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Biology > A&P Chapter 1 > Flashcards

A&P Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Gross

A

Macroscopic

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2
Q

Regional

A

Regions (includes all components)

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3
Q

Systemic

A

Systems

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4
Q

Surface

A

Internal and related to skin

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5
Q

Developmental

A

Changes over life

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6
Q

Living Bodies Require

A

homeostasis
maintain boundaries
response to environment
metabolism
dispose waste
reproduce
grow / develop

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7
Q

Integumentary system

A

hair skin nails

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8
Q

Skeletal system

A

bones joints

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9
Q

Muscular system

A

skeletal muscles

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10
Q

Nervous system

A

brain, spine, nerves

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11
Q

Lymphatic system

A

red bone marrow
thymus
lymphatic vessels
thoracic duct
spleen
lymph nodes

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12
Q

Respiratory system

A

Nasal cavity
pharnyx
larynx
trachea
lung
bonchus

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13
Q

Digestive system

A

oral cavity
esophagus
liver
stomach
large / small intestines
rectum
anus

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14
Q

Endocrine system

A

Pineal gland
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
thymus
adrenal gland
pancreas
ovary / testis

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15
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

heart
vessels

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16
Q

Urinary system

A

kidney
ureter
urinary bladder
uretra

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17
Q

Male Reproductive System

A

prostate
penis
testis
ductus deferens
scrotum

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18
Q

Female Reproductive System

A

MAmmary glands
ovary
uterus
vagina
uterine tube

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19
Q

Superior

A

toward head

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20
Q

Inferior

A

toward lower end

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21
Q

anterior / ventral

A

front

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22
Q

posterior / dorsal

A

back

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23
Q

medial

A

midline

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24
Q

lateral

A

outer side(s)

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25
Q

intermediate

A

between medial and lateral

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26
Q

proximal

A

closer to origin of part or limb attachment

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27
Q

distal

A

farther from origin of part or limb attachment

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28
Q

superficial

A

close to surface

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29
Q

deep

A

away from surface

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30
Q

cephalic

A

head

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31
Q

manus

A

hand

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32
Q

cervical

A

neck

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33
Q

pedal

A

foot

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34
Q

abdomenal

A

abdomen / back

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35
Q

pelvic

A

pelvis

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36
Q

pubic

A

genital

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37
Q

thorax

A

chest

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38
Q

back

A

dorsum

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39
Q

dorsal body cavity breaks into

A

cranial cavity and vertebral cavinty

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40
Q

cranial cavity

A

skull

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41
Q

vertebral cavity

A

spinal cord

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42
Q

function of dorsal body cavity

A

protects nervous system organs

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43
Q

ventral body cavity

A

visceral organs

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44
Q

thoracic cavity

A

ribs / chest muscles

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45
Q

abdominopelvic cavity

A

stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, bony pelvis: bladder and some reproductive organs

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46
Q

Pleural cavity

A

lungs

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47
Q

Mediastinum

A

pericardial cavity around heart

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48
Q

ventral body cavity broken into

A

thoracic cavity
abdominopelvic cavity

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49
Q

thoracic cavity broken into

A

pleural cavity
mediastinum

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50
Q

what separates thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

A

diaphragm

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51
Q

serosa

A

serous membrane

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52
Q

membrane lining cavity walls

A

parietal serosa

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53
Q

membrane covering organs

A

visceral serosa

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54
Q

layers of serosa

A

separated by serous fluid

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55
Q

parietal pleurae

A

lines walls of thoracic cavity

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56
Q

visceral pleurae

A

covers lungs

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57
Q

parietal peritoneum

A

walls of abdiminopelvic cavity

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58
Q

visceral peritoneum

A

covers most abdominopelvic organs

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59
Q

parietal pericardium

A

pericardial cavity

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60
Q

visceral pericardium

A

covers heart

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61
Q

Upper right / left abdomen

A

right / left hypochondriac

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62
Q

upper center of abdomen

A

epigastric

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63
Q

right/left middle of abdomen

A

R/L lateral (lumbar)

