A&P Chapter 1 Flashcards
Gross
Macroscopic
Regional
Regions (includes all components)
Systemic
Systems
Surface
Internal and related to skin
Developmental
Changes over life
Living Bodies Require
homeostasis
maintain boundaries
response to environment
metabolism
dispose waste
reproduce
grow / develop
Integumentary system
hair skin nails
Skeletal system
bones joints
Muscular system
skeletal muscles
Nervous system
brain, spine, nerves
Lymphatic system
red bone marrow
thymus
lymphatic vessels
thoracic duct
spleen
lymph nodes
Respiratory system
Nasal cavity
pharnyx
larynx
trachea
lung
bonchus
Digestive system
oral cavity
esophagus
liver
stomach
large / small intestines
rectum
anus
Endocrine system
Pineal gland
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
thymus
adrenal gland
pancreas
ovary / testis
Cardiovascular system
heart
vessels
Urinary system
kidney
ureter
urinary bladder
uretra
Male Reproductive System
prostate
penis
testis
ductus deferens
scrotum
Female Reproductive System
MAmmary glands
ovary
uterus
vagina
uterine tube
Superior
toward head
Inferior
toward lower end
anterior / ventral
front
posterior / dorsal
back
medial
midline
lateral
outer side(s)
intermediate
between medial and lateral
proximal
closer to origin of part or limb attachment
distal
farther from origin of part or limb attachment
superficial
close to surface
deep
away from surface
cephalic
head
manus
hand
cervical
neck
pedal
foot
abdomenal
abdomen / back
pelvic
pelvis
pubic
genital
thorax
chest
back
dorsum
dorsal body cavity breaks into
cranial cavity and vertebral cavinty
cranial cavity
skull
vertebral cavity
spinal cord
function of dorsal body cavity
protects nervous system organs
ventral body cavity
visceral organs
thoracic cavity
ribs / chest muscles
abdominopelvic cavity
stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, bony pelvis: bladder and some reproductive organs
Pleural cavity
lungs
Mediastinum
pericardial cavity around heart
ventral body cavity broken into
thoracic cavity
abdominopelvic cavity
thoracic cavity broken into
pleural cavity
mediastinum
what separates thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
diaphragm
serosa
serous membrane
membrane lining cavity walls
parietal serosa
membrane covering organs
visceral serosa
layers of serosa
separated by serous fluid
parietal pleurae
lines walls of thoracic cavity
visceral pleurae
covers lungs
parietal peritoneum
walls of abdiminopelvic cavity
visceral peritoneum
covers most abdominopelvic organs
parietal pericardium
pericardial cavity
visceral pericardium
covers heart
Upper right / left abdomen
right / left hypochondriac
upper center of abdomen
epigastric
right/left middle of abdomen
R/L lateral (lumbar)
middle middle of abdomen
umbilical
Right/left lower abdomen
R/L inguinal (iliac)
Variable
factor / event being regulated
Receptor
monitors environment
responds to stimuli
sends input along afferent pathway to control center
Control Center
determines set point
compares input to set point and sends info along efferent pathway to effector
Effector
carries out control centers response to stimulus
Results fed back to increase / decrease the stimulus.
Nervous tissue
internal communication
Types of nervous tissue
brain, spinal cord, nerves
Types of muscle tissue
skeletal (attach to bones)
heart (cardiac)
walls of hollow organs (smooth)
Function of muscle tissue
contract to cause movement
Function of epithelial tissue
form boundaries between different environments, protect, secrete, absorb, filter
Types of connective tissue
bones, tendons, fat, soft padded tissue, blood
Function of connective tissue
support, protect, bind together other tissues
Where can epithelia tissue be found
covering body surface
lining a body cavity
forming glands
Functions of epithelial tissue
protect
absorb
filter
excrete
secrete
receive sensory signals
Epithelial tissue polarity
upper surface (apical ) is free to leumen or cavity
lower surface (basal) attached to basement membrane
How is epithelia classified
number of cell layers and cell shape
simple vs. stratified epithelia
simple = one layer
stratified = 2 or more layers
Squamous
scale like or squahsed flat
Cuboidal
cube shaped
columnar
taller than wide
two exceptions to epithelial naming
transitional and pseudostratified
What is the function of simple squamous epithelium
all diffusion and filtration in places where protection is not important
secreting lubricating substance in serosae
Where can you find simple squamous epithelial cells
kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs. lining of heart, blood vessel, lymphatic vessels, lining of ventral body cavity (serosae)
What does simple cuboidal epithelial tissue look like?
single layer, cube like, large round nucleus.
