapmakers as a result of the region’s commercial isolation

Question 18

18. Which of the following factors would contribute most to future revisions of Map 2?
    a. Western Europeans discovery of geographical scholarship from the Mongol khanates
    b. the experiences of European merchants transporting Asian goods in the Indian Ocean
    c. Spanish sponsorship of trans-Atlantic and trans-Pacific maritime exploration
    d. Qing China’s resumption of maritime expeditions to expand its tribute system

Answer 18

c. Spanish sponsorship of trans-Atlantic and trans-Pacific maritime exploration

Question 19

19. All of the following factors contributed to significant growth in worldwide population from 1450 through 1750 EXCEPT
    a. decline of epidemic disease
    b. introduction of Western Hemisphere food crops to new areas
    c. expansion of land under cultivation
    d. new grain crops developed in the Green Revolution

Answer 19

d. new grain crops developed in the Green Revolution

Question 20

20. All the following were significant environmental effects of the trade illustrated on the map EXCEPT
    a. the spread of Afro-Eurasian diseases in the Americas
    b. soil depletion and erosion from intensive agriculture in the Caribbean
    c. American foods becoming staple crops in Africa
    d. air pollution resulting from the increased exploitation of fossil fuels

Answer 20

d. air pollution resulting from the increased exploitation of fossil fuels

Question 21

“We agreed to leave the coast of Peru and sail for Japan, since we knew that cloth was valuable merchandise there. So we sailed directly for Japan. The shogun, hearing of us, sent five boats to bring me to his court. He demanded to know why we had come so far. I answered: ‘We the English are a people who seek friendship with all nations and trade with all countries, bringing the merchandise that our country produces. He demanded also to know about the conflicts between Spain and Portugal and England and the reasons for them.”
William Adams, English navigator and merchant, description of his voyage to Japan, 1611
1. Which of the following most directly facilitated the voyage mentioned in the passage?
a. European access to Arabian and Indian shipping vessels
b. European access to Chinese mapmaking knowledge
c. European innovations in ship design and navigation
d. European contact with Polynesian mariners

Answer 21

c. European innovations in ship design and navigation

Question 22

[Testimony by the creole (European-ancestry) members of a lay religious brotherhood in the town of San Juan Periban.]
“Cristobál Bernal was elected chair of our brotherhood by a margin of only two votes. Most votes in Bernal’s favor came from mulatto and mestizo brothers. However, we, the creole brothers, elected Don Carvajal, a resident of the town and owner of the hacienda and sugar mill there. We urge you to command that only creoles should vote for the positions of chair and deputy chairs and that neither mulattoes nor mestizos can serve in those positions, and that a new election must be held for these positions.”
(Response by the mulatto and mestizo brothers]
“Since the brotherhood was founded, it has had the ancient custom of voting for and electing mulattoes and mestizos as deputies. And mestizos and mulattoes make up most of the membership and help the brotherhood grow. And mestizo and mulatto brothers had donated land, which earns 25 pesos rent per year for the brotherhood. And mulatto and mestizo brothers also collect alms for the brotherhood. If this brotherhood were actually two-one for creoles only and the other for mulattoes and mestizos-then the petitioners might have a case. But there is only one brotherhood in which creoles, mestizos, and mulattoes are mixed and, being members of it, they must enjoy the rights and advantages of the said brotherhood.
Without question these rights should include voting and electing their own chair and deputies.”
[Judge’s decision]
“The election is declared valid, and Bernal is confirmed as chair.”
2. Based on the passage and your knowledge of world history, which of the following can be inferred about economic hierarchy in San Juan periban?
a. Mulattoes and Mestizos had no property rights and worked as tenant farmers on creole owned plantations
b. Creoles were predominantly employed in commerce and administration, whereas mulattoes and mestizos were predominantly employed in agriculture
c. Mulatto and Mestizo communities had some economic resources, but creoles were still economically dominant
d. Creoles were being outcompeted economically by their mulatto and mestizo counterparts and were impoverished as a result.

Answer 22

c. Mulatto and Mestizo communities had some economic resources, but creoles were still economically dominant

Question 23

Source 1:
“In the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries) Europeans derived more profit from their participation in trade within Asia than they did from their Asian imports into Europe. They were able to do so ultimately only thanks to their American silver… Only their American money, and not any ‘exceptional’ European
‘qualities’ permitted the Europeans (to access Asian markets]… However, even with that resource and advantage, the Europeans were no more than a minor player at the Asian, indeed world, economic table [until the nineteenth century].”
Andre Gunder Frank, ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age, 1996
name.
losses? Indeed, the a German army v emperor, a kin stay at hom poor, as
Source 2:
“The societies of Europe had been at the margins of the great trading systems, but they were at the center of the global networks of exchange created during the sixteenth century because they controlled the oceangoing fleets that knit the world into a single system. Western Europe was better placed than any other region to profit from the vast flows of goods and ideas within the emerging global system of exchange… [European states] were keen to exploit the commercial opportunities created within the global economic system. They did so partly by seizing the resources of the Americas and using American commodities such as silver to buy their way into the markets of southern and eastern Asia, the largest in the world.”
David Christian, This Fleeting World: A Short History of Humanity, 2008
3. Which of the following best explains Europe’s ability to gain a greater share of global trade in the early modern
a. Easing of tensions among European states
b. Adoption and improvement of maritime technologies by Europeans
c. Europeans increased interest in foreign languages and cuttures
d. Diffusion of European manufacturing technology and processes to Asia