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64
Q

middle middle of abdomen

A

umbilical

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65
Q

Right/left lower abdomen

A

R/L inguinal (iliac)

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66
Q

Variable

A

factor / event being regulated

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67
Q

Receptor

A

monitors environment
responds to stimuli
sends input along afferent pathway to control center

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68
Q

Control Center

A

determines set point
compares input to set point and sends info along efferent pathway to effector

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69
Q

Effector

A

carries out control centers response to stimulus
Results fed back to increase / decrease the stimulus.

70
Q

Nervous tissue

A

internal communication

71
Q

Types of nervous tissue

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves

72
Q

Types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal (attach to bones)
heart (cardiac)
walls of hollow organs (smooth)

73
Q

Function of muscle tissue

A

contract to cause movement

74
Q

Function of epithelial tissue

A

form boundaries between different environments, protect, secrete, absorb, filter

75
Q

Types of connective tissue

A

bones, tendons, fat, soft padded tissue, blood

76
Q

Function of connective tissue

A

support, protect, bind together other tissues

77
Q

Where can epithelia tissue be found

A

covering body surface
lining a body cavity
forming glands

78
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

A

protect
absorb
filter
excrete
secrete
receive sensory signals

79
Q

Epithelial tissue polarity

A

upper surface (apical ) is free to leumen or cavity
lower surface (basal) attached to basement membrane

80
Q

How is epithelia classified

A

number of cell layers and cell shape

81
Q

simple vs. stratified epithelia

A

simple = one layer
stratified = 2 or more layers

82
Q

Squamous

A

scale like or squahsed flat

83
Q

Cuboidal

A

cube shaped

84
Q

columnar

A

taller than wide

85
Q

two exceptions to epithelial naming

A

transitional and pseudostratified

86
Q

What is the function of simple squamous epithelium

A

all diffusion and filtration in places where protection is not important
secreting lubricating substance in serosae

87
Q

Where can you find simple squamous epithelial cells

A

kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs. lining of heart, blood vessel, lymphatic vessels, lining of ventral body cavity (serosae)

88
Q

What does simple cuboidal epithelial tissue look like?

A

single layer, cube like, large round nucleus.

89
Q

What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelial tissue

A

secretion and absorption

90
Q

Where do you find simple cuboidal epithelial tissue

A

kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface

91
Q

What does simple columnar epithelium look like

A

single layer, tall cells, round to oval nuclei. Some have cilia. Layer may contain goblet cells

92
Q

What is the function of simple columnar epithelial cells?

A

Absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes, etc If ciliated, propels mucus or reproductive cells

93
Q

Where can you find simple columnar epithelial cells

A

Nonciliated: most of digestive tract from stomach to anal canal, gallbladder and excretory ducts of some glands.

Ciliated: small bronchi, uterine tubes, some regions of uterus.

94
Q

What does pseudostratified columnar epithelium look like

A

single layer
cells are differing heights
Not all cells reach free surface
Nuclei at different levels
May have mucus secreting cells or cilia.

95
Q

What is the function of pseudostratified epithelium

A

secretion of mucus (and other things)
propulsion of mucus using cilia

96
Q

Where can you find pseudostratified epithelium

A

Nonciliated: males sperm carrying ducts and large gland ducts
Ciliated: lines trachea and upper respiratory tract

97
Q

What does stratified squamous epithelium look like

A

thick membrane composed of several cell layers.
Base cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active.
Base cells do mitosis and produce the layers of other cells.
surface cells are dead and full of keratin
surface cells are flattened (squamous)

98
Q

WHat is the function of stratified squamous epithelium

A

protection of underlying tissues from abrasion

99
Q

Where do you find stratified squamous epithelium

A

nonkeratinized: moist linings of esophagus, mouth and vagina

keratinized: epidermis of skin (a dry membrane)

100
Q

What does transitional epithelium look like?

