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biology definitions > unit three - sustainability and interdependance > Flashcards

unit three - sustainability and interdependance Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is food security ?

A

the ability of human populations to access food of sufficient quality and quantity.

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2
Q

what are the carotenoids ?

A

pigments that extend the range of wavelengths absorbed which pass the energy to chlorophyll for photosynthesis.

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3
Q

what ensures valid comparison ?

A

selection of treatments.

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4
Q

what takes into account the variability within a sample ?

A

the number of replicates.

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5
Q

what eliminates bias when measuring treatment effects ?

A

randomisation of treatments.

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6
Q

what is inbreeding ?

A

in which selected related plants or animals are bred for several generations until the population breeds true to the desired type eliminating heterozygotes. this increases the frequency of individuals who are homozygous for recessive deleterious alleles.

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7
Q

what are weeds ?

A

plants that compete with crop plants.

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8
Q

what are annual weeds ?

A

weeds that have rapid growth, a short life cycle, high seed output and long term seed viability.

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9
Q

what is a perennial weed ?

A

weeds that have competitive adaptations (storage organs.)

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10
Q

what are the cultural methods to control weeds pests and diseases ?

A

ploughing, weeding, and crop rotation.

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11
Q

what are selective herbicides ?

A

herbicides that have a greater effect on certain plant species (broad leaves weeds.)

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12
Q

what are systemic herbicides ?

A

herbicides that spread through the vascular system (transport system) of the plant preventing re growth.

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13
Q

what are selective insecticides molluscicides and nematocides ?

A

substances that spread through the vascular system of plants killing pests that feed on said plants.

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14
Q

hat is bioaccumulation ?

A

the build up of a chemical in an organism.

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15
Q

what is biomagnification ?

A

an increase in the concentration of a chemical moving between tropic levels.

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16
Q

what is integrated pest management ?

A

the combination of chemical biological and cultural control to combat pests and weeds.

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17
Q

what is biological control ?

A

the use of a natural predator parasite or pathogen of a pest.

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18
Q

what is stereotypy ?

A

repetitive movement showing no variation.

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19
Q

what is failure in sexual/parental behaviour ?

A

sexually promiscuous animals or animals that are unable to become good parents.

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20
Q

what is altered level of activity ?

A

hysteria or apathy.

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21
Q

what is a symbiotic relationship ?

A

coevolved intimate relationships between members of two different species.

22
Q

what is a parasitic relationship ?

A

a relationship in which a parasite benefits (energy wise) by taking nutrients (resources) from a host.

23
Q

what is an intermediate host ?

A

an organism that allows the parasite to complete its life cycle.

24
Q

what is mutualism ?

A

a partnership in which both organisms benefit in an interdependent relationship.

25
Q

what is a social hierarchy ?

A

a rank order within a group of animals consisting of dominant and subordinate members.

26
Q

what is a dominant individual ?

A

a member of a hierarchy that carries out ritualistic displays to reduce conflict.

27
Q

what is a subordinate individual ?

A

an individual that carries out appeasement behaviours to reduce conflict.

28
Q

what is co operative hunting ?

A

when a group hunts together to use less energy per individual.

29
Q

what is social defence ?

A

the use of strategies that increase the chance of survival as some individuals watch for predators whilst others forage for food.

30
Q

what is altruism ?

A

behaviour that harms the donor individual but benefits the recipient.

31
Q

what is reciprocal altruism ?

A

when the roles of donor and recipient later reverse.

32
Q

what is kin selection ?

A

when the donor benefits in terms of the increased chances of survival of shared genes in the recipients offspring or future offspring’s, but harms itself individually.

33
Q

what is a worker insect ?

A

a member of a colony that defends the hide, finds food, and raises offspring, increasing the survival of shared genes.

34
Q

what does.a long period of social care do for primates ?

A

allows learning of complex social behaviours that’s support the social hierarchy.

35
Q

what are alliances ?

A

relationships formed between members to increase social status within the group.

36
Q

what is extinction ?

A

when a species loses some of its genetic diversity which limits its ability to adapt to changing conditions, and dies out as a result.

37
Q

what is genetic diversity ?

A

the number and frequency of all of the alleles within a population.

38
Q

what is species richness ?

A

the number of different species in an ecosystem.

39
Q

what is species diversity ?

A

the numbers of different species and the proportion of each species in an ecosystem.

40
Q

what is the relative abundance ?

A

the proportion of each species in the ecosystem.

41
Q

what is ecosystem diversity ?

A

the number of distinct ecosystems within a defined area.

42
Q

what is exploitation ?

A

the harvesting of a species.

43
Q

what is overexploitation ?

A

the reduction of populations to such a low level that genetic diversity falls.

44
Q

what is the bottleneck effect ?

A

when small populations lose the generic variation necessary to enable evolutionary responses to environmental change.

45
Q

what are habitat corridors ?

A

pathways that allow movement of animals between fragments increasing their access to food and choice of mate.

46
Q

what is an introduced species ?

A

a species that humans have moved intentionally of accidentally to a new geographic location.

47
Q

what is a naturalised species ?

A

an introduced species that becomes established in a wild community.

48
Q

what is an invasive species ?

A

a naturalised specie that spreads rapidly and eliminates the native species.

49
Q

what is the absorption spectra ?

A

a graph that shows the wavelengths of light absorbed by different pigments in a leaf.

50
Q

what is the action spectra ?

A

a graph that shows how effective the different wavelengths of light are for photosynthesis.

51
Q

what is viable cell count ?

A

a count of all living micro organisms.

biology definitions (3 decks)

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