Answer 23

b. Adoption and improvement of maritime technologies by Europeans

Question 24

To the count of Katzenellenbogen, Ziegenhain, and Nida, my gracious lord.
Pope Leo X, in the bull in white he put me under the ban, conderned my statement that to fight against the turk is the sam ismine. The popes and bho vists our sin upon us with the rod sil contes orest that this statement is mine. The popes and bishops called for war against the Turks in the name of christ.
Vet because Christ taught that Chistians shall not resist evil with violence or take revenge t is against HIS
name.
In how many wars against the Turks have the bishops and clergy prevented Christians from enduring heavy losses? Indeed, the king of Hungary and his bishops were beaten by the Turks at Varnat and more recently a German army would perhaps have fought with more success, if it had not contained priests. if I were an emperor, a king, or a prince in a campaign against the Turks, I would encourage my bishops and priests to stay at home and mind the duties of their office, praying, fasting, saying mass, preaching, and caring for the poor, as not only Holy Scripture, but their own canon law teaches and requires. To this I say Amen, Amen.”

*a reference to a failed Christian Crusade launched against the Ottoman Turks in 1444

Martin Luther, German theologian, sermon addressed to a German prince, 1528
4. A historian interpreting the views expressed in the passage would likely explain that those views were most strongly influenced by Protestant desires to
a. promote religious war against fellow Christians
b. encourage the creation of a united German state free of papal influence
c. demonstrate that an individual’s destiny was predetermined by God
d. reform Christian society by adhering more closely to Biblical teachings

Answer 24

d. reform Christian society by adhering more closely to Biblical teachings

Question 25

To the count of Katzenellenbogen, Ziegenhain, and Nida, my gracious lord.
Pope Leo X, in the bull in white he put me under the ban, conderned my statement that to fight against the turk is the sam ismine. The popes and bho vists our sin upon us with the rod sil contes orest that this statement is mine. The popes and bishops called for war against the Turks in the name of christ.
Vet because Christ taught that Chistians shall not resist evil with violence or take revenge t is against HIS
name.
In how many wars against the Turks have the bishops and clergy prevented Christians from enduring heavy losses? Indeed, the king of Hungary and his bishops were beaten by the Turks at Varnat and more recently a German army would perhaps have fought with more success, if it had not contained priests. if I were an emperor, a king, or a prince in a campaign against the Turks, I would encourage my bishops and priests to stay at home and mind the duties of their office, praying, fasting, saying mass, preaching, and caring for the poor, as not only Holy Scripture, but their own canon law teaches and requires. To this I say Amen, Amen.”
*a reference to a failed Christian Crusade launched against the Ottoman Turks in 1444
Martin Luther, German theologian, sermon addressed to a German prince, 1528

5. A historian could best explain the arguments made in the passage regarding the pope and the clergy in the context of Protestant claims that the Catholic Church
   a. had not adequately supported earlier Crusades against Muslims in the Holy Land
   b. had become corrupted by power
   c. had become too heavily influenced by Renaissance Humanism
   d. had failed to convert Muslims living in Europe to Christianity

Answer 25

b. had become corrupted by power

Question 26

To the count of Katzenellenbogen, Ziegenhain, and Nida, my gracious lord.
Pope Leo X, in the bull in white he put me under the ban, conderned my statement that to fight against the turk is the sam ismine. The popes and bho vists our sin upon us with the rod sil contes orest that this statement is mine. The popes and bishops called for war against the Turks in the name of christ.
Vet because Christ taught that Chistians shall not resist evil with violence or take revenge t is against HIS
name.
In how many wars against the Turks have the bishops and clergy prevented Christians from enduring heavy losses? Indeed, the king of Hungary and his bishops were beaten by the Turks at Varnat and more recently a German army would perhaps have fought with more success, if it had not contained priests. if I were an emperor, a king, or a prince in a campaign against the Turks, I would encourage my bishops and priests to stay at home and mind the duties of their office, praying, fasting, saying mass, preaching, and caring for the poor, as not only Holy Scripture, but their own canon law teaches and requires. To this I say Amen, Amen.”
*a reference to a failed Christian Crusade launched against the Ottoman Turks in 1444
Martin Luther, German theologian, sermon addressed to a German prince, 1528

6. A historian interpreting the passage would most likely explain that the audience of the sermon is an illustration of the fact that
   a. papal alliances with the Holy Roman emperors led to widespread religious persecutions in Germany
   b. the Protestant German nobility was wary of confronting the Ottomans without Catholic support
   c. political support from the German nobility aided in the development of the early Protestant community
   d. the Protestant German nobility adopted pacifist attitudes during religious disputes with their Catholic and Muslim opponents

Answer 26

b. the Protestant German nobility was wary of confronting the Ottomans without Catholic support

Question 27

10. Outside of the Ottoman Empire, Sufis contributed most directly to which of the following during the period before 1750?
    a. Scientific exchanges between the Mustim world and the rest of Afro-Eurasia
    b. The establishment of Arabic as the language of philosophy and theology in the Muslim world
    c. The spread of islam to new locations on the margins of the Muslim world, such as Southeast Asia
    d. The introduction of new practices for reculing and training slave soldiers in Muslim states, such as the Mughal Empire

Answer 27

c. The spread of islam to new locations on the margins of the Muslim world, such as Southeast Asia

Question 28

11. In the context of the period 1450-1750, which of the following most likely explains why the Qing government employed the scholars shown in the image?
    a. States sought to recruit foreign experts to industrialize their economies
    b. States sought to legitimize their rule by recruiting foreigners from prestigious universities.
    c. States sought to centralize their rule by including foreigners whose positions were dependent on the state to serve in the bureaucracy.
    d. States sought to recruit foreigners who could help factions within the state bureaucracies solve their differences

Answer 28

c. States sought to centralize their rule by including foreigners whose positions were dependent on the state to serve in the bureaucracy.