A

stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal. basal cells cuboidal or columnar. surface cells are dome shaped or squamous-like (depending on stretch)

101
Q

What is the function of transitional epithelium

A

stretches and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine

102
Q
A
103
Q

Where do you find transitional epithelium

A

lines ureters urinary bladder and parts of urethra

104
Q

WHat are the two criteria to classify glandular epithelia

A

site of product release:
ductless = endocrine
true ducts = exocrine

number of cells forming the gland
one (ex. goblet cells)
more than one

105
Q

Endocrine glands

A

ductless
secrete hormones that travel through blood to organs

106
Q

Examples of endocrine glands

A

pituitary
thyroid
parathyroiid
adrenal
pineal glands
gonads

107
Q

Exocrine glands

A

secrete products into ducts
more numerous than endocrine,

products released onto body surface or into cavities

108
Q

Examples of exocrine glands

A

sweat glands
mucous secreting glands
oil secreting glands
salivary glands

109
Q

WHat are the 4 main classes of connective tissue

A

connective tissue proper
cartilage
bone tissue
blood

110
Q

What are the main functions of connective tissue

A

binding and support
protection
insulation
transportation

111
Q

What are the two types of connective tissue proper

A

loose
dense

112
Q

What are the three types of loose connective tissue

A

areolar
adipose
reticular

113
Q

what are the three types of dense connective tissue

A

regular
irregular
elastic

114
Q

what re the three types of cartilage

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

115
Q

What is areolar connective tissue like

A

gel - like matrix
all three cell types: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells and some WBCs

116
Q

What is the function of areolar connective tissue

A

wraps and cushions organs
phagocytize bacteria
plays role in inflammation
holds, moves tissue fluids

117
Q

Where do you find areolar connective tissue

A

widely under epithelia of body
forms lamina propria of mucous membranes
packages organs
surrounds capillaries

118
Q

WHat does adipose connective tissue look like

A

cloely packed adipocytes nucleus pushed to side by large fat droplet

119
Q

What is the function of adipose tissue

A

provide fuel reserve
insulate against heat loss
support / protect organs

120
Q

Where do you find adipose tissue

A

under skin in hypodermis
around kidneys and eyeballs
abdomen and breasts

121
Q

What does loose reticular connective tissue look like

A

network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground network

reticular cells lie on the network

122
Q

What is the function of reticular connective tissue

A

form a soft internal skeleton to support other cells types (wbcs, mast cells and macrophages)

scaffold of lymphatic system and bone marrow

123
Q

where do you find loose reticular connective tissue

A

lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen)`

124
Q

what does dense regular connective tissue look like

A

parallel collagen fibers
few elastic fibers
mostly fibroblasts

125
Q

what is the function of the dense regular connective tissue

A

attaches muscles to bones or to other muscle
attaches bone to bone
withstands tensile stress when force applied in one direction
tendons and ligaments

126
Q

What does dense irregular connective tissue look like

A

irregularly arranged collagen fibers
some elastic fibers
mostly fibroblasts

127
Q

what is the function of dense irregular connectie tissue

A

joint capsules
withstand tensile stress in many directions
structural strength

128
Q

where do you find dense irregular connective tissue

A

fibrous capsules of organs and joints
dermis of skin
submucosa of digestive tract

129
Q

what does dense elastic connective tissue look like

A

high proportion of elastic fibers
very densly packed

130
Q

what is the function of dense elastic connecctive tissue

A

recoil of tissue after stretching
maintain blood flow through arteries
aid in recoil of lungs after inhalation

131
Q

where do you find dense elastic connective tissue

A

walls of arteries
ligaments of the vertebral column
walls of bronchial tubes

132
Q

what does hyaline cartilage look like

A

amorphous but firm matix
collagen fibers form hard to see network
mature chondrocytes in lacunae