What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelial tissue
secretion and absorption
Where do you find simple cuboidal epithelial tissue
kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface
What does simple columnar epithelium look like
single layer, tall cells, round to oval nuclei. Some have cilia. Layer may contain goblet cells
What is the function of simple columnar epithelial cells?
Absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes, etc If ciliated, propels mucus or reproductive cells
Where can you find simple columnar epithelial cells
Nonciliated: most of digestive tract from stomach to anal canal, gallbladder and excretory ducts of some glands.
Ciliated: small bronchi, uterine tubes, some regions of uterus.
What does pseudostratified columnar epithelium look like
single layer
cells are differing heights
Not all cells reach free surface
Nuclei at different levels
May have mucus secreting cells or cilia.
What is the function of pseudostratified epithelium
secretion of mucus (and other things)
propulsion of mucus using cilia
Where can you find pseudostratified epithelium
Nonciliated: males sperm carrying ducts and large gland ducts
Ciliated: lines trachea and upper respiratory tract
What does stratified squamous epithelium look like
thick membrane composed of several cell layers.
Base cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active.
Base cells do mitosis and produce the layers of other cells.
surface cells are dead and full of keratin
surface cells are flattened (squamous)
WHat is the function of stratified squamous epithelium
protection of underlying tissues from abrasion
Where do you find stratified squamous epithelium
nonkeratinized: moist linings of esophagus, mouth and vagina
keratinized: epidermis of skin (a dry membrane)
What does transitional epithelium look like?
stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal. basal cells cuboidal or columnar. surface cells are dome shaped or squamous-like (depending on stretch)
What is the function of transitional epithelium
stretches and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine
Where do you find transitional epithelium
lines ureters urinary bladder and parts of urethra
WHat are the two criteria to classify glandular epithelia
site of product release:
ductless = endocrine
true ducts = exocrine
number of cells forming the gland
one (ex. goblet cells)
more than one
Endocrine glands
ductless
secrete hormones that travel through blood to organs
Examples of endocrine glands
pituitary
thyroid
parathyroiid
adrenal
pineal glands
gonads
Exocrine glands
secrete products into ducts
more numerous than endocrine,
products released onto body surface or into cavities
Examples of exocrine glands
sweat glands
mucous secreting glands
oil secreting glands
salivary glands
WHat are the 4 main classes of connective tissue
connective tissue proper
cartilage
bone tissue
blood
What are the main functions of connective tissue
binding and support
protection
insulation
transportation
What are the two types of connective tissue proper
loose
dense
What are the three types of loose connective tissue
areolar
adipose
reticular
what are the three types of dense connective tissue
regular
irregular
elastic
what re the three types of cartilage
hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage
What is areolar connective tissue like
gel - like matrix
all three cell types: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells and some WBCs
What is the function of areolar connective tissue
wraps and cushions organs
phagocytize bacteria
plays role in inflammation
holds, moves tissue fluids
Where do you find areolar connective tissue
widely under epithelia of body
forms lamina propria of mucous membranes
packages organs
surrounds capillaries
WHat does adipose connective tissue look like
cloely packed adipocytes nucleus pushed to side by large fat droplet
What is the function of adipose tissue
provide fuel reserve
insulate against heat loss
support / protect organs
Where do you find adipose tissue
under skin in hypodermis
around kidneys and eyeballs
abdomen and breasts
What does loose reticular connective tissue look like
network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground network
reticular cells lie on the network
What is the function of reticular connective tissue
form a soft internal skeleton to support other cells types (wbcs, mast cells and macrophages)
scaffold of lymphatic system and bone marrow
where do you find loose reticular connective tissue
lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen)`
what does dense regular connective tissue look like
parallel collagen fibers
few elastic fibers
mostly fibroblasts
what is the function of the dense regular connective tissue
attaches muscles to bones or to other muscle
