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Human Growth > Exam Review > Flashcards

Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is human development?

A

The pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human lifespan

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2
Q

What is a family?

A

A group consisting of parents and children living together in a household.

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3
Q

What are the strands of development?

A

Physical, emotional, moral, social, intellectual.

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4
Q

What is Erikson’s theory of development?

A

Believed humans develop in psychosocial stages and the primary motivations for human behaviour are social.
Birth - 1yr = trust vs. Mistrust
1-3yr = autonomy vs. Shame and doubt
4-5yr = initiative vs. Guilt
Elementary = industry vs. Inferiority
Adolescence = identity vs. Identity confusion
Early adulthood = intimacy vs. Isolation
Mid adulthood = generativity vs. Stagnation
Late adulthood = integrity vs. Despair

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5
Q

What is Freud’s development theory?

A

Psychoanalytical theory

  • mind divided into conscious and unconscious
  • id = physical satisfaction
  • superego = moral thing
  • ego = referee
Birth-18mon = oral
15mon-3yrs = anal 
3-6yrs = phallic 
6-puberty = latency
Puberty-late adulthood = genital
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6
Q

What is Jean Piaget’s development theory?

A

That the growth of a child’s intellect happens in the set order if stages and continues from infancy to adulthood.

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7
Q

What is assimilation?

A

People incorporate new info into their existing knowledge.

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8
Q

What is accommodation?

A

People adjust to new info.

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9
Q

What is Lawrence Kohlberg’s development theory?

A

Theory of moral development. Morality starts from the early childhood years and can be affected by several factors.

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10
Q

What is Carol Gilligan’s development theory?

A

Theory of moral development for woman, the transitions between the stages are fuelled by changes in the sense of self rather than changes in cognitive ability.

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11
Q

What is Bronfenbrenner’s theory?

A

Bio-ecological approach, focusses on five environmental systems:

  • Microsystems
  • Mesosystems
  • Exosystems
  • Macrosystems
  • Chronosystems
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12
Q

What is Vygostky’s development theory?

A

Sociocultural cognitive theory.

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13
Q

What is B.F. Skinner’s development theory?

A

Skinners operant conditioning. Show that consequences of a behaviour produced changes in the probability of the behaviours future occurrence.

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14
Q

Pavlov

A

Dogs treat conditioning.

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15
Q

What is Albert Bandura’s development theory?

A

Social cognitive theory.

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16
Q

What is John B Watson’s development theory?

A

Classical conditioning.

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17
Q

What is resilience?

A

The ability to steer through serious challenges and find ways to bounce back and to thrive. This is important because people who have resilience are healthier and live longer are happier in the relationships are more successful in school and work and are less likely to get depressed.

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18
Q

What is neuroscience?

A

Any or all of the sciences which deal with the structure or function of the nervous system and brain.

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19
Q

What is the brain stem?

A
  • controls reflexes, limbs, and automatic functions
  • includes: midbrain, pons and medulla oblong at a
  • controls vital functions
  • connected and hard wired (all other need to be learned/wired in)
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20
Q

What is cerebellum?

A

Integrates information from the senses and balance system to coordinate limb movements.

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21
Q

Cerebrum

A

Integrates information from all of the sense organs, initiates motor functions, controls emotions, and holds memory and thought processes.

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22
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Part of the cerebrum, integrates info.

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23
Q

Hippocampus

A

Located within the Temporel lobe, it is important for short term memory.

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24
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Controls body functions, body temperature, and behavioural responses.

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25
Q

Spinal cord

A

Carries sensory and motor nerves/messages from body to brain.

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26
Q

Thalamus

A

Relays information from the brainstem and spinal cord to the cerebral cortex.

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27
Q

Amygdala

A

Involved with emotions.

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28
Q

Brain wiring

A

Nerve impulses travel from one neuron to another. Electrical signals received by the dendrites of a neuron, then passed along the oxen to dendrites of adjacent neurons.

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29
Q

Blooming and pruning

A

The synaptic connections that are used become strengthened and survive while the unused ones are replaced by other pathways or disappear.

30
Q

Axon

A

Long thread bead-like tails emerging from the cell body. At the end of the bead like suction similar branded structure emerges to carry the neural message to the next neuron by passing the message across the synapse.

31
Q

Dendrite

A

The arms of a neuron. Receives messages from other neurons and passes them to the cell body to be processed.

32
Q

Neuron

A

A cell body.

