Unit Two: Lecture 4,5,6

Question 1

Gene expression; nucleus

Answer 1

Transcription is the first step of gene expression. Occurs in the nucleus, during this process the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into RNA

Question 2

Gene expression; nuclear membrane

Answer 2

The nuclear membrane serves to separate the chromosomes from the cells cytoplasm and other contents

Question 3

Gene expression; cytosol

Answer 3

Prokaryotic gene expression occurs in cytosol due to the lack of a defined nucleus

Question 4

Gene expression; ribosomes

Answer 4

Ribosomes are the effector of translation through its role in mRNA decoding and protein synthesis

Question 5

Gene expression; rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 5

Rough endoplasmic reticulum associated with many roles in protein synthesis which also include post-translational modifications, folding, and sorting

Question 6

Explain and utilize the genetic code

Answer 6

The instructions contained in a gene that tell a cell how to make a specific protein , the genetic code helps predict the amino acid sequence

Question 7

Describe the basic concept of gene activation

Answer 7

Uncoils DNA, removes histones, start(promoter) and stop codes on DNA mark location of gene.

Question 8

Describe the basic concept of cell differentiation

Answer 8

The process during which young immature(unspecialized) cells take on individual characteristics and reach their mature(specialized) form and function

Question 9

Describe the process of transcription of DNA and mRNA including initiation, elongation, termination, and RNA processing

Answer 9

Transcription of mRNA(from DNA)

Question 10

Describe the process of translation of mRNA into an amino acid sequence including initiation, elongation, and termination. explain the roles of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA in protein synthesis

Question 11

Construct an amino acid sequence using the genetic code

Question 12

Define mutation in the context of protein synthesis

Question 13

List the order of events in the cell cycle (interphase, mitosis)

Question 14

Explain interphase (G phase, S phase) including the basic process of DNA replication

Question 15

Explain the phases of mitosis and cytokinesis

Question 16

List the functions of the plasma membrane

Question 17

Describe the components of the plasma membrane, including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates

Question 18

Describe the functions of the following types of membrane proteinsL anchoring, transport, receptor

Question 19

Describe the general concept of the concentration gradients and diffusion

Question 20

Describe the following types of passive cell transport of solutes: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion (channel and carrier)

Question 21

Describe osmosis

Question 22

Compare and contrast hyper-, hypo-, and isotonic solutions

Question 23

Describe primary active transport, including the sodium-potassium pump

Question 24

Describe the following types of vesicular transport: endocytosis (phagocytosis), exocytosis