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Human Growth > Unit Test #2 > Flashcards

Unit Test #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Brain Stem

A
  • Controls reflexes, limb movements, and automatic and visceral functions
  • Includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
  • Controls vital functions (breathing, heartbeat, etc.)
  • Already connect and hardwired (while almost all other behaviours or reactions to stimuli need to be learned)
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2
Q

Cerebellum

A

Integrates information from the senses and balance system to coordinate limb movements.

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3
Q

Cerebrum

A

Integrates information from all of the sense organs, initiates motor functions, controls emotions, and holds memory and thought processes.

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4
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Part of the cerebrum, integrates information.

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5
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Connects the left and right hemispheres, and transfers data from either side.

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6
Q

Hippocampus

A

Located within the temporal lobe, it is important or short-term memory.

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7
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Controls body functions, body temperature, and behavioral responses.

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8
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Carries sensory and motor nerves/messages from body to brain.

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9
Q

Thalamus

A

Relays information from the brain stem and spinal cord to the cerebral cortex.

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10
Q

Amygdala

A

Involved with emotions.

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11
Q

The Beginning (brain cells)

A
  • The brain begins to develop very soon after conception
  • The neural tube forms and expands by the 4th week of development, it forms the spinal cord & brain
  • The rate of growth is amazing: brain cells multiply at the rate of 250,000 per minute!
  • By the 6th month, nearly all brain cells or neurons are present in the brain
  • From this point on, growth occurs in the connections between cells
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12
Q

Axon

A

Bead-like tails emerging from the cell body. At the end, simpler branched structures emerges to carry the neural message to the next neuron by passing the message across the synapse.

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13
Q

Dendrite

A

The arms of neuron, “tree branches” sprouting from cell body. Receives messages from other neurons and passes them to the cell body to be processes. Stimulation dramatically increases the number of dendrites and “wires the brain”. A baby has less compared to adolescents.

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14
Q

Neuron

A

The nerve cells that make up the brain, composed of a cell body, an axon, and dendrites. Humans are born with billions of neurons, when lost none are added.

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15
Q

Synapse

A

The space between axons and dendrites = synapse. Electrical current causes chemicals in axon tip to be released (neurotransmitters) and they then flow across synapse and lock onto the dendrite of the next neuron.

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16
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Electrically insulating material that is usually only around the axon. Essential for proper function of nervous system. Myelination = production of myelin sheath (begins in 14th week of fetal development).

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17
Q

Wiring the Brain

A
  • Nerve impulses travel from one neuron to another

- Electrical signals received by the dendrites of a neuron, then passed along the axon to dendrites of adjacent neurons

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18
Q

Pruning

A
  • Connections that are not reinforced weaken
  • Theses connections to the neurons atrophy or die off in a normal process
  • Like a tree- a tree grows stronger when weaker/unnecessary branches are removed; the existing brain connections can be strengthened if weak connections disappear
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19
Q

Window of Opportunity

A
  • Critical periods for brain development

- If the brain circuits involved do not get stimulated or exercised during this time, they may not develop

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20
Q

Factors that can Influence Brain Development

A 
Genetic: 
-	Down Syndrome 
-	Asthma
Environmental 
-	Pollution (ie. PCBs, lead, mercury, phosphates)
-	Alcohol
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21
Q

Prenatal Development - Germinal Period

A
  • First 2 weeks after conception

- Implementation: the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall

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22
Q

Prenatal Development - Embryonic Period

A
  • 2-8 weeks after conception

- Organ genesis, organ formation that takes place during the 2 months of prenatal development

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23
Q

Fetal Period

A
  • 2 months after conception until birth
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24
Q

Conception

A

Occurs when a single sperm cell unites with an ovum cell.

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25
Q

Blastocyst

A

The one week old organism.

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26
Q

Embryo

A

when the blastocyst attached to the uterine wall.

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27
Q

Umbilical Chord

A

A structure that contains 2 arteries and connects developing embryo to mother.

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28
Q

Placenta

A

A group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and offspring intertwine but don’t connect; prevents large molecules (red blood cells and harmful substances).

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29
Q

How many Neurons do Babies have at Birth?

A

100-150

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30
Q

Neural Tube Closing

A

Brain defects related to the brain when neural tube fails to close at about 24 days after conception can include anencephaly, and spina bifada. A strategy that can help to prevent neural tube defects is for women to take adequate amounts of vitamin B and folic acid. In normal pregnancies, the neural tube closes creating neurogenesis: the generation of new neurons, and neuronal migration: cells move outwards from their point of origin to their appropriate locations.

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31
Q

Teratology

A

The field of study that investigates the cause of birth defects.

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32
Q

Teratogen

A

Any agent that can cause a birth defect.

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33
Q

Behavioral Teratology

A

The field of study that investigates why exposures come to teratogens don’t cause physical birth defects but can alter the developing brain and influence cognitive/behavioural functioning.

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34
Q

Genetic Susceptibility

A

Link to genotype of the pregnant woman + the genotype of the embryo fetus.

