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challenge and change :3 > unit two (review) > Flashcards

unit two (review) Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

What is affluence?

A

Owning lots of money/many things

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2
Q

What is poverty?

A

Deprivation where people lack resources that are essential

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3
Q

What is relative poverty?

A

Defining poverty by comparing deprivation of those who are higher

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4
Q

What is discovery?

A

Realizing a new way of viewing reality

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5
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Spread of discovery

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6
Q

What is invention?

A

New products, ideas, and social patterns that affect the way people live

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7
Q

What are the four interrelated parts that anthropologists view social change?

A
  • Physical Environment
  • Level of Technology
  • Social Organization
  • Systems of Symbols
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8
Q

How does the physical environment influence culture?

A

It affects aspects such as how many winter outfits Canadians will buy in the fall

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9
Q

How does the level of technology impact culture?

A

It can affect how willing a culture is to adapt, such as improving public transportation systems

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10
Q

What does social organization refer to in the context of culture?

A

A stable set of rules that make up a culture

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11
Q

What are rules of descent?

A

How people are related by family

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12
Q

What are rules of residence?

A

Determine where people live

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

What do all cultures have that represent ideas or values?

A

Every culture has symbols that represent ideas or values.

Example: Brand clothing and popular music are important symbols in teen culture.

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15
Q

How do psychologists view social change?

A

Psychologists view social change through concepts like cognitive consistency and cognitive dissonance.

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16
Q

What is cognitive consistency?

A

Cognitive consistency is the agreement among related beliefs.

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17
Q

What is cognitive dissonance theory?

A

Cognitive dissonance theory suggests that people avoid conflict by aligning their thoughts and actions.

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18
Q

What is dissonance?

A

Dissonance occurs when your actions don’t match your thoughts or beliefs.

Example: Smoking.

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19
Q

What is the first stage of behavior modification?

A

The first stage is precontemplation, characterized by denial and refusal.

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20
Q

What is an example of precontemplation?

A

An example of precontemplation is saying, ‘There is nothing wrong with smoking, I won’t get cancer.’

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21
Q

What is the second stage of behavior modification?

A

The second stage is contemplation, where individuals question whether they should do something about the problem.

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22
Q

What is an example of contemplation?

A

An example of contemplation is thinking, ‘Maybe smoking is a bad habit: Should I quit?’

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23
Q

What is the third stage of behavior modification?

A

The third stage is preparation, where individuals consider the impact of their behavior.

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24
Q

What is the fourth stage of behavior modification?

A

The fourth stage is action, which involves commitment to sticking to a good habit.

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25
What is an example of action?
An example of action is saying, 'I need to stop smoking or I never will.'
26
What is the fifth stage of behavior modification?
The fifth stage is maintenance, which involves finding alternate ways to deal with problems.
27
What is a strategy in the maintenance stage?
A strategy in the maintenance stage is opting people out of your life who may drag you back to old habits.
28
What is the sixth stage of behavior modification?
The sixth stage is termination, which signifies completion and not going back to old ways.
29
What percentage of people reach the termination stage?
Only 20% of people reach the termination stage.
30
what is experimental psychology?
measuring and explaining human behaviour
31
what is NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
Consequences for bad behaviour Ex: Losing the privilege of going out in the evening if you miss your curfew
32
what is POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
Rewarded for good behaviour Ex: prisoners are treated humanely if they have better behaviour
33
what is clinical psychology
Focuses on the treatment of problems on human behaviours
34
list three foundational psychologists
B. F. Skinner Carl Jung Abraham Moslow
35
who was B.F SKINNER
- Theory: Operant conditioning - Learning can be programmed by whatever consequence follows a particular behaviour
36
what is the PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS
experiences ram the life of an individual
37
what is COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS
larger human community Captures the entity of mankind
38
who is ABRAHAM MASLOW
- Known for his analysis of human needs (organized to a hierarchy) - Self-actualization: a person integrates the self, making the personality whole
39
noah beck
i think his wide neck is funny idk. are you even learning anything atp?
40
what did MARION WOODMAN do
studied relationships between men and women
41
what is TENSION AND ADAPTATION
Social change results from a process of tension between one aspect of society and the rest Ex: The Great Depression (1930s) High rates of unemployment Modern welfare was born. The government continued to intervene and offer assistance = ADAPTATION
42
what are the FORCES OF SOCIAL CHANGE
Natural forces External Forces Values Technology
43
what is ACCUMULATION
Social change results growth of human knowledge throughout generations Ex: in 1950s, the tv first became available in Canada
44
what are INNOVATORS(2.5%)
Adopt an innovation Adopt new tech that will be obsolete Have great financial lucidity (young in age, have close contact to scientific sources and interactions with other innovators Ex: Elon Musk, Steve Jobs
45
who are EARLY ADOPTERS
Uses new products before revealed to the public Risk-takers and trendsetters have strong influence on the success/failure of the product Ex : George Clooney
46
what is EARLY MAJORITY
Above average social status Help gain mass appeal (average member of society)
47
what is LATE MAJORITY
Adopts after the average member of society Skeptical about an innovation
48
what is LAGGARDS
Values tradition Feels uncomfortable by change Not going in to buy new ideas
49
what is the chasm
The line between the early market and mainstream
50
who is immanuel wallerstein
Denounce that poor nations remain poor because the lack of leadership and colonial history Implies that a nation can do little to improve economic status Argues that the est remains successful due to capitalism and private investment
51
who is W.E.B DU BOIS
Advocated for greater academic focus Studied sociological conditions of African Americans & founder of NAACP
52
who is thelma mccormack
Major social change can’t be achieved unless society re-evaluates issues that are important to women Vote for private sphere(parts of our life that are private) issues such as family, religion Studied the impact of media violence Tv violence correlated with real life violence
53
who is dorothy smith
Focused on gender limitations Ex: Women are “incomplete” without a husband Discourses topics/ways of exchanging info within groups Influences the way we think and act
54
what is alienation?
Separation of things that naturally belong together or being isolated from a group Ex: Positive aspect = A person with unhealthy habits can a find a path to recovery and healthy life Negative Aspect= Gays and Lesbians were socially isolated in Canada
55
what is conformity
Attitudes that are influenced by other people Ex: Positive aspect= stopping at a red light means that you are conforming to the law Negative aspect= smoking/vaping because everyone does it
56
what is cognitive consistency
Avoid attitudes that conflict with each other
57
cognitive dissonance theory
People trying to avoid conflicts between what they think/do
58
how many developed vs developing countries are there
30:180
59
what is a determinist
Believes in an outcome that social change will take place
60
what is enculturation
Members of a culture learn and incorporate shared ideas, values and beliefs
61
what is reductionists
Believing a single factor causes a social change
62
the class system in canada: wealthy upper class
2-4% of the population Income is inherited, some earned it Interact with others with the same class (establish valuable network of connections 92 of the top 100 richest people in Canada
63
the class system in canada: the middle class
40-50% of the population Defined by income and good/services one can afford Defined by the type of work they do Teachers, nurses, office workers, factory owners
64
the class system in canada: the lower class
30% of Canada’s workforce Used to earn less than middle class workers People who work in factories or manual labour
65
the class system in canada: BROKIES
life= unstable 20% of the population Live in poor neighbourhoods Can’t work because of age, disabilities, lack of training and family responsibilities

challenge and change :3 (3 decks)

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