Unit Test- cells Flashcards
What is the order of the seven levels of organization?
atoms, molecules, cells, tissue, organs, organ systems, organism, population, community, ecosystem.
what are 5 parts of a cell and compare it to a factory?
mitochondrion (electricians), vacuole (storage room), nucleus (manager), cell wall (the walls of the factory), cytoplasm (the inside of the factory)
What does DNA stand for?
deoxyribo nucleic acid
what are transport proteins?
they move materials across the bilayer
what are cell surface markers?
it identifies the cell type (label)
what are receptor proteins?
recognize and bind to substances outside the cell
what do enzymes do?
assist and facilitate chemical reactions inside the cell.
what is the cell membrane?
separates cell from outer environment, (gate keeper of cell)
the head of a phospholipid is…?
polar (attracted to water)
the tail of a phospholipid is….?
non polar (repelled by water)
what is a passive transport?
a transport that requires no energy
what is simple difusion?
when molecules move down the concentration gradient through the phospholipid bilayer
what is facilitated diffusion?
allows larger or polar molecules to move across the membrane
what are channel proteins?
pores or tunnels open for passage
what are carrier proteins?
proteins change shape to move across the membrane
active transport?
requires energy to move across membrane
pumps?
carrier proteins that require energy
vesicles?
move large substances in and out of cell
what is osmosis?
facilitated diffusion of free water molecules
what happens in Osmosis?
when free water molecules move down the concentration gradient and find space with a lower concentration of water.
what is hypotonic?
when there is a low solute concentration outside the cell
hypertonic?
a very high solute concentration outside the cell, more water inside
isotonic?
equal amount of solute and water
what happens to cells in hypo, hyper, and iso
hypo=bloated and full, for plants a very large vacuole
hyper=shrink and shrivel, plants vacuole is small
iso=healthy
what are the steps in Mitosis?
G2 or interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis
what happens in prophase?
spindle fibers appear and chromosomes condense
what happens in prometaphase?
spindles attach to chromosomes and chromosomes condense
what happens in metaphase?
chromosomes align at the metaphase plate at the center of the cell
what happens in anaphase?
centromeres divide and sister chromatids move to opposite poles
what happens in telophase?
nuclear membrane reform, chromosomes decondense, and spindles disappear
cytokinesis?
cytoplasm divides and parent cell become two daughter cells with identical genetic info
what is mitosis?
the process of a mother cell dividing into two identical daughter cells through series of steps making the two new cell identical.
where is the first checkpoint in the cell cycle?
G1 checkpoint in cell growth
where is the 2nd checkpoint? 3rd?
G2 checkpoint, and then the spindle checkpoint.