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35
Q

Time of Exposure

A

Teratogen do more damage at some points of develop. Than others.

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36
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome:

A

A cluster of abnormalities.

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37
Q

Nicotine

A

Preterm birth, low weights, fetal deaths, respiratory problems, SIDS.

38
Q

Cocaine

A

low weight, impaired motor development.

39
Q

Methamphetamine

A

High infant mortality, low weight, memory deficits.

40
Q

Marijuana

A

Lower intelligence, link to marijuana use at 14yrs of age.

41
Q

Heroine

A

Withdrawal symptoms; tremors, crying, etc. and behavioural issues (+ADHD)

42
Q

Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome

A

A lot of symptoms due to abrupt cessation of a drug to which the fetus has become physiologically dependent.

43
Q

Incompatible Blood Types

A

: Rh-factor positive is – if it is present in an individuals red blood cells, Rh-factor neg. – not present (if fetus = Rh+ and mother Rh- could result in miscarriage and more)

44
Q

Environmental Hazards

A

X-ray (if mom doesn’t know about pregnancy), radiation, etc.

45
Q

Rubella

A

German measles

46
Q

Syphilis

A

STD (eye/skin lesions), most states require blood tests to detects STD’s in pregnant women.

47
Q

Genital Herpes

A

STD (brain damage), if active requires a C-section.

48
Q

AIDS

A

STD caused by HIV (destroys body’s immune system). Can happen during 1) gestation across placenta, and 2) during delivery through contact of blood/fluids, postpartum, and breastfeeding.

49
Q

Diabetes

A

Characterized by high sugar levels in the blood.

50
Q

How Maternal Nutrition Impact Fetal Development

A
  • A developing embryo/fetus depends on mother for nutrition through blood
  • Nutrition depends on calorie intake, proteins, vitamins, and minerals
  • Malnourished babies are more likely to be malformed
  • Risk of infertility, hypersensitive disorders, diabetes, and delivery of C-section
  • Folic acid supplements = less behavioral problems (lack thereof is related to tube defects spina bifada)
51
Q

How Maternal Age can Impact Fetal Development

A
  • Adolescence + 35+
  • Mortality rate is 2% greater for adolescence
  • Least likely to obtain prenatal care
  • Mother 35+ risk low birth weight and preterm delivery
  • 40+ down syndrome 1/100 (50+ 1/10)
52
Q

How can Maternal Stress Impact Fetal Development

A
  • Psychological stress can become Physiological chance that may affect the fetus
  • Stress may cause mother to engage in drugs, etc.
  • Genetic: Kids are more likely to have issues and/or language delays
  • Depression linked to preterm birth and slower prenatal growth rate (elevated cortisol levels)
53
Q

Stages of Birth

A

1) Uterine contractions 15-20mins apart last up to 1 min.
2) Baby’s head moves through cervix and birth canal ends when baby emerges
3) Afterbirth – umbilical cord, placenta, and other membranes are detached

54
Q

Analgesia

A

Used to relieve pain (Demerol) tranquilizers, barbiturates, narcotics.

55
Q

Anesthesia

A

Used during 1st stage to block sensation of consciousness.

56
Q

Epidural Block

A

Numbs body from waist down.

57
Q

Oxytocin

A

Synthetic hormones used to stimulate contractions (induce labour).

58
Q

Natural Birth

A

Method that aims to reduce mother’s pain through education and breathing techniques.

59
Q

Prepared Childbirth (Lamaze Method)

A

Similar to natural birth but includes a special breathing technique to control pushing in the final stages of labor.

60
Q

Water birth

A

Giving birth in tub of water (less stressful for baby)

61
Q

Low Birth Weight

A

infants that weight less than 5 and a half lbs at birth.

62
Q

Preterm Birth

A

infants that are born 3 weeks or more before full term.

63
Q

Small for date infants

A

Those whose birth weight is below normal when the length of the pregnancy is considered.

64
Q

Potential Consequences of Preterm and Low Birth Weight Infants

A
  • Language delays
  • Learning disabilities
  • ADHD
  • Asthma
65
Q

Treatments for Preterm Birth

A
  • Kangaroo care

- Massage Therapy

66
Q

Postpartum Period

A

Lasts 6 weeks until mother completes adjustment. During this period mother experiences fatigue, loss of sleep, hormone changes, and involution: uterus returns to pre-birth size.

67
Q

Cephalocaudal Pattern (physical development in infancy)

A

Sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs from the top downward (ex. Shoulder, midtrunk, etc.)

68
Q

Proximodistal Pattern

A

Sequence in which growth starts in the center of the body and moves towards extremities (infants control arms before hands).

69
Q

Newborn Height and Weight

A

20inches, 7 ½ pounds.

70
Q

2yr olds Height and Weights

A

½ adult height, and 26-32 pounds.