Question 29

12. Which of the following developments in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries most directly helps to explain the presence of the scholars shown in the image of China?
    a. The Inquisition led to the expulsion of enemies of the Catholic Church from Europe
    b. The Protestant Reformation led the Catholic Church to seek new converts outside of Europe.
    c. The wars of religion led many to question the role of religion in European society
    d. The expansion of the Ottoman Empire in Europe led many to leave their homes as refugees.

Answer 29

b. The Protestant Reformation led the Catholic Church to seek new converts outside of Europe.

Question 30

13. All are following statements are factually correct about Du Halde. Which would most likely lead to question the objectivity of his portrayal of the scholars shown in the image?
    a. He was the confessor to an important French Noble
    b. He never traveled to China
    c. He based his observations of china on unpublished translations of Chinese texts
    d. He was a Jesuit and based his book on Jesuit missionary reports

Answer 30

b.He never traveled to China

Question 31

In recent decades, many world historians have challenged the commonly held view that Europeans controlled the largest share of world trade in the seventeenth trough eighteenth centuries.

14. Which of the following evidence from the period would best support this historical reinterpretation?
    a.Prices for Chinese goods were much higher in Europe than in China
    b.European trading companies often backed their long-distance trading ventures with the threat of miltary
    force
    c. Asian trading companies dominated trade in the Indian Ocean region
    d. European merchants transported only a fraction of the goods shipped globally

Answer 31

c. Asian trading companies dominated trade in the Indian Ocean region

Question 32

15. Which of the following contributed the most to the growth of the movement to abolish slavery in the Atlantic world?
    a. Increased availability of Asian indentured labor
    b. The adaptation of Enlightenment ideas challenging established social hierarchies
    c. The efforts of industrialists to create a more flexible workforce
    d. A decline in the number of enslaved persons being taken from Africa

Answer 32

b. The adaptation of Enlightenment ideas challenging established social hierarchies

Question 33

*I think we should continue to emphasize the history and culture of the West, while encompassing the rest, because the West has in fact made the world we know. Anyone who wants to participate in the world community in the coming century had better know how and why the West has defined, and will continue to define, world civilization. Why do I say that? Because everybody wants what we have: science and technology, prosperity, and democracy-that is, our philosophy, our economics, our politics. It is the simple truth that science and technology emerge out of Western philosophy, not out of the philosophy of India, China, or the African nations. Since it is a fact that people everywhere aspire to the material advantages that flow, uniquely I think, from the modes of social organization that the West has devised-its economics, its science and technology, and also its politics and philosophy-I think it is time to stop apologizing and start analyzing what has made [the West] the world-defining power that it is.”
Jacob Neusner, historian, “It is Time to Stop Apologizing for Western Civilization and to Start Analyzing
Why It Defines World Culture,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, 1989
following?
16. The author’s argument regarding the effects of Western philosophy on the world is likely based on which of the
a. The technological innovations of Greece and Rome
b. the global spread of Christianity as a result of European trade and conquest
c. The adoption of European Entightenment political and scientific principles worldwide
d. The globalization of popular European postmodern philosophy

Answer 33

c. The adoption of European Entightenment political and scientific principles worldwide

Question 34

17. The object shown in the image is best understood in the context of which of the following developments between 1450 and 1750?
    a. The introduction of Chinese religious and cultural influences in Japan
    b. The fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate and restoration of direct imperial rule
    c. The growth of Russian cultural influence in East Asia as a result of the Russian expansion into Siberia
    d. The influence of European merchants and missionaries along Asian maritime trade routes

Answer 34

d. The influence of European merchants and missionaries along Asian maritime trade routes

Question 35

18. The use of objects such as the one shown in the image best illustrates which of the following historical processes from 1450 to 1750?
    a. Some Asian states sought to limit foreign encroachment in their internal affairs.
    b. Political leaders in Asia commissioned works of art to legitimize their rule
    c. Religious conversion by state ruters was often followed by the mass conversion of state populations
    d. The territorial expansion of Asian landbased empires limited European influence in many parts of Asia.

Answer 35

a. Some Asian states sought to limit foreign encroachment in their internal affairs.

Question 36

19. In which of the following regions between 1450 and 1750 was Christian missionary activity met with the LEAST amount of resistance by non-European states?
    a. the Americas
    b. the Middle East
    c. South Asia
    d. East Asia

Answer 36

d. East Asia

Question 37

“I have longed to make the acquaintance of a ‘modern girl; that proud, independent girl who has all my sympathy! 1 do not belong to the Indian word, but to that of my sisters who are struggling forward in the distant West. If the laws of my land permitted it, I would be like the new woman in Europe; but age-long traditions that cannot be broken hold us back. Someday those traditions will loosen and let us go, but it may be three, four generations after us. Oh, you do not know what it is to love this young, new age with heart and soul, and yet to be bound hand and foot, chained by all the laws, customs, and conventions of one’s land. All our institutions are directly opposed to the progress for which I so long for the sake of our people. Day and night I wonder by what means our ancient traditions could be overcome. But it was not the voices alone which reached me from that distant, bright, new-born Europe, which made me long for a change in existing conditions for women. Even in my childhood, the word ‘emancipation’ enchanted my ears and awakened in me an ever-growing longing for freedom and independence-a longing to stand alone.”

