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Science > Unit Test On May 25 - Reproduction > Flashcards

Unit Test On May 25 - Reproduction Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is fertilization?

A

When gametes combine (sperm and egg) to form a zygote (fertilized egg) with full set of DNA.

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2
Q

What is Sexual reproduction?

A

Is the production of offspring from the joining of male and female sex cells.

Male and female sex cells each contribute 23 chromosomes of the offspring.

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3
Q

What’s a gamete?

A

Gametes are the sperm and eggs in humans

They are specialized sex cells

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4
Q

What do gametes contain?

A

They contain 1/2 set of DNA (also known as a haploid)

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5
Q

How are gametes produced?

A

By meiosis

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6
Q

What is the advantage of sexual reproduction?

A

Combining gametes creates genetically unique offspring that allow the species to adapt and survive.

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7
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Is a type of cell division that HALVES the number of chromosomes during the production of gametes (sperm and eggs)

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8
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

Is referring to the Observable Traits in an organism

Ex Bb or BB’s individual phenotype is brown eyes

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9
Q

When does a zygote make a diploid cells?

A

After it divided

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10
Q

How many set of DNA does a gamete contain?

A

1/2

23 chromosomes

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11
Q

What does reproduction mean?

A

Reproduction means the production of an offspring (new life)

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12
Q

What are the rwo methods of reproduction?

A

Sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction

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13
Q

What does a genotype mean?

A

Is the Actual Genes present in the cells of an individual (not Observable.)

The genotype determines the phenotype

Ex; a BB’s individual genotype is a heterozygous

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14
Q

What does genetics mean?

A

Is the branch of biology involving the study of inherited Traits.

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15
Q

What does Continuity mean?

A

Means “life produces life” when an organism passes on its Traits to the next generation.

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16
Q

Where does meiosis occur in the body? Specifically.

A

In males, it occurs in the testes

In females, it occurs in the ovary

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17
Q

What are the 3 purposes of mitosis?

A

To reproduce,

To grow,

And to repair

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18
Q

What is a cell?

A

Is the basic unit of structure and function of living things (building blocks of life)

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19
Q

What does asexual reproduction mean?

A

Is the production of identical offspring through SIMPLE CELL DIVISION.(most plants and animals)

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20
Q

What is the definition of a nucleus?

A

The cell structure that controls the cell’s function and growth, and is responsible for cell division.

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21
Q

What is the definition of a Chromosomes?

A

Are the coded strands of DNA in each cell (human cell have 46 (or 23 pairs,) each species has a characteristic number.

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22
Q

What is the definition of a replication?

A

Is during cell division, the cell’s chromosomes must first Double (replicate) and then divide, so that each new daughter cell receives a complete set.

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23
Q

What is Sexual reproduction?

A

Is the production of offspring through a COMBINATION OF SEX CELL from two Different parents (most plants and animals)

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24
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid.

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25
Q

What does Cell Division mean?

A

Is when PARENT CELL divide to produce two identical DAUGHTER CELL (used for growth, repair and reproduction.)

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26
Q

What is a recessive trait?

A

Is a gene that will ONLY function when paired with another like itself.

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27
Q

What is homozygous?

A

Is an individual zygote said to be homozygous for a trait if it has two genes that are the SAME for that trait.

Also called a purebred

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28
Q

What is a Dominant Gene?

A

Is a gene that will function even when paired with the opposite trait.

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29
Q

What are Genes?

A

Are inherited units or sections of chromosomes that parents pass on to offspring during fertilization (sexual reproduction)

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30
Q

What is Heredity?

A

Is the passing of Traits from one generation to the next.

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31
Q

What is a heterozygous?

A

Is an individual said to be heterozygous for a trait if it has two DIFFERENT genes gorgeous that trait.

It is also called a hybrid.

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32
Q

What is a punnett square?

A

Is a diagram used to predict the possible genotypes of the offspring of two parents (percent chance or ratio)

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33
Q

What is a pedigree?

A

Is an organism that is a purebred or a homozygous

34
Q

What is a piece of the human “code” or “blueprint” that determines your Traits?

A

Your gene.

35
Q

What word is used to explain why you and your mother have the same nose?

A

Heredity

36
Q

What 3 things does the Semen contain?

A

It contains

Sperm,

Nutrients,

And protective nutrients.

37
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

Is the external sac or covering for the testes

38
Q

What are testes?

A

Are the glands that produce sperm.

39
Q

What fluid does the Cowper’s gland secrete?

A

They produce a lubricating fluid.

40
Q

Give a 10- word summary of Interphase.

A

The cell performs normal cell function then chromatins are replicated.

