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Indigenous Studies 120 > Unit Three: Treaties > Flashcards

Unit Three: Treaties Flashcards

1
Q

What is a treaty?

A

An agreement between groups

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2
Q

What is a territory? Who owns it?

A

A territory is the land a group uses, but “ownership” could change through new agreements or warfare

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3
Q

What was special about pre-contact treaties?

A

Treaty making was an elaborate process involving ceremony and gift-giving

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4
Q

How were pre-contact treaties remembered?

A

Treaties were remembered through storytelling and memory aids like petroglyphs and wampum

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5
Q

What were Peace and Friendship Treaties?

A

A series of treaties made between the British and the Wabanaki between 1725-1779

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6
Q

Why were Peace and Friendship Treaties made?

A

They were made to end conflict and establish peace on the east coast

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7
Q

Who signed the Peace and Friendship Treaties?

A

The Mi’kmaq, Wolastoqiyik, and Passamaqoddy

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8
Q

What did the Wabanaki promise to do during the Peace and Friendship Treaties?

A

They promised to stop fighting British subjects

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9
Q

What did the British promise to do during the Peace and Friendship Treaties?

A

They promised to gain consent before settling on Wabanaki land, create trading posts specifically for the Wabanaki

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10
Q

What symbolic gift was presented when they signed the Treaty at Fort Niagara?

A

The covenant chain wampum belt (shows two people holding hands)

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11
Q

What were the Douglas Treaties?

A

Treaties allowing settlement on Vancouver Island

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12
Q

What does land title mean?

A

Who legally owns the land.

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13
Q

What sets Treaty 6 apart from the other Numbered Treaties?

A

The Cree negotiated for better terms because they mistrusted the British.

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14
Q

The Northwest Resistance was a reaction to what?

A

Canada lying to the Metis and Cree.

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15
Q

How was Nunavut established?

A

The Inuit surrendered the land in exchange for sovereignty.

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16
Q

Did the Wabanaki surrender any land while the friendship treaties were being made?

A

No

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17
Q

What did the Royal Proclamation of 1763 do?

A

Ended the Seven Years War

18
Q

What happened during/after the Pontiac’s War?

A

The Treaty of Niagara was signed after in 1764, the royal proclamation was read and agreed to at negotiations, and set out a nation-to-nation relationship

19
Q

How was the Treaty of Niagara marked?

A

It was marked in ceremonies and gift-giving. The wampums from the earlier treaty symbolized an ongoing relationship

20
Q

What happened after the war of 1812?

A

Great Britain moved away from military alliances with Indigenous nations. Civilian government takes over Indigenous relations and the focus of treaties shifts from trade to land

21
Q

Who negotiated the Robinson Treaties?

A

WB Robinson, a former fur trader, on behalf of Canada

22
Q

Where were the Robinson Treaties, 1850s, made around?

A

Ontario

23
Q

What are the Robinson Treaties?

A

The treaties established farmland around Lake Huron and Lake Superior. Indigenous Peoples were able to retain fishing rights and later amendments included land reserved for Indigenous Peoples.

24
Q

Who negotiated the Douglas Treaties?

A

Governor James Douglas, he negotiated 14 land agreements. HBC believes they are purchasing the land, Indigenous leaders believe they are making peace treaties for co-existence.

25
Q

Where were the Douglas Treaties made around?

A

HBC established Vancouver Island

26
Q

What were the numbered treaties?

A

A series (11) of treaties made by the Canadian government and several Indigenous nations between 1871-1921. Followed the same format as the Douglas and Robinson Treaties.

27
Q

What were the terms and issues of the numbered treaties?

A

They promised reserve lands and help transitioning to a farming economy and reserve land/cattle and other special items were allotted by family groups rather than nations. Negotiations were unequal between First Nations and Canadian negotiators.

28
Q

How was Treaty 6 a turning point?

A

Negotiators, such as Poundmaker pressed Canadians for better terms and to actually make good on their promises, a famine clause was added

29
Q

What is a provisional governement?

A

A temporary governement

30
Q

What was the Red River and NW resistance?

A

After Canada becomes a country they buy Rupert’s Land from the HBC which upsets the First Nations and Metis people living there because they were not consulted

31
Q

What happened with the NW resistance in 1869?

A

Metis fighters by Louis Riel stop the new governor from entering Red River and they set up a provisional government.

32
Q

What is the Manitoba Act of 1870? What were the terms?

A

Established Manitoba as a province. Riel is forced to leave the country for 5 years, it promised 160 or 240 acres of land to each Metis head of household (distributed as scrip)

33
Q

What happened in 1885 again with the NW resistance?

A

Metis are upset because they never received the land they were promised and Cree and others are upset that the Numbered Treaties have not been fulfilled.
Metis try and petition the government to try and get the land they were promised but were ignored.

34
Q

What was the Second Riel Resistance?

A

The Metis ask Riel to return and lead them. He comes back and they ally with the Cree. They win the battle of Duck Lake together against the NW Mounted Police.

35
Q

What happened after the Second Riel Resistance?

A

Canada calls in 5000 troops, the Metis surrender in May 1885, and Riel is executed November 1885.

36
Q

What did Canada set up in 1973?

A

A new department called the office of native claims. Their job was to reassess existing treaties and make new agreements where necessary

37
Q

What happened with Nunavut in 1999?

A

Nunavut became a province. The Inuit formally surrendered title to Canada except for privately owned land

38
Q

What did the Inuit surrender title to Canada in exchange for in 1999?

A
  • wildlife management and hunting rights on Crown land
  • a share of profits from resource development in the territory
  • land and water stewardship
39
Q

What are modern treaties used for?

A

To protect land and resources from exploitation by non-Indigenous developers. Agreements usually allow the government to use parts of Indigenous land while Indigenous People retain the treaty rights.

40
Q

What is the Land Back Movement?

A

A movement to re-establish Indigenous sovereignty over land in the USA and Canada

Indigenous Studies 120 (2 decks)

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