Raden Adjeng Kartini, Javanese noblewoman in Dutch Indonesia, letter to a friend, Java, 1899

20. Which of the following best explains Kartini’s familiarity with the ideas regarding social roles that she discusses in her letter?
    a. The expansion of public education systems as governments increasingly centralized
    b. The spread of Enlightenment thought as empires consolidated control over their territories
    c. The development of new mass media technologies such as radio
    d. The increasing overseas migration of Asians as laborers in European colonies

Answer 37

b. The spread of Enlightenment thought as empires consolidated control over their territories

Question 38

“Colonel Robert Bennett, under the authority of the Governor of Jamaica, makes a treaty with the rebellious Blacks, today, June 23, 1739. Captain Quao, and several other Black officers under his command, surrendered under the following terms.
1. All hostilities on both sides shall cease forever, Amen.
2. Captain Quao and his people shall have a certain quantity of land given to them, in order to raise crops, hogs, fowls, goats, or whatsoever stock they may think proper, with sugarcanes excepted.
3. Four White men shall constantly live and reside with them in their town, in order to keep a good correspondence with the Black inhabitants of this Island.
4. Captain Quao and his people shall destroy all other rebellious Blacks in any part of Jamaica. They shall be paid to apprehend any runaway Blacks and return them to their respective owners.
5. If any White man shall disturb or annoy any of the people or property that may belong to the said Captain Quao and his people, they may complain to a magistrate and receive justice.”
Treaty between British colonial authorities and the Windward Maroons, Jamaica, 1739. The Windward Maroons were descendants of Africans brought to the Americas in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
who had fled to the mountainous regions of the island.
1. The actions of the Maroons that forced British colonial authorities to conclude a treaty with them are best explained as evidence of reactions against which of the following global trends in the period 1450-1750 ?
a. The persistent spread of epidemic diseases
b. The continuing impoverishment of indigenous populations resulting from agricultural transfers
c. The increase in armed conflict resulting from state rivalries over control of trade routes
d. The increasing expansion and centralization of state power

Answer 38

d. The increasing expansion and centralization of state power

Question 39

“Colonel Robert Bennett, under the authority of the Governor of Jamaica, makes a treaty with the rebellious Blacks, today, June 23, 1739. Captain Quao, and several other Black officers under his command, surrendered under the following terms.
1. All hostilities on both sides shall cease forever, Amen.
2. Captain Quao and his people shall have a certain quantity of land given to them, in order to raise crops, hogs, fowls, goats, or whatsoever stock they may think proper, with sugarcanes excepted.
3. Four White men shall constantly live and reside with them in their town, in order to keep a good correspondence with the Black inhabitants of this Island.
4. Captain Quao and his people shall destroy all other rebellious Blacks in any part of Jamaica. They shall be paid to apprehend any runaway Blacks and return them to their respective owners.
5. If any White man shall disturb or annoy any of the people or property that may belong to the said Captain Quao and his people, they may complain to a magistrate and receive justice.”
Treaty between British colonial authorities and the Windward Maroons, Jamaica, 1739. The Windward Maroons were descendants of Africans brought to the Americas in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
who had fled to the mountainous regions of the island.

2. The passage could best be used to explain which of the following developments in the Americas in the period 1500-1750 ?
   a. Enslaved peoples and their descendants were frequently recruited into the armies of colonial empires.
   b. Some of the descendants of enslaved peoples gradually came to own large sugar plantations
   c. Some enslaved peoples won their freedom by taking legal action against plantation owners in colonial courts
   d. Enslaved peoples and their descendants used violent means to escape oppression and maintain their freedom.

Answer 39

d. Enslaved peoples and their descendants used violent means to escape oppression and maintain their freedom

Question 40

“Colonel Robert Bennett, under the authority of the Governor of Jamaica, makes a treaty with the rebellious Blacks, today, June 23, 1739. Captain Quao, and several other Black officers under his command, surrendered under the following terms.
1. All hostilities on both sides shall cease forever, Amen.
2. Captain Quao and his people shall have a certain quantity of land given to them, in order to raise crops, hogs, fowls, goats, or whatsoever stock they may think proper, with sugarcanes excepted.
3. Four White men shall constantly live and reside with them in their town, in order to keep a good correspondence with the Black inhabitants of this Island.
4. Captain Quao and his people shall destroy all other rebellious Blacks in any part of Jamaica. They shall be paid to apprehend any runaway Blacks and return them to their respective owners.
5. If any White man shall disturb or annoy any of the people or property that may belong to the said Captain Quao and his people, they may complain to a magistrate and receive justice.”
Treaty between British colonial authorities and the Windward Maroons, Jamaica, 1739. The Windward Maroons were descendants of Africans brought to the Americas in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
who had fled to the mountainous regions of the island.

3. Article 4 of the treaty is best explained as evidence of how states in the period 1450-1750 sought to
   a. suppress resistance to their rule by co-opting local groups
   b. grant military titles as a way of encouraging the loyalty of their subjects
   c. provide financial incentives to minority populations to participate in local administration
   d. promote intermarriage between different ethnic populations in order to reduce conflict

Answer 40

a. suppress resistance to their rule by co-opting local groups

Question 41

4. Based on the chart and your knowledge of world history, which of the following most directly enabled the Dutch to establish and enforce a monopoly on the Southeast Asian clove trade in the seventeenth century?
   a. The nutritional benefits of the Columbian Exchange
   b. Dutch advances in mapmaking and navigational skills
   c. The development of powerful joint-stock commercial companies
   d. Advances in medicine that improved Europeans’ ability to survive tropical diseases

