unit two - metabolism and survival Flashcards
what is metabolism ?
the integrated and controlled pathways of enzyme catalysed reactions within a cell.
what is anabolism ?
processes which build up large molecules from smaller molecules which requires energy.
what is catabolism ?
the breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules releasing energy.
what is induced fit ?
when the active site changes shape to better fit the substrate after the substrate binds.
what is competitive inhibition ?
when inhibitors that resemble the substrate bind to the active site preventing the substrate from binding.
what is non competitive inhibition ?
when inhibitors bind to the allosteric site changing the shape of the active site thus preventing substrates from binding.
what is feedback inhibition ?
when the end product in a metabolic pathway reaches a certifiable concentration and the end product inhibits an earlier enzyme to block the pathway preventing further synthesis of the end product.
what is glycolysis ?
the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate.
what is the energy investment phase ?
when glucose and intermediates are phosphorylated by ATP.
what is the energy pay off phase ?
when there is generation of more ATP resulting in a net gain of ATP.
what is a dehydrogenase enzyme ?
an enzyme that removes hydrogen ions and electrons passing them onto enzyme NAD to form NADH.
what is the electron transport chain ?
a series of carrier proteins attached to the inner mitochondrial membrane.
what is a conformer ?
an animal who’s internal environments are dependant upon its external environment.
what is a regulator ?
an animal that maintains its internal environment regardless of the external environment via negative feedback control.
what is the hypothalamus ?
the temperature monitoring centre.
what is dormancy ?
part of an organisms lifecycle to allow survival during a period where the costs of metabolic activity would be too high.
what is predicative dormancy ?
dormancy that occurs before the onset of adverse conditions.
what is consequential dormancy ?
dormancy that occurs after the onset of adverse conditions in response to unpredicted sudden weather changes.
what is hibernation ?
dormancy that allows animals to survive during winter/low temp.
what is aestivation ?
dormancy that allows survival in periods of high temperature or drought.
what is daily torpor ?
a period of reduced activity in organisms with high metabolic costs.
what is migration ?
the avoiding of metabolic adversity by expending energy to relocate to a more suitable environment.
what is recombinant DNA technology ?
the use of recombinant plasmids and artificial chromosomes as vectors.
what is a vector ?
a DNA molecule used to carry foreign genetic information into another cell.
what is a recombinant yeast cell ?
a cell that provides active forms of protein which are inactive in bacteria. (eukaryotic = can splice.)
what are complementary sticky ends ?
ends produced when the same restriction endonuclease is used to cut open the plasmid and the gene from the chromosome.
what is a restriction site ?
contains target sequences of DNA where specific restriction endonucleases cut.
what is an origin or replication ?
allows self replication of the plasmid / artificial chromosome.
what is a selectable marker gene ?
genes that protect the micro organism from a selective agent (antibiotic) that would normally kill it.