71
Q

Lateralization

A

Specialization of function of 1 section (hemisphere) of the cerebral cortex or other: occurs at birth

72
Q

Left hemisphere

A

Speech & hemisphere

73
Q

Right hemisphere

A

Humor & use of metaphors

74
Q

The Brain’s Four Lobes

A
  • Frontal lobe: Voluntary movement, thinking, personality & intentionally or purpose
  • Occipital lobe: Vision
  • Temporal lobe: Has an active role in hearing, language processing and memory
  • Parietal lobe: Play important roles in registering spatial location, attention and motor control
75
Q

The Neuron: is a nerve cell that handles information processing

A
  • The dendrites of the cell body receive information from other neurons, muscles or glands through the axon
  • Axons transmit information away from the cell body
  • A myelin sheath covers most axons and speed information transmission
  • As the axon ends, it branches out into terminal buttons
76
Q

Continued ____lination

A

The process of encasing axons with fat cells, begins prenatally & continues after birth, even into teen years **Greater connectivity & new neural pathways- New dendrites grow, connections among them increase and synaptic connections between axons and dendrites proliferate

77
Q

“Blooming and Pruning”

A

The synaptic connections that are used become strengthened & survive while the unused ones are replaced by other pathways or disappear
Synaptic density is believed to be an important indication of the extent of connectivity between neurons

78
Q

Early Experience in the Brain

A

Depressed brain activity has been found in children who grow up in a deprived environment
Repeated experience wires (and rewires) the brain
The brain is both flexible and resilient

79
Q

Plasticity in the Brain - Michael Rehbein

A

At age 7, he began to experience uncontrollable seizures- as many as 400 a day
Doctors told him the only solution was to remove the left of his brain where the seizures were occurring
His right hemisphere began to reorganize and take over the functions that normally occurred in the left hemisphere, including speech.

80
Q

How much does a typical Newborn sleep?

A

18hrs

81
Q

REM Sleep

A
  • Sleep cycle begins with REM sleep in infants
  • May provide infants with added self-stimulation
  • REM sleep may also promote brain development
  • We do not know whether infants dream or not
82
Q

Shard or co-sleeping

A
  • Varies from culture to culture
  • American Academy of Pediatrics discourages shared sleeping
  • Potential benefits of shared sleeping are:
  • It promotes breast bedding and quicker response to crying
  • It also allows the mother to detect potentially dangerous breathing pauses in baby
83
Q

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A

Infants stop breathing and die for no cause
It’s the highest cause of infant death in the U.S. annually
Its highest risk is at 2-4 months of age
There are many other risk factors associated with SIDS

84
Q

SIDS is:

A

A definite medical entity
Experienced by seemingly healthy victims
A death that occurs quickly, with no signs of suffering & is usually associated with sleeping
Currently unpredictable & not preventable
It is determined after thorough investigation (autopsy) scene investigation and a review
It is the major cause of death between 1 month and 1 year of age (0-4 months mostly)
Claims lives of 7,000+ American babies a year (1 baby every hour)

85
Q

SIDS is not:

A

Caused by external suffocation
Caused by vomiting and choking
Caused by child neglect or abuse
Contagious

86
Q

SIDS Risk Factors

A

Babies who sleep on their stomach
Mothers who smoke during pregnancy and after
Babies whose moms are younger than 20
Babies of moms who had late/no prenatal care
Premature/low birth weight
Soft surfaces (soft mattress, sofa, waterbeds or sheepskins)
Fluffy and loose bedding (pillows and toys)
Less likely if they use a pacifier
Low birth weight 5-10x more likely
Siblings who have died of SIDS are 2-4x as likely
6% of infants with sleep apnea (10 secs +) die of SIDS
African Americans and inuit infants are 4-6x more likely

87
Q

Causes of SIDS

A

Some SIDS babies are born with brain abnormalities (therefore they’re more vulnerable)
In many abnormalities are found in parts of the brainstem that use serotonin as a neurotransmitter & in control of breathing in sleep, sensing carbon dioxide, oxygen and the ability to wake or cardio
They may lack a protective brain mechanism leading babies to wake up and breath (function) that would normally work

88
Q

Nutritional Needs and Eating Behaviour

A

50 calories per day for each pound they weigh
Fruits and vegetables by the end of one’s 1st year
Poor dietary patterns lead to increasing rates of overweight and obese infants
Breastfeeding reduces the risk of obesity
Benefits include:
Gastrointestinal infections
Lower respiratory tract infections
Allergies
Asthma
Otitis Meda (middle ear infection)
Atopic Dermatitis (inflammation of skin)
Overweight & obesity
Diabetes (Type-1 in childhood and Type-2 in adulthood)
SIDS
Benefits for mother:
Breast cancer
Ovarian cancer
Type-2 diabetes

89
Q

Malnutrition in Infancy

A

Early weaning can cause malnutrition

90
Q

Areas of brain and functions

A

Temporal lobe: speech
Frontal lobe: “command centre” personality
Occipital lobe: sight
Parietal lobe: sensory

Human Growth (2 decks)

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