Answer 41

c. The development of powerful joint-stock commercial companies

Question 42

5. For the period circa 1650-1790, the differences between clove prices in Southeast Asia and those in Amsterdam, seen in the chart, best support which of the following conclusions?
   a. imperialism economically benefited those Asians who collaborated with the Europeans and harmed those Asians who resisted European control
   b. Imperialism led directly to the articulation of anticolonial ideologies based on Enlightenment principles.
   c. Imperialism was undertaken mostly to prevent the expansion of rival European powers and resulted in the colonization of areas of no direct economic interest to Europeans.
   d. Imperialism economically benefited European merchants and governments while leading to the economic decline or stagnation of Asian producers

Answer 42

d. Imperialism economically benefited European merchants and governments while leading to the economic decline or stagnation of Asian producers

Question 43

6. For the period circa 1580-1650, which of the following most directly caused the price fluctuations shown in the chart?
   a. The replacement of traditional landed elites by new commercial elites in many parts of Eurasia
   b. The declining military power and international influence of the Mughal Empire
   c. The establishment of Caribbean plantation economies based on the production of cash crops by slave labor
   d. the intensification of competition among European states over the control of profitable maritime trade routes

Answer 43

d. the intensification of competition among European states over the control of profitable maritime trade routes

Question 44

7. Which of the following factors best explains why the Portuguese did not engage in direct trading relations with West African states until the fifteenth century?
   a. Lack of the necessary navigational and maritime technology
   b. directives from the pope to limit trade between Christians and Africans
   c. Fear of death from tropical diseases
   d. Lack of interest in African goods by Europeans

Answer 44

a. Lack of the necessary navigational and maritime technology

Question 45

8. Which of the following resulted from the arrival of western Europeans in India and China during the period
   1450 to 1750?
   a. The spread of infectious diseases in India and China and a drastic drop in their populations
   b. The establishment of small European enclaves in India and China
   c. A massive drain of silver and gold from India and China
   d. A great expansion in slave labor in India and China

Answer 45

b. The establishment of small European enclaves in India and China

Question 46

“During the reign of the Hebrew king Solomon, son of David, the Ethiopian Queen of Sheba, learning of his reputation for wisdom, came from Ethiopia to see and to hear him. Solomon, who had seven hundred queens as wives, received the Queen of Sheba into their number even though she was black. And when she later bore him a son in Ethiopia, she named him after his grandfather, David. This prince, wishing to receive the blessing of his father, came to Jerusalem when he was 22 years old. Solomon not only recognized him as his son, but had him anointed in the Temple, with all proper royal ceremony, as king of Ethiopia. This is the origin of the emperors of Ethiopia, one thousand years before the incarnation of the Son of God. Thus, when the Son of God became man and took the blood of the descendants of David, he had already given that same blood to the blacks of Ethiopia.”
Sermon delivered by Antonio Vieira, Portuguese Jesuit priest, to plantation workers in Bahia, Brazil, 1633

9. Vieira’s assertion that Solomon and the Queen of Sheba had a son diverges from the traditional Hebrew account. Which of the following best explains Vieira’s choice to tell this version of the story?
   a. By the seventeenth century, scholars had more information about the events discussed by Vieira
   b. Vieira wished to tailor his sermon to appeal to Brazil’s ethnically and racially diverse population
   c. Vieira was influenced by Jesuit antiSemitism and wished to undermine the Hebrew account
   d. Vieira was attempting to encourage intermarriage between Brazilians of African and European descent

Answer 46

b. Vieira wished to tailor his sermon to appeal to Brazil’s ethnically and racially diverse population

Question 47

World Economic Theory, 1500-1800
The world economic system that developed after 1500 featured unequal relationships between western Europe and dependent economies in other regions. Strong governments and large armies fed European dominance of world trade. Dependent economies used slave or serf labor to produce cheap foods and minerals for Europe and they imported more expensive European items in turn. Dependent regions had weak governments which made European penetration and slave systems possible.

10. Which of the following would illustrate an objection to this world economic theory?
    a. African imports of European guns
    b. The use of serfs to produce grain for export in Poland
    c. The development of manufacturing in colonial Latin America
    d. Import of European art works by planters in the United States south

Answer 47

c. The development of manufacturing in colonial Latin America

Question 48

World Economic Theory, 1500-1800
The world economic system that developed after 1500 featured unequal relationships between western Europe and dependent economies in other regions. Strong governments and large armies fed European dominance of world trade. Dependent economies used slave or serf labor to produce cheap foods and minerals for Europe and they imported more expensive European items in turn. Dependent regions had weak governments which made European penetration and slave systems possible.

11. Which of the following would complicate generalizations made from this world economy theory?
    a. Strong governments in the slave exporting regions of West Africa
    b. France’s absolute monarchy and military conquests
    c. The role of Dutch trading companies in Southeast Asia
    d. The use of slaves and the plantation systems in the Americas

Answer 48

a. Strong governments in the slave exporting regions of West Africa

Question 49

“Traditionally, historians have presented the 1400s and 1500s as the ‘age of discovery, when Europeans began to explore territories in Asia, Africa, and America. Yet research over the past twenty-five years has made it increasingly clear that this age of discovery was rooted in extensive [pre-existing] contact among peoples in Eurasia… No episode better illustrates the extent of these intercontinental connections than an… anecdote from the initial encounter between Portuguese and Indian officials in Calicut. According to the story, [Vasco] Da Gama… harbored some apprehension about how a foreign Portuguese [explorer] might be received. So he selected a convict on board, João Nunes, to go ashore first to see what would happen. Much to the surprise of Da Gama, local officials recognized [Nunes] as… Portuguese, and took him to two North Africans who [spoke] Castilian and Genoese. W
The recognition of Nunes as Portuguese, as well as the presence of Africans familiar with two European languages in India, highlights the cosmopolitan character of Asian commercial centers and the prevalence of long-distance travel long before the period of European expansion.”
Charles Parker, historian, Global Interactions in the Early Modern Age, book published in 2010
12. Which of the following best describes a claim made by the author in the passage?
a. The expansion of African empires contributed to increased global trade.
b. Trade networks in Asia were highly interconnected before contact with European explorers.
c. There was an extensive slave trade across the Indian Ocean.
d. The Spanish Reconquista led to significant European exploration

Answer 49

b. Trade networks in Asia were highly interconnected before contact with European explorers.