133
Q

what is the function of hyaline cartilage

A

support
resilient cushioning
resists compressive stress

134
Q

where do you find hyaline cartilage

A

most of embryonic skeleton
covers ends of long boes in joint cavities to decrease friction
cartilage in ribs, nose, trachea and larnyx

135
Q

what does elastic cartilage look like

A

more elastic fibers in matrix than hyaline

136
Q

what is the function of elastic cartilage

A

maintain shape while allowing for flexibility

137
Q

where do you find elastic cartilage

A

ear (external called pinna), epiglottis

138
Q

what does fibrocartilage look like

A

thick collagen fibers, less firm than hyaline

139
Q

what is the function of fibrocartilage

A

tensile strength
absorb compressive shock

140
Q

where do you find fibrocartilage

A

intervertebral discs

141
Q

What is the primary cell type in bone and what mkes bone hard

A

osteoblasts, made hard by calcium salts

142
Q

What is the basic structure and function of bone

A

osteocytes in lacunae
structural unit = osteon
highly vascularized
support and protect body structures
bone cavities provide place for fat storage and hematopoesis

143
Q

What is the basic structure and function of blood

A

cells surrounded by plasma (fluid matrix)
Three types of cells: neutrophils and leukocytes.
Function = transport

144
Q

What are the types of leukocytes

A

neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils

never let ,monkeys eat bananas

145
Q

what are the main components of the nervous system

A

brain
spinal cord
nerves (regulate and control body functions)

146
Q

two types of cells in nervous tissue

A

neurons
glial cells (supporting cells)

147
Q

parts of a neuron

A

dendrites - receive signal, bring info into the cell body (aka sensory receptors)

axons - take signals away from cell body.

148
Q

Function and structure of muscle tissue

A

most types of body movement
myofilaments: both actin and myosin

3 types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth

149
Q

How to recognize skeletal muscle tissue

A

striations with nuclei between layers
long cylindrical cells packed closely together in layers

150
Q

how to recognize cardiac muscle

A

striations have intercalated discs
most cells unnucleated

151
Q

how to recognize smooth muscle

A

spindle shaped cells
central nuclei
No striations and cells form sheets
On walls of hollow organs

152
Q

What are the two methods of tissue repair

A

regeneration (replace with same tissue)
fibrosis (replace with scar tissue)

153
Q

3 steps in tissue repair

A

inflammation
organization
regeneration

Repair capacity differs by organ

154
Q

epidermis is ______to the dermis

A

superficial

155
Q

What type of tissue is found under the epidermis

A

connective

156
Q

_______is deep to the dermis and not part of the integumentary system

A

hypodermis

157
Q

WHat type of cells is the epidermis made of

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

158
Q

What are the main types of cells in the epidermis

A

kreatinocytes
melanocytes
dendridic cells (immune)
fibroblasts
merkel cells (touch)

159
Q

Layers of [ of epidermis from superficial to deep

can lucy give some blood

A

Stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale

160
Q

most superficial layer of living cells

A

stratum granulosum

161
Q

layer with cells undergoing mitosis

A

stratum basale

162
Q

True or False here is no blood suppy to the epiermis

A

true

163
Q
A
164
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis

A

papillary and reticular

165
Q

true or false the dermis is connective tissue

A

true

165
Q

what can be found in the dermis

A

nerve fibers
blood vesses
lymphatic vessel
hair follicles
sebaceous glands
sweat glands

166
Q

the papillary layer of the dermis contains

A

areolar connective tissue
dermal papillae on superior surface
friction ridges and sweat glands (fingerprints)

167
Q

The reticular layer of the dermis contains

A

dense irregular connective tissue
nourished by cutaneous plexus
clevage lines - collagen patterns
flexure lines reflect dermal modifications (palm)

168
Q

Striae

A

slivery white scars from dermal tearingblister

169
Q
A
169
Q
A

Biology (4 decks)

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