Exam Review Flashcards
What are acceptable terms for indigenous people?
- first nations
- metis
- inuit
- indigenous
sometimes aboriginal, not really native or indian
What is the populations of first nations?
9/10 or 1.4 of 1.8 total
How many first nation nations/bands are there across canada? What are examples?
- cree, miqmaw, ojibway
What are metis?
descended from one of the original metis nations around the red and saskatchewan rivers
what is the population of metis?
0.3 million
where do inuit live?
above the tree line in the three territories
what are inuit people called? what language do they speak?
called Inuk “the people”
language is called inuktitut
how long have ind. people lived in north america?
believed to be between 12 000-15 000 years ago
Who was christopher columbus?
he was the person responsible for the misnomer indians
where do a majority of first nations live?
BC and ontario
who is jacques cartier?
he kidnapped chief donnaconna and his sons after trying to colonize his village for the french king
what did samuel de champlain do?
founded quebec city
why did the fur trade become so successful?
- euro market for furs
- ind. had access to furs
- euros had trade goods ind. wanted
what is marriage a la facon du pays?
inter marriage between euros and ind. to strengthen trade relationships
what are the 3 phases of the fur trade?
- ind. control
- increasing reliance of euro goods
- euro control
seven years war is also known as what?
the french-indian war
what was the seven year war?
england and france fought for control of the fur trade
what are 3 factors that led to the decline of the fur trade?
over hunting, price crash, pemmican ban
what is pemmican?
a preserve of meat, fat, and berries used to sustain fur traders on long expeditions
what are the five nations of the wabanaki confederation?
mikmaq
passamaquoddy
wolastoqiyik
abanaki
penobscot
how many nations are in the wendat confederacy?
four
who did the wendat confederacy oppose?
the iroqois
what role did the wendat confederacy play in the fur trade?
they were powerful in the early fur trade
what was the 60s scoop?
the period when ind. children were taken without consent from family/community and place in the child welfare system
when did the 60s scoop begin?
1951 and ind. children are still overrepresented in child welfare
what is the main difference between the scoop and present day?
that cultural assimilation is no longer the expressed purpose behind child removal
what key points did the indian act entail?
band council
reserve system
the pass system
enfranchisement
blood quantum
- indian status
residential schools
what was the doctrine of discovery?
it was when europeans felt that if they were the first to claim land for christ, they had the right to colonize it
what is the treaty of tordesillas?
when the pope agreed to split the non-christian world between spanish and portuguese rulers
who was john cabot?
cabot led two expeditions to find a western route to asia. despite never leaving his ship cabot claimed the land (newfoundland) for england
who saved samuel de champlains expedition on st croix island when they were dying?
passamaquoddy
who was the hudsons bay company?
king charles II claimed the hudsons bay drainage, renamed ruperts land, for england and granted the title to the hbc with a royal charter
what were indigenous people told about the hbc?
they were told that the hbc had purchased the land from them
what was the northwest company?
it was founded in 1779 from montreal to rival the hbc, operated in rupert’s land despite the hbc charter
what was the indian act?
- a law that defines the canadian governments relationship with first nations people
- it created the legal term of “indian”
- created and enforced the elected band council system
- outlawed many traditional religious ceremonies
what does enfranchisement mean?
meant a first nations man was no longer considered “indian” in order to become a “canadian citizen”
what was bill c-31?
status no longer passed through father or husband, women could regain status and pass it on to their children
when did the red river resistance take place? what was it?
1869-1870. it was a transfer of ruperts land that took place in the red river settlement.
what did thomas scott want originally?
refuge for scottish settlers
what nations were dominant in the red river area in 1812?
ojibwe, cree, and metis
english descended metis were usually…? french descended metis were usually…?
english were usually hunters and trappers and french were usually more agricultural
hbc and who constantly came into conflict over what?
hbc and the metis constantly came into conflict over trading rights
when was the transfer of ruperts land set to be?
december 1st
were the metis included in the negotiations for the selling of ruperts land?
no they were not
the settlers moving into ruperts land at this time were mainly…?
protestant
what religion were most metis?
roman catholic
who was william mcdougall?
a canadian expansionist and a 1st lieutenant governor
who was louis riel?
a third generation metis advocate who was educated in montreal as a law clerk
did louis riel have support from both english and french metis? what is this significance
yes. this showed that despite language differences, their metis identities were what they really valued
where did louis riel and his followers take over to stop canada taking over ruperts land?
upper fort gary, main hbc trading post
what did the manitoba act do?
- create manitoba as a province
- metis land rights were guarenteed (607 000 acres set aside for metis descendents)
- riel went into exile
- metis were soon so disadvantaged in manitoba that they collectively move west