Question 50

“Traditionally, historians have presented the 1400s and 1500s as the ‘age of discovery, when Europeans began to explore territories in Asia, Africa, and America. Yet research over the past twenty-five years has made it increasingly clear that this age of discovery was rooted in extensive [pre-existing] contact among peoples in Eurasia… No episode better illustrates the extent of these intercontinental connections than an… anecdote from the initial encounter between Portuguese and Indian officials in Calicut. According to the story, [Vasco] Da Gama… harbored some apprehension about how a foreign Portuguese [explorer] might be received. So he selected a convict on board, João Nunes, to go ashore first to see what would happen. Much to the surprise of Da Gama, local officials recognized [Nunes] as… Portuguese, and took him to two North Africans who [spoke] Castilian and Genoese. W
The recognition of Nunes as Portuguese, as well as the presence of Africans familiar with two European languages in India, highlights the cosmopolitan character of Asian commercial centers and the prevalence of long-distance travel long before the period of European expansion.”
Charles Parker, historian, Global Interactions in the Early Modern Age, book published in 2010

13. The Portuguese exploration referred to in the passage was most directly enabled by which of the following?
    a. Military tactics relying on the use of heavily armed cavalry troops
    b. The use of printing presses to spread new religious ideas
    c. Joint-stock companies and other methods of securing private funding for trade voyages
    d. Navigational knowledge of Indian Ocean currents and wind patterns

Answer 50

d. Navigational knowledge of Indian Ocean currents and wind patterns

Question 51

“Traditionally, historians have presented the 1400s and 1500s as the ‘age of discovery, when Europeans began to explore territories in Asia, Africa, and America. Yet research over the past twenty-five years has made it increasingly clear that this age of discovery was rooted in extensive [pre-existing] contact among peoples in Eurasia… No episode better illustrates the extent of these intercontinental connections than an… anecdote from the initial encounter between Portuguese and Indian officials in Calicut. According to the story, [Vasco] Da Gama… harbored some apprehension about how a foreign Portuguese [explorer] might be received. So he selected a convict on board, João Nunes, to go ashore first to see what would happen. Much to the surprise of Da Gama, local officials recognized [Nunes] as… Portuguese, and took him to two North Africans who [spoke] Castilian and Genoese. W
The recognition of Nunes as Portuguese, as well as the presence of Africans familiar with two European languages in India, highlights the cosmopolitan character of Asian commercial centers and the prevalence of long-distance travel long before the period of European expansion.”
Charles Parker, historian, Global Interactions in the Early Modern Age, book published in 2010

14. Which of the following could best be used to support the author’s argument about trade in the period 1450-1750?
    a. Indian Ocean ports facilitated trade between Africa, India, and Southeast Asia
    b. European merchants were the sole drivers of transregional trade.
    c. Demand for labor in the Americas led to increased trade in the Atlantic world.
    d. China and Japan limited their interaction with European merchants in order to preserve their cultural traditions.

Answer 51

c. Demand for labor in the Americas led to increased trade in the Atlantic world.

Question 52

15. The predominance of voyages originating in Europe in the period before circa 1800 best represents which of the following?
    a. The triangular trade pattern of the Atlantic system
    b. North Atlantic crossings to find a direct route to Asia
    c. The widespread use of the labor of enslaved Africans in agriculture in Europe
    d. Dutch and English improvements on Portuguese and Spanish innovations in ship designs

Answer 52

a. The triangular trade pattern of the Atlantic system

Question 53

16. Which of the following developments most directly accounts for the total volume of the slave trade shown in the table for the period 1676-1800?
    a. A decline in the influence of guild organizations in Europe
    b. Increased demand for sugar in European markets
    c. The establishment of independent states in the Americas
    d. The growing demand for Asian spices in European colonies in the Americas

Answer 53

b. Increased demand for sugar in European markets

Question 54

17. Which of the following best characterizes the role of West African states in the trade shown in the table?
    a. They permitted some European merchants to acquire enslaved persons in exchange for Europeans’ providing protection against Ottoman expansion
    b. They reorganized their economies by ending domestic slavery and selling former enslaved persons to European merchants
    c. They acquired enslaved persons from the African interior and sold them to European merchants located along the African coast
    d. They granted European merchants vast autonomy to capture and enslave people from the interior of Africa in exchange for preserving African political independence

Answer 54

c. They acquired enslaved persons from the African interior and sold them to European merchants located along the African coast

Question 55

18. The trend in the volume of the slave trade shown in the table for Great Britain, France, and the Netherland in the period 1676-1775 most directly reflects which of t following developments?
    a. The growing demand in northern Europe for woolen textiles from Latin America
    b. The decline of Spanish power in Latin America following Creole rebellions against colonial rule
    c. The growing demand in northern Europe for cotton from the southern United States
    d. The decline of older colonial powers such as Spain and Portugal as a result of European colonial conflicts

Answer 55

d. The decline of older colonial powers such as Spain and Portugal as a result of European colonial conflicts

Question 56

19. The data in the table regarding Portuguese vessels in the period 1701-1800 most directly reflect trends in t plantation economy of
    a. Cuba
    b. Central America
    c. Brazil
    d. Peru

