Unit One: Lecture 1,2,3

Question 1

Anatomy and physiology, come from the root words?

Answer 1

“Ana”=up/open, “tomy”=to cut

Question 2

Anatomy=? Learning the…

Answer 2

=Structure! Parts what they are made of, where parts are located, physical relationships between different structures.

Question 3

Physiology=? Study of…

Answer 3

=Function! How living organisms perform their functions.

Question 4

Levels of study.

Answer 4

Cell
Organ
System

Question 5

Change in blank causes change in blank?

Answer 5

Change in structure causes change in function.

Question 6

Tumors in organs along GI tract, what would you expect?

Answer 6

Cause a blockage, unable to poop.

Question 7

Homeostasis was formed from the words?

Answer 7

“Homeo”, and “stasis”.

Question 8

Homeostasis regulation:

Answer 8

Adjusting physiological processes in response to changes in the external environment.

Question 9

Homeostatic Regulatory Mechanism:

Answer 9

Receptor=input
Control center=processes information
Effector=responds to commands from the control center

Question 10

Why do our bodies perform homeostasis?

Answer 10

Our body likes to be just right. Ex. Temperature, amount of red or white blood cells, and infection.

Question 11

Receptor:
Control center:
Effector:

Answer 11

:see’s that something has changed
:processes information, sends command to the effector
:gets command from control center to affect a change
*receptors constantly communicating with brain, how we know when its hot.

Question 12

Blood vessels blank when too hot, and blank when too cold.

Answer 12

Blood vessels expand (dilate) vessels close to surface so it is able to cool off ( why you turn red when hot), blood vessels constrict to keep blood warm ( why you turn blue or pale when cold)

Question 13

Most feedback loops in the body are…?

Answer 13

Negative, very few feedback loops are positive.

Question 14

Positive feedback loop…

Answer 14

Leads to exaggeration of original stimulus, escalating cycle:can speed up a dangerous process, ex. Blood clotting after a laceration, positive feedback is rare.

Question 15

Negative feedback loops…

Answer 15

Goal is to keep the body happy aka maintain homeostasis, a good example would be temperature regulation (temperature sensors in skin send a message to the brain that the body is hot and the brain sends commands to the effectors also known as the sweat glands in this example and then causes temperature to return to normal levels, if too cold the body will shiver its always reverses)

Question 16

Describe the structure of an atom and the arrangement of the electrons.

Answer 16

An atom has a nucleus with an electron cloud around the nucleus, proton and neutrons are found in the nucleus and the electrons are found moving around the nucleus. Electrons are arranged into shells the first shell fits 2, then 8, then 18 but is stable with 8.
2-8-8

Question 17

Ionic bonds

Answer 17

One atom donates an electron becomes a cation, one atom accepts the electron becomes a anion. (Can tell its ionic if there are charges/ ions, between metals and nonmetals.)

Question 18

Covalent bonds

Answer 18

Atoms share pair of electrons( they share the electrons to fill electron shells, want 8 electrons in outer most shell or valance shell).
Single covalent bond=one pair of shared electrons.
Double covalent bond= two pairs of shared electrons.
Triple covalent bond= 3 pairs of shared electrons.
Between two nonmetals.

Question 19

Nonpolar covalent bonds vs polar covalent bonds

Answer 19

Nonpolar- equal sharing of electrons between atoms that have equal pull on the electrons.
Polar- unequal sharing of electrons because one atom has disproportionately strong pull on the electrons.

Question 20

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 20

Form between molecules based on electrical attraction (WEAK POLAR BONDS), attraction between a slight positive and a slight negative charge (what causes h2o to have surface tension).

Question 21

Decomposition reaction (catabolism)

Answer 21

Breaks chemical bonds, exergonic reactions, release energy(ex breaking down food to use energy contained within). AB—>A+B.

Question 22

Synthesis reaction (anabolism)

Answer 22

Forms chemical bonds, endergonic reactions, require input of energy from another source(ex photosynthesis requires solar energy). A+B—>AB.

Question 23

Activation energy

Answer 23

Is the amount of energy needed to start a reaction

Question 24

Enzymes

Answer 24

Are protein catalysts that lower the activation energy of reactions.

Question 25

Describe activation energy and the basic functions of enzymes

Answer 25

Activation energy is the amount of energy required to start a reaction, enzymes are catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without themselves being permanently changed or consumed. Enzymes lower the activation energy.

Question 26

Describe the structure and properties of water

Answer 26

All can be applied to blood:chemical properties;1.solubility-molecules dissolve in water 2.reactivity-chemical reactions take place in water 3.high heat capacity- takes a lot of energy to raise temperature 4. Lubrication- low friction between molecules. Essential to all physiological systems. STRUCTURE- 2 slightly positive hydrogen atoms and one slightly negative oxygen atom. Polar covalent bond !

