Exam Part 2 Flashcards
When is an embryo called a fetus? 2
When it is about 3 to 9 months old.
It is now recognizably human
What is Astronomy?
The study of anything beyond our earth (the universe)
How is a baby boy made?
When the father gives a sperm cell that has a Y sex cell to the egg cell
What is mitosis?
Is a type of cell division that creates two identical DAUGHTER CELLs
What is power?
Is the rate of energy consumption (rate at which electricity is converted to other forms of energy to do work for us)
Where is the ammeter placed in a schematic diagram? What does it do?
Is placed after the source of energy.
It measures amps.
How is current measured?
By Amperes
Amps
What are six evidences of electrical charge?
Crackling
Sticking
Repelling
Attracting
Sparks
Pain(shocks)
How is Physical Changes defined? 4
Changes in the physical properties of a substance
Often reversible
Change of shape or state usually
No change in the molecular structure
What did the Alchemist in 500-1600 AD do? 5
They were part philosopher/mystic/magician/chemist.
Performed experimentation
Tried to turn lead into gold
Searched for a substance for eternal life
They invented modern tools and techniques still used today.
What are the 3 types of charges?
Neutral
Negative
Positive
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic ACID
How is the Scientific Method done? By who?
Modern chemists used experimentation to explain matter and define “ELEMENTS” and “MIXTURES”.
Are charges destroyed? 2
No and also aren’t created.
They are simply moved around (between or within objects)
Where can energy be stored as an electric potential?
It can be stored in a battery or electromagnet
What can electric potential be converted to?
It can be converted to kinetic, light or heat energy
What is Reproduction?
Is the production of an offspring (new life).
What happens during Metaphase? 2
Chromosomes LINE UP in the middle of the cell.
Spindle fibers ATTACH to chromosomes at the centromeres.
What is the Bing Bang Theory? How long?
Is a theory describing the birth OF THE UNIVERSE
14 billion years ago
What is the Heliocentric model? 3
A sun-centered model of the universe
Unpopular theory at first because it was a new theory. (earth was no longer in the centre of the solar system)
It was strengthened by Isaac Newton
Gravity + Galileo’s telescope + geometry
What is Genotype? 2
It refers to the ACTUAL GENES present in the cells of an individual (not observable)
The genotype determines the phenotype
Ex BB’s individual genotype is a homozygous
What is genetics?
Is the branch of biology involving the study of inherited Traits.
What is sometimes called the “Copernican Revolution”? After who?
It refers to a Heliocentric Model
Named after Nicholas Copernicus
What is universe?
Is everything that exists everywhere, including all matter and energy
What is an embryo? What forms?
Is what a zygote called after it lived for two months
Major organs and body parts form
What are gametes? 4
Are specialized sex cells
Sperm and eggs in humans
Contains 1/2 set of DNA (haploid cells)
Produced by MEIOSIS (in the reproductive organs)
What is a parallel circuit? 6
Different parts of the circuit are on separate branches
Electrons van take several paths
Parts of the circuit used the same voltage
More expensive, but much more practical
Used for household wiring
If one bulb burns out, or turns off, the others can still work (there is still a closed circuit)
How does a lightning happens? 4 steps.
First there friction
Electrons and protons are polarized
Second there’s Induction
Clouds repel the electrons on the ground
Third there grounding
Electricity is discharged
Charges Becomes neutral again
Fourth Thunder
What does friction do?
It INCREASES the amount of CONTACT between two surfaces
Before, they were neutral
What is the Basic Law of Electrostatics?
Like charges repel each other; unlike charges attract
What is a valence electron?
Is the electron(s) located in the outermost she’ll of an element. They determine whether an element is very reactive or inert.
What is family within the Periodic Table of Elements? Examples?
Is the column of Elements on the Periodic Table of Elements.
Ex. Alkaline Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Transition Metals, Noble Gases, Halogens
What is a compound?
Is the substance formed when two or more atomic elements CHEMICALLY join together in specific proportions.
Ex Fe3 O4 is the compound made when iron and oxygen chemically join together
What are chromosomes? 2
Are coded strands of DNA in each cell (human cells have 46 or 23 pairs)
Each species has a characteristic number of chromosomes
What is Geocentric Model? 4
Formed when early sky watchers imagined earth at the centre of a GIANT SPHERE
Called Aristotle’s Universe
An earth-centered model of the WHOLE UNIVERSE.
Stars were “fixed” on the outer sphere, but the planets, moon and sun orbiter the earth on CONCENTRIC circles within the sphere.
How are Interplanetary Distances measured?
Measured in ASTRONOMICAL UNIT
OR
AUS
WHAT is heterozygous? 2
Is an individual said to be heterozygous for a trait if it has two DIFFERENT genes for that trait.
Also called a hybrid
What is a punnett square?
Is a diagram used to predict the possible genotypes of the offspring of two parents
Percent chance or ratio
What happens during Interphase? 3
Performing normal cell function going to mitosis
DNA strands are THREADS OF CHROMATIDS
Chromatin is replicated
Doubles the two identical Chromatids
Held together at the centromeres
If all the lights are still able to work but died because one of the bulbs short circuited, what type of circuit is it?