Answer 56

c. Brazil

Question 57

20. The table best supports which of the following conclusions about Japanese trade in the seventeenth century?
    a. Chinese goods were becoming less desirable than Dutch goods.
    b. Japanese imports of foreign goods were funded primarily by the export of precious metals
    c. Imports from China and Europe discouraged local production in Japan
    d. Chinese and Dutch imports accounted for only a small fraction of all imports to Japan

Answer 57

b. Japanese imports of foreign goods were funded primarily by the export of precious metals

Question 58

*My Friends,
Although I am not the same color as you, I have always regarded you as my brothers. Nature formed you with the same reason and the same virtues as White people. Reducing a man to slavery and keeping him in servitude steals everything nature has given him
The justice of nations requires the destruction of slavery. We have shown that this destruction will harm neither commerce nor the wealth of a nation because it would not result in any decrease in agricultural production. We have shown that the master has no right over his slave; that the act of keeping him in servitude is not a property right but a crime, that freeing the slaves is not an acf that attacks property, but rather it addresses a crime that should have been punishable by law. The sovereign therefore owes no compensation to the master of slaves.”
Nicolas de Condorcet, French philosopher, Reflections on Black Slavery, essay published in 1781
1. Which of the following are most likely the intended audience of the passage?
a. The French nobility
b. Owners of enslaved persons
c. Judges and lawyers
d. People of Color

Answer 58

d. People of Color

Question 59

*My Friends,
Although I am not the same color as you, I have always regarded you as my brothers. Nature formed you with the same reason and the same virtues as White people. Reducing a man to slavery and keeping him in servitude steals everything nature has given him
The justice of nations requires the destruction of slavery. We have shown that this destruction will harm neither commerce nor the wealth of a nation because it would not result in any decrease in agricultural production. We have shown that the master has no right over his slave; that the act of keeping him in servitude is not a property right but a crime, that freeing the slaves is not an acf that attacks property, but rather it addresses a crime that should have been punishable by law. The sovereign therefore owes no compensation to the master of slaves.”
Nicolas de Condorcet, French philosopher, Reflections on Black Slavery, essay published in 1781

2. Condorcet’s arguments in the passage best reflect the principles of
   a. capitalism
   b. the Enlightenment
   c. absolutism
   d. mercantilism

Answer 59

b. the Enlightenment

Question 60

*My Friends,
Although I am not the same color as you, I have always regarded you as my brothers. Nature formed you with the same reason and the same virtues as White people. Reducing a man to slavery and keeping him in servitude steals everything nature has given him
The justice of nations requires the destruction of slavery. We have shown that this destruction will harm neither commerce nor the wealth of a nation because it would not result in any decrease in agricultural production. We have shown that the master has no right over his slave; that the act of keeping him in servitude is not a property right but a crime, that freeing the slaves is not an acf that attacks property, but rather it addresses a crime that should have been punishable by law. The sovereign therefore owes no compensation to the master of slaves.”
Nicolas de Condorcet, French philosopher, Reflections on Black Slavery, essay published in 1781

3. Based on the second paragraph, Condorcet would most likely have supported which of the following?
   a. Abolition of the slave trade but not slavery itself
   b. Abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a constitutional government
   c. Reimbursement of plantation owners for the loss of their property
   d. Immediate abolition of slavery as a practice incompatible with universal laws

Answer 60

d. Immediate abolition of slavery as a practice incompatible with universal laws

Question 61

4. Which of the following European developments is most closely associated with the revolution in Haiti?
   a. The Protestant Reformation
   b. Russian Revolution
   C. French Revolution
   d. Industrial Revolution

Answer 61

c. French Revolution

Question 62

6. In the period from 1750 to 1850, which of the following political ideologies was gaining increasing influence in western Europe and parts of the Atlantic world?
   a. Liberalism
   b. Absolutism
   c. Fascism
   d. Communism

Answer 62

a. Liberalism

Question 63

7. In the nineteenth century, women’s use of bound feet (China), white face paint (Japan), and corsets (western Europe) are examples of which of the following?
   a. Practices that inhibit female activities
   b. The beauty of middle-class women
   c. Fashions that spread worldwide
   d. The middle class’s setting the fashion for all women

Answer 63

a. Practices that inhibit female activities

Question 64

8. Which of the following developments in the Western Hemisphere most directly resulted from the French Revolution?
   a. The expansion of the slave trade in the Americas
   b. The extension of the plantation economy in the Caribbeanx
   C. The creation of the first independent Black republic in the Americas
   d. The colonization of Brazil

Answer 64

C. The creation of the first independent Black republic in the Americas

Question 65

9. The United States Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen reflect a shared concern for
   a. physical elimination of the ruling class
   b. confiscation of church property
   c. protection of private property
   d. preservation of the monarchy

Answer 65

c. protection of private property

Question 66

10. All of the following claims made by Saint-Maurice in Source 2 directly advocate for the abolition of slavery in Saint-Domingue EXCEPT
    a. that “White hands will never suffice to work the land under a burning sun”
    b. that “everything tells you that man will no longer be the slave of man” x
    c. that “He is your equal, because he is a man”
    d. that “neither the nation nor the Supreme Being created slaves”

Answer 66

a. that “White hands will never suffice to work the land under a burning sun”

Question 67

11. Which of the following most directly influenced the arguments about social and economic change in San Domingue expressed by Kersaint and Saint-Maurice in the passages?
    a. Mercantilists
    b. Absolutists
    c. Laissez-faire capitalists
    d. Enlightenment thinkers