41
Q

What fluid does the seminal tubules secrete?

A

They produce a sugar that will provide them an energy they need for the journey ahead.

42
Q

What does the epididymis do?

A

It is where the sperm are matured and stored.

43
Q

What does the prostate gland secretes?

A

It secretes an alkaline fluid that will protect the sperm from the acidic environments of the vagina.

44
Q

What is a uterus?

A

Is a hollow muscular organ in which the embryo/get us develops.

45
Q

What is the pesos?

A

Is the external male reproductive organ.

46
Q

Explain in 10- words the process of prophase.

A

Mitosis begins, chromatins cool to form chromosomes, nuclear membrane disappears.

47
Q

What are the five main stages or mitosis?

A

Interphase

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

48
Q

What is the semiferous tubules?

A

Is a vast tangle of hollow tubules in the testes

It is where spermatogenesis occur

49
Q

Explain in 10- words the process of Telophase.

A

Cell membrane split,

two new cells appear,

Nuclear membrane reforms

50
Q

What is Binary Fission?

A

Is the process by which a unicellular organism divides by using mitosis into two equal halves.

The parent cell is completely genetically identical to its offspring.

51
Q

What is Sporulation?

A

Is the asexual reproduction process by which a a simple organism produces reproductive cells (spores) by mitosis.

It is eventually released and the spores grow, able to offer the exact same process.

52
Q

What is the cervix?

A

Is the opening from the vagina to the uterus.

53
Q

What is the urethra for women?

A

Is the narrow tube only used for urine.

54
Q

What is the vagina?

A

Is the passageway from the uterus to outside the body.

55
Q

What is the ovary?

A

Is the female organ responsible for producing egg and sex hormones.

56
Q

What is an ovum?

A

It refreshing to only one egg

57
Q

What is the glands under the brain responsible for sending out hormones?

A

The pituitary gland.

58
Q

What is cleavage?

A

Is the first several cell divisions of the zygote using mitosis.

59
Q

How many days does implantation happen after fertilization?

A

6-10 days

60
Q

When is a zygote named an embryo?

A

After two months

61
Q

When is an embryo named a fetus.?

A

For the third to the ninth months of the woman’s pregnancy.

62
Q

What is the process of Vegetative Propagation?

A

Is the process by which a new organism is created from the selected parts of its parent plant, roots, stems, or leaves using mitosis.

Ex willow trees, strawberry

63
Q

What can the oviduct be called to?

A

The fallopian tube

64
Q

What is the definition of Budding?

A

Is the process in unicellular organisms which is very similar to binary fission but a miniature version of the parent grows from its body until it’s old enough to be independent.

65
Q

What kind of twins are two twins when it’s a boy and a girl?

A

They are both fraternal twins

66
Q

What is the definition of regeneration?

A

Is the process of which a multi-cellular organism is divided into fragments and those fragments can become regenerate the parts that are missing.

67
Q

How does an identical twins happen?

A

When the egg splits in half and both keep multipliying

68
Q

What is the main disadvantage of asexual reproduction?

A

There is no genetic variation

69
Q

What are the 4 main advantages of asexual reproduction?

A

It is quick and asexual reproduction enables organisms to produce offspring several times a day

There is no need to put energy into mating

It is effective for organisms that can’t move

Offspring react to the environment just as their parents do. It increases the chances of survival if conditions are good.

70
Q

In less than 4 words, explain the function of a cell plate.

A

Becomes new wall + membrane

71
Q

In less than 4 words, explain the function of the centromere.

A

Holds chromatins in place

72
Q

In less than 3 words, explain the location of the spindle fibers.

A

Attached to the centromere

73
Q

In less than 4 words,explain the function of cytokinesis

A

Splits into daughter cells

74
Q

Where does Fertilization take place?

A

In the fallopian tube.

75
Q

How is an offspring’s gender is determined.?

A

It can only be determined by the sperm that fertilized the egg cell.

If the father gave an X cell, the offspring would be a girl.

If the father gave a Y cell, the offspring would be a boy.

76
Q

Explain in less than 10 words the process of Metaphase.

A

Chromosomes line in middle

Spindle fibers attach at centomeres

77
Q

Explain in less than 4 words what the function of the centromere.

A

Hold Chromatids in place

78
Q

Explain in less than 10 words the process of Anaphase.

A

Chromatids are pulled apart because spindle fibers contract and shrink.

79
Q

What are the letters use for DNA.

A

G

T

C

A

80
Q

What is hemophilia?

A

Is the offspring’s I ability to clot blood,

In danger of dying from blood lose

81
Q

What are two genetic mutations humans have today?

A

Hemophilia

And

Color blindness

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