attaches bone to bone
withstands tensile stress when force applied in one direction
tendons and ligaments
What does dense irregular connective tissue look like
irregularly arranged collagen fibers
some elastic fibers
mostly fibroblasts
what is the function of dense irregular connectie tissue
joint capsules
withstand tensile stress in many directions
structural strength
where do you find dense irregular connective tissue
fibrous capsules of organs and joints
dermis of skin
submucosa of digestive tract
what does dense elastic connective tissue look like
high proportion of elastic fibers
very densly packed
what is the function of dense elastic connecctive tissue
recoil of tissue after stretching
maintain blood flow through arteries
aid in recoil of lungs after inhalation
where do you find dense elastic connective tissue
walls of arteries
ligaments of the vertebral column
walls of bronchial tubes
what does hyaline cartilage look like
amorphous but firm matix
collagen fibers form hard to see network
mature chondrocytes in lacunae
what is the function of hyaline cartilage
support
resilient cushioning
resists compressive stress
where do you find hyaline cartilage
most of embryonic skeleton
covers ends of long boes in joint cavities to decrease friction
cartilage in ribs, nose, trachea and larnyx
what does elastic cartilage look like
more elastic fibers in matrix than hyaline
what is the function of elastic cartilage
maintain shape while allowing for flexibility
where do you find elastic cartilage
ear (external called pinna), epiglottis
what does fibrocartilage look like
thick collagen fibers, less firm than hyaline
what is the function of fibrocartilage
tensile strength
absorb compressive shock
where do you find fibrocartilage
intervertebral discs
What is the primary cell type in bone and what mkes bone hard
osteoblasts, made hard by calcium salts
What is the basic structure and function of bone
osteocytes in lacunae
structural unit = osteon
highly vascularized
support and protect body structures
bone cavities provide place for fat storage and hematopoesis
What is the basic structure and function of blood
cells surrounded by plasma (fluid matrix)
Three types of cells: neutrophils and leukocytes.
Function = transport
What are the types of leukocytes
neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils
never let ,monkeys eat bananas
what are the main components of the nervous system
brain
spinal cord
nerves (regulate and control body functions)
two types of cells in nervous tissue
neurons
glial cells (supporting cells)
parts of a neuron
dendrites - receive signal, bring info into the cell body (aka sensory receptors)
axons - take signals away from cell body.
Function and structure of muscle tissue
most types of body movement
myofilaments: both actin and myosin
3 types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth
How to recognize skeletal muscle tissue
striations with nuclei between layers
long cylindrical cells packed closely together in layers
how to recognize cardiac muscle
striations have intercalated discs
most cells unnucleated
how to recognize smooth muscle
spindle shaped cells
central nuclei
No striations and cells form sheets
On walls of hollow organs
What are the two methods of tissue repair
regeneration (replace with same tissue)
fibrosis (replace with scar tissue)
3 steps in tissue repair
inflammation
organization
regeneration
Repair capacity differs by organ
epidermis is ______to the dermis
superficial
What type of tissue is found under the epidermis
connective
_______is deep to the dermis and not part of the integumentary system
hypodermis
WHat type of cells is the epidermis made of
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
What are the main types of cells in the epidermis
kreatinocytes
melanocytes
dendridic cells (immune)
fibroblasts
merkel cells (touch)
Layers of [ of epidermis from superficial to deep
can lucy give some blood
Stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale
most superficial layer of living cells
stratum granulosum
layer with cells undergoing mitosis
stratum basale
True or False here is no blood suppy to the epiermis
true
What are the two layers of the dermis
papillary and reticular
true or false the dermis is connective tissue
true
what can be found in the dermis
nerve fibers
blood vesses
lymphatic vessel
hair follicles
sebaceous glands
sweat glands
the papillary layer of the dermis contains
areolar connective tissue
dermal papillae on superior surface
friction ridges and sweat glands (fingerprints)
The reticular layer of the dermis contains
dense irregular connective tissue
nourished by cutaneous plexus
clevage lines - collagen patterns
flexure lines reflect dermal modifications (palm)
Striae
slivery white scars from dermal tearingblister