Answer 67

d. Enlightenment thinkers

Question 68

12. Kersaint and Saint-Maurice’s arguments about granting citizenship to the Black inhabitants of Saint-Domingue are most different from the arguments of those nationalists who claimed that
    a. having a shared language and religion were more important than sharing a contiguous territory in determining who could be citizens within the nation
    b. only those born within the territory of the nation and those who shared a common historical origin should be included as citizens within the nation
    c. political power could only be exercised through the popular will of the nation’s citizens
    d. people from separate national groups with distinct cultural traditions could be equal citizens within the state

Answer 68

b. only those born within the territory of the nation and those who shared a common historical origin should be included as citizens within the nation

Question 69

13. All of the following statements about Armand-Guy Kersaint are factually accurate. Which would best explain why, unlike the author of Source 2, Kersaint is NOT calling for the unconditional and immediate abolition of slavery?
    a. In his writings, Kersaint advocates for encouraging the willing migration of Africans to French colonies rather than their enslavement.
14. As an officer in the French navy Kersaint had participated in military campaigns against the British in the Caribbean and during the American Revolution
    c. At the time of the French Revolution, Kersaint owned plantations and other property in the French Caribbean
    d. In a pamphlet written shortly before the French Revolution began, Kersaint called for abolishing the traditional privileges of the French Nobility in France and its colonies.

Answer 69

c. At the time of the French Revolution, Kersaint owned plantations and other property in the French Caribbean

Question 70

14. Which of the following statements is true of Latin American independence movements in the nineteenth century?
    a. Slaves led a majority of the armed revolts.
    b. The revolts led to the elimination of racial discrimination throughout Latin America
    c. The United States provided military and financial support to all the revolts.
    d. Creole Elites led most revolts against colonial rule.

Answer 70

d. Creole Elites led most revolts against colonial rule.

Question 71

It’s not surprising that your nation Japan) considers it its mission to unite and lead Asia: The European tations, for all their differences, are united like a single country in their attitude towards the non-Europeans. if, for instance, the Mongolians threatened to take a píece of European territory, all the European countries would make common cause to resist them.
But Japan cannot stand alone. She would be bankrupt in competition with a united Europe, and she could not expect support in Europe. It is natural that she should seek it in Asia, in association with a free China, Thailand, and, perhaps, in the ultimate course of things, a free India. An associated Asia would be a powerful force. Of course, that is to look a long way ahead, and there are many obstacles in the way, notably the absence of a common language and the difficulty of communication. But-from india through Thailand to Japan-we are, I believe, kindred peoples, having in common possession so much religion, art. philosophy.”
Rabindranath Tagore, Indian poet and Nobel Prize in Literature recipient, excerpt from a speech given while
on a tour of Japan, 1916
15. Which of the following nineteenth-century historical processes gave rise to arguments for regional unity similar to those made by the author?
a. Russia and Great Britain’s struggle for influence over Central Asia
b. European countries’ efforts to carve out colonial territories during the scramble for Africa
C. Spanish Latin American colonies’ struggles for independence -
d. The establishment of rival alliances in Western Europe following the unification of Germany

Answer 71

C. Spanish Latin American colonies’ struggles for independence

Question 72

“Liberty and justice consist of restoring all that belongs to others; thus, the only limits on the exercise of the natural rights of woman are perpetual male tyranny, these limits are to be reformed by the laws of nature and reason.”
Olympe de Gouges, French feminist, Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen, 1791
16. The passage above is an example of which of the following processes occurring in the eighteenth century?
a. The emergence of nationalism
b. The formation of separatist movements
c. The application of Enlightenment ideas
d. The growth of empirical science

Answer 72

c. The application of Enlightenment ideas

Question 73

“And God gave unto the Polish kings and knights freedom, that all might be brothers, both the richest ance poorest. The king and the men of knightly rank received into their brotherhood still more people….. And the number of brothers became as great as a nation, and in no nation were there so many people free and calling each other brothers as in Poland.”
Adam Mickiewicz, poem, 1832, about Polish uprisings against Russia in 1830 and 1831
17. The passage above best reflects which of the following?
a. Marxist critiques of unequal distribution of wealth
b. Discontent with government bureaucracy
c. Development of nationalism
d. Criticism of religion’s role in public life

Answer 73

c. Development of nationalism

Question 74

“Spirits of Moctezuma, Cuauhtémoc and other Aztec heroes, as once you celebrated that feast before being slaughtered by the treacherous sword of the Spanish conquistadors, so now celebrate this happy moment in which your sons have united to avenge the crimes and outrages committed against you, and to free themselves from the claws of [Spanish] tyranny and fanaticism. To the 12th of August 1521-the day that the chains of our serfdom were fastened-there now succeeds the 14th of September 1813-when these chains are broken forever.”

José María Morelos, Mexican
Revolutionary, speech, 1813
18. Judging from the excerpt above, which of the following was the main purpose of Morelos’ speech?
a. To outline a plan for the long-term development of the new Mexican state
b. To oppose the claims of Mexican Creoles seeking to play a leading role in the new state
c. To offer a vision of Mexican history that could be used as a basis for nation building
d. To suggest the establishment of the Mexican nation-state was proof of the superiority of the Aztecs

Answer 74

c. To offer a vision of Mexican history that could be used as a basis for nation building

Question 75

continuing influence of
. As described in the passage, the voting requirements in Japan circa 1878 most directly reflect the
a. societal norms that assigned women lower status than the status of men
b. nationalistic ideals that mobilized Japanese men to support imperial expansion
c. middle-class ideals that motivated women to seek work outside the household
d. Buddhist principles that emphasized the spiritual equality of men and women

Answer 75

a. societal norms that assigned women lower status than the status of men