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Biology > Unit Test card deck > Flashcards

Unit Test card deck Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the elements of the body?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

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2
Q

what percent of the body do C,H,O,N make up

A

96%

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3
Q

Inorganic compounds do not contain

A

carbon (except CO2, CO)

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4
Q

Organic Compounds

A

Contain carbon (and hydrogen)

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5
Q

what type of bonds does carbon form

A

Covalent bonds

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6
Q

what are the forms of single double and triple bonds

A

C-C, C=C, C=_C

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7
Q

define polymerization

A

process by which large molecules are formed by joining together small molecules

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8
Q

Monomer definition

A

small molecule (single building block of a polymer)

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9
Q

Polymer definition

A

large molecule (made from adding monomers together)

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10
Q

Marcomolecule definition

A

very large polymers

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11
Q

What are the four main biomolecules in the body

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids (Fat and Cholesterol)
Proteins
Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)

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12
Q

What is the main function of carbs

A

Short term energy

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13
Q

Ratio of Carbohydrates

A

C,H,O in a 1:2:1 ratio (CHO with a HO in a 2 to 1 ratio)

Carbohydrates are hydrated carbon. Every Carbon atom has an H2O attached in the form of H and an -OH

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14
Q

Monosacchrides are also known as

A

Simple sugars (The monomers)

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15
Q

Glucose =

A

blood sugar

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16
Q

Fructose =

A

fruit sugar

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17
Q

Isomers

A

Chemical compounds made of the same kind and number of atoms, but are bonded differently.

Same atoms, put together in a different way

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18
Q

If carbon is shown without surrounding atoms, what can you assume is surrounding the carbon?

A

Hydrogen

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19
Q

Disaccharides

A

2 monosaccharides joined together

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20
Q

Sucrose (Table Sugar) =

A

Glucose + Fructose

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21
Q

Maltose=

A

Glucose + Glucose

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22
Q

Lactose =

A

Glucose + Galactose

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23
Q

Oligosaccharides definition

A

A few monosaccharides covalently linked

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24
Q

where are Oligosaccharides found?

A

attached to proteins or lipids

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25
Q

Example of oligosaccharides found on the outside of cells

A

Glycoproteins and Glycolipids are found on the outside of the cells. They help with cell to cell interactions and cell signaling.

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26
Q

Polysaccharides

A

long chains of monosaccharides and or disaccharides joined together. Chains may form branches

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27
Q

Polysaccharides are the main way humans store what

A

Sugar (glucose)

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28
Q

Examples of polusaccharides

A

Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose

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29
Q

Plants store excess sugar in what form

A

starch (aka Amylose)

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30
Q

foods that contain a great deal of starch are

A

potatoes, pasta, bread

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31
Q

What form do animals store excess sugars in

A

Glycogen

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32
Q

Where is glycogen stored

A

liver and muscles

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33
Q

you try to make a warehouse of this polysaccharide when you start carboloading

A

glycogen

34
Q

This polysaccharide is found only in plants

A

Cellulose

35
Q

cellulose is indigestible and so is also known as

A

Fiber

36
Q

Why do we eat fiber if we cant digest it

A

It is natures intestinal scrub brush. Keeps things moving in your digestive system, good for the bacteria in your digestive system.

37
Q

why can’t you digest cellulose

A

we don’t have an enzyme to break beta bonds between the glucose molecules

38
Q

ranking of carbohydrates based on their ability to be converted to glucose in the body

A

Glycemic Index

39
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

When two monosaccharides are joined together to form a disaccharide a molecule of water is lost.

You lose a H off of one monomer and a OH off of a second monomer.

40
Q

How are carbohydrates made and broken down?

A

Made by Dehydration synthesis (lose a water to put two monomers together). AKA Condensation reaction

Broken down by Hydrolysis (add a water back in…the reverse of dehydration synthesis).

41
Q

To break a disaccharide down into monosaccharides what molecule must be added

A

A molecule of water (H2O)

42
Q

Carbon can form what types of structures

A

long chains, branched chains, and rings

43
Q

Which polysaccharides are used for storage?

A

Starch and glycogen

44
Q

Which polysaccharide is used for structure?

A

Cellulose

45
Q

What does having a low glycemic index mean

A

smaller rise in blood sugar following meals.

46
Q

What are some of the benefits of a low glycemic index diet?

A 
weight loss
improve sensitivity to insulin
help control diabetes
keep you feeling fuller longer
help prolong physical endurance
re-fuel carbohydrate stores after exerciese
47
Q

3 functions of lipids

A

store long term energy, form cell membranes, used as messengers in the body(hormones)

48
Q

what lipids are found in the body

A

triglycerides, phospholipids, steriods

49
Q

what are triglycerides made of

A

3 fatty acids and a glycerol

50
Q

what is lost when glycerol combines with fatty acids

A

water

51
Q

what are the types of fatty acids

A

saturates, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated

52
Q

what are properties of saturated fatty acids

A

every carbon atom has a hydrogen attached to it, no c=c double bonds

53
Q

what are properties of monounsaturated fatty acids

A

have 2 less hydrogens and only 1 c=c double bond

54
Q

what are the properties of polyunsaturated fatty acids

A

have the least number of hydrogens and many c=c double bonds

55
Q

fats are what at room temp

A

solid

56
Q

fats are produced from what

A

mostly animals

57
Q

are fats saturated or unsaturated

A

saturated

58
Q

oils are what at room temp

A

liquid

59
Q

oils are made from what

A

plants

60
Q

are oils saturated or unsaturated

A

unsaturated

61
Q

what are the functions of proteins

A

make up tissues and organs

62
Q

amino acids are what of protein

A

the building blocks of protein

63
Q

what 4 groups are amino acids made of

A

central carbon, r group, amine group, carboxyl group

64
Q

how many different r groups are there

A

20

65
Q

what is a polypeptide

A

a long chain of amino acids

66
Q

what type of bond is formed between amino acids

A

peptide bonds

67
Q

what is an enzyme

A

a protein that acts as a catalyst

68
Q

what are characteristics of enzymes

A

lower activation energy, are very specific, have active sites to allow for binding

69
Q

what are characteristics of nucleic acids

A

are the information molecules of the cell, also known as molecules of inheritance, make up genes, there are 2 types, DNA, RNA

70
Q

what are nucleic acids made from

A

monomers called nucleotides

71
Q

what are the 3 parts they are made of

A

phosphate group, nitrogen base, 5 carbon sugar

72
Q

Bad cholesterol (sticks to walls of arteries)

A

LDL

73
Q

Good Cholesterol (frees LDL and returns it to the blood stream)

A

HDL

74
Q

Polar molecules have oppositely charged ______?

A

ends

75
Q

what is specific heat

A

water retains heat, it is slow to cool down, and slow to heat up

76
Q

water is the universal _____?

A

solvent

77
Q

what sharing does a nonpolar covalent bond have

A

equal sharing

78
Q

what sharing does a polar covalent bond have

A

unequal sharing

79
Q

Primary Structure

A

Sequence of a chain of amino acids (number and sequence)

80
Q

Secondary Structure

A

Sequence linked by hydrogen bonds, alpha helices and pleated sheets

81
Q

Tertiary Protein Structure

A

Occurs between attractions in R group

82
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

consists of more than one amino acid chain (folded over on itself)

Biology (4 decks)

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