A series circuit
What is an electric field?
Is the area over which an electric charge can exert force
Repelling or Attracting
Strongest when near the charged object
Until when did Aristotle’s geocentric model lasted?
Until the 1500s
What does the prostate gland secrete?
It secretes a sugarous #fructose# for sperms
What are stars? What is it called?
Arr globe shape of matter that give off huge amounts of energy
Called Nuclear Fusion
How are interstellar Distances measured?
They are measured in light years
What are Genes?
Are inherited units or sections of chromosomes that parents pass on to offspring during fertilization (sexual reproduction)
What does current depend on?
Current depend on the VOLTAGE and how much the wire and load RESISTS the flow.
How is cost of energy calculated?
Cost is calculated by multiplying the energy used by the price per kilowatt hour
What is asexual reproduction?
Is the production of identical offspring through SIMPLE CELL DIVISION.
What is conduction?
Is an already charged object transferring it’s charge to a neutral object by which a contact has been made.
What did Democritus philosophized? 3. Plus what happened to his philosophy?
Named the atom #Atomus#
He said that they are invisible indivisible that could not be broke down.
He was rejected by Socrates and Aristotle after his death.
The four elements model dominated for another 2000 years.
What is chemical changes? 4
Are changes in the chemical properties of a substance.
They are not easily reversible without another chemical reaction
NEW Substances with new PROPERTIES are produced
It involves a rearrangement of the substances atoms NEW Molecules are produced
Who is John Dalton? 2
Is an English chemist known for just Billiard Ball’s model for the atomic theory.
He said that all elements are made of solid indivisible, invisible and indestructible atoms
What is Electrostatics usually produced by?
By friction
What does replication refer to?
During cell division, the cell’s chromosomes must first Double or REPLICATE and then divide so that each new daughter cell receives a complete set.
What is the Bing Bang Theory talking about? 5
It says that all matter and energy had been contained in a SIMPLE POINT
This point suddenly EXPANDED into space at a tremendous speed and energy was turned into matter
The universe was immediately filled with a dense. #Soup# of SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
Soon gravity pulled these particles together to form protons and neutrons.
H and He formed a millions years later and the universe was full of H and He atoms
What are the components of a Heliocentric Model? 7
Sun in the middle
Mercury first orbiting the sun
Venus next
Then earth
Moon is orbiting Earth
Some planets
Then fixed stars
What is fertilization? 2
Is when gametes combine to form a zygote with a full set of DNA
The zygote’s cells will then divide through mitosis to make all of the DIPLOID body cells of a fully frown organism.
What is an ova?
Is the plural of ovum
Meaning one egg
Where does Spermatogenesis occur?
Inside the semiferous tubules.
What is implantation? When does it happen?
After fertilization, the dividing ball of cells becomes embedded in the uterine lining this is the beginning of pregnancy
It usually happen during 6-10 days after fertilization
What is a comet? 2
Is a small body of dust and ice orbiting the sun at very large distances
The tail is seen as the comet comes closer to the sun and begins to evaporate
What is continuity?
“like produces like” when an organism passes on its Traits to the next generation
What are planets?
Are large, spherical objects that orbits a star (reflecting light only)
What is the moon? When?
Is a rocky permanent satellite of the earth or with other planets
Origin is likely the result of debris from a planet sized object smashing into the earth 4,5 billions ago
What is the testes?
Is the gland that produces sperm
What does the prostate gland secrete?
It secretes an ALKALINE FLUID that will protect the sperm from the acidic environments of the vagina
What is cleavage
Is the first several cell divisions of the zygote. Using mitosis
What is the sun? 5
Is a medium sized star.
1.4 million km around,
110 times the diameter of Earth
73% hydrogen, 25% helium
5 billion years old
What is a Dominant Gene?
A gene that will function even when paired with the opposite trait
How much is a lightning year?
Is the distance from which a beam of light travelled in a year
=9.5 trillion kilometres
=63,240 AUs
Why would we use a light year?
To measure between stars and galaxies.
What is a black hole?
Is the result of a massive star collapsing inwards as they die, with such a strong gravity that no light or matter can escape
What is a homozygous?
Is an individual zygote said to be homozygous for a trait if it has two genes that are the SAME for that trait
Also called purebreed
What is a nebula? 3
Are vast cloud of gas and dust that eventually becomes a star
Gravity pulls together more and more hydrogen atoms
Intense heat and pressure cause NUCLEAR FUSION
WHAT happens in Prophase? 4
Mitosis begins.
Chromatids have coiled up to form visible chromosomes
Nuclear membrane disappears
Centrioles migrate yo the ends and spindle fibers form
What is cell division?
Is when PARENT CELL divide to produce two identical DAUGHTER CELL
Used for growth, repair and reproduction
What happens in Anaphase?
Spindle fibers CONTract stinking back to opposite ends of the cell
Chromatids are pulled apart