Question 27

Ph is essentially…

Answer 27

A scale from 0-14 that shows the amount of H+ ions present. ( pH-potential of H) #of hydrogen ions increase when an acid is added, #of hydrogen ions decrease when base is added.

Question 28

Acid

Answer 28

Hydrogen ion donor (#of hydrogen ions increases in water when acid is added)

Question 29

Base

Answer 29

(Alkali) hydrogen ion acceptor #of hydrogen ions decreases in water when base is added

Question 30

A pH of 5 is blank times more acidic than 7

Answer 30

100 times

Question 31

Organic molecule defined

Answer 31

Carbon, hydrogen, and usually oxygen.
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids(DNA,RNA).

Question 32

Explain the relationship between monomers and polymers.

Answer 32

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are made up of monomer subunits. Identical monomers(molecules) join together to form a polymer.

Question 33

Dehydration synthesis

Answer 33

Creation of larger molecules from smaller monomers where a water molecule is released.

Question 34

Hydrolysis

Answer 34

Chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds. (Think water breaking).

Question 35

Structure and function of monosaccharides

Answer 35

Simple sugars that can be used by cells. glucose, fructose, galactose. Glucose most important source of energy. Most common structure is the ring form (c6h12o6).

Question 36

Structure and function of disaccharides

Answer 36

Formed by the union of two monosaccharides (reaction=dehydration synthesis). Examples sucrose, lactose. Energy source broken down prior to use. Structure is usually ring format, two monosaccharides joined usually by oxygen.

Question 37

Structure and function of polysaccharides

Answer 37

Many monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis. Examples glycogen, starch, cellulose. (Glycogen=glucose polymer, stored in skeletal muscles and liver. Storage of energy-needs to be broken down prior to use.

Question 38

Structure and function of fatty acids

Answer 38

Lipid monomers, hydrocarbon chain with carboxyl (COOH) group at the end.

Question 39

Structure and function of glycerides

Answer 39

Fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule. Monoglyceride=1 fatty acid attached to glycerol. Diglyceride=2 fatty acids attatched to glycerol. Triglyceride=3 fatty acids attached to glycerol( how we store fatty acids made by dehydration synthesis.

Question 40

Structure and function of steroids

Answer 40

Lipids with a four ring hydrocarbon structure. (Cholesterol-steroid that forms basis for all other steroids)

Question 41

Protein structure (4 levels of structural complexity)

Answer 41

2 basic types of proteins by structure; 1.)fibrous proteins- long rope like strands add strength and durability to structures. 2.)globular proteins-spherical or globe like, function as enzymes, hormones, and other cell messengers. Proteins are most abundant organic molecules. *4 levels of structural complexity= 1:primary structure-amino acid sequence, 2:secondary structure-one or more segments of primary structure folded in specific ways(held together by hydrogen bonds), 3:tertiary structure-three-dimensional shape of peptide chain(twists, folds, and coils, including secondary structure);stabilized by hydrogen bonding, 4:quaternary structure-linking together two or more tertiary structures in specific arrangement; critical to function of protein

Question 42

How protein structure can be disrupted by denaturation

Answer 42

Destroying proteins shape by heat, pH changes, or exposure to chemicals. Disrupts hydrogen bonding and ionic interactions that stabilize structure and function. Denaturing=change in tertiary or quaternary structure makes protein nonfunctional.

Question 43

Primary functions of proteins in the body

Answer 43

1.support(structural proteins)
2.movement(contractile proteins in muscles)
3.transport proteins
4.buffers(regulate pH)
5.metabolic regulation
6.coordination and control(hormones)
7.defense(antibodies)

Question 44

How does the structure of an enzyme relate to its function

Answer 44

Enzymes are a protein and have a very specific shape, like proteins when put through intense conditions the shape is changed. This change in shape for enzymes causes a change in the function as now that enzyme can no longer bind to substrate as the unique shape has been altered.

Question 45

Describe the structure and function of DNA

Answer 45

Composed of two long chains that twist around each other to form double helix. Contains genes- recipe code for protein synthesis( process to make every protein ). Pentose sugar deoxyribose forms backbone of strand alternates with phosphate group. Bases A,G,C,T. Double helix half Oglethorpe by hydrogen bonding

Question 46

Describe the structure and function of RNA

Answer 46

Single strand of nucleotides; critical to making proteins, RNA contains pentose sugar ribose, RNA contains uracil instead of thymine. DNA can’t leave the nucleus that’s why we need RNA.

Question 47

Describe the structure and function of ATP

Answer 47

Cells use the energy from broken down food to produce ATP. ATP=energy storing molecule most important energy storage in cells. Adenosine triphosphate(ATP) adenine attached to ribose and 3 phosphate groups, main source of chemical energy in body.