33
Q

Synapse

A

The space between accidents and dendrites. Electrical currents causes chemicals and axon tip to release these chemicals are called neurotransmitters.

34
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Electrically insulating material that is usually only around the axon.

35
Q

Window of opportunity

A

Critical periods for brain development. If the brain circuits involved do not get stimulated or exercise during this time, they may not develop (0-3yrs).

36
Q

Factors that influence brain development

A

Genetic: Down syndrome, autism.
Environmental: alcohol, culture.

37
Q

Teratogens

A

Substances or environmental agents which caused the development of abnormal cell masses during fetal growth, resulting in physical defects in the fetus.

38
Q

Time of exposure

A

Teratogen do more damage at some points of development.

39
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

A cluster of abnormalities.

40
Q

What are the effects of nicotine on a fetus?

A

Preterm birth, low weight, foetal death’s, respiratory problems, SIDS.

41
Q

What is the effect of cocaine on a fetus?

A

Low weight, impaired motor development.

42
Q

What is the effect of meth on fetus?

A

High infant mortality, low weight, memory deficits.

43
Q

The effects of marijuana on a fetus?

A

Lower intelligence.

44
Q

What is the effect of heroine use on a fetus?

A

Withdrawal symptoms, behavioural issues, and ADHD.

45
Q

Neonatal abstinence syndrome

A

Symptoms dues to abrupt cessation of a drug.

46
Q

Incompatible blood types

A

If fetus = Rh+ and mother = Rh- could result in miscarriage.

47
Q

Environmental hazards in pregnancy

A

X-rays, radiation, etc.

48
Q

How does maternal nutrition impact fetal development?

A
  • malnourished babies are more likely to be malformed

- folic acid supplements = less behavioural problems.

49
Q

How can maternal age impact fetal development?

A
  • adolescence + 35+
  • mortality rate is 2% greater for adolescence
  • least likely to obtain prenatal care
  • mother 35+ risks low birth weight and preterm delivery
  • 40+ Down syndrome 1/100
50
Q

How can maternal stress impact fetal development?

A
  • psychological stress can become physiological
  • may cause mother to engage in drugs
  • genetics
51
Q

Prenatal care is divided into 3 periods…

A

Germinal period: first 2 weeks, implementation: the attachement of the zygote to uterine wall.

Embryonic period: 2-8weeks, organ genesis, organ formation.

Fetal period: 2 months after conception until birth.

52
Q

Conception

A

Occurs when single sperm cell unites with an ovum cell.

53
Q

Blastocyst

A

The one week old organism.

54
Q

Embryo

A

When the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall.

55
Q

Umbilical cord

A

A structure that contains two arteries and connects developing embryo to mother.

56
Q

Placenta

A

A group of tissues in which small blood vessel’s from the mother and offspring intertwine but don’t connect. Prevents large molecules like harmful substances.

57
Q

How many neurons do babies have at birth?

A

100-150

58
Q

Neural tube closing

A

Bring defects are related to win the brain neural tube fails to close at about 24 days after conception. Adequate amounts of vitamin B and folic acid work to prevent this. In normal pregnancies the neural tube closes creating neurogenesis: the generation of new neurons, and neuronal migration: cells move outwards from their point of origin to their appropriate locations.

59
Q

Teratology

A

The field of study that investigates the cause of birth defects.

60
Q

Bowlby’s attachement theory

A
  • -> separation experiments in hospitals.
    1) protest
    2) despair
    3) detachment
61
Q

Harlow’s attachement theory

A

–> separated monkeys from mothers at early age and set up to surrogate mothers and conducted tests.
Results: monkeys would go to wire mother for nutrients, then always return to comfort of the fabric mother.

62
Q

Ainsworth attachment theory

A 
Caregiver is effective if they can:
- hear infants purpose 
- interpret signal correctly 
- respond well accordingly
Degrees of attachment:
1) secure infants 
2) anxious avoidant infants 
3) anxious ambivalent infants
63
Q

Broca

A

The Broca’s area is responsible for speech production, language comprehension, interpreting the actions of others & personal speech-associated gestures.

64
Q

Wernicke

A

Language development.

65
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

Wisdom (accumulated info and verbal skills).

66
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

Once ability to reason abstractly, begins to decline mid adulthood years.

67
Q

Socialization

A

The process of learning the skills required to survive in your culture.

68
Q

Agents of socialization

A

Family (primary) - language, communication, self care, gender roles, self image.
Secondary - school, peers,media, religion, work, etc.

69
Q

Parenting styles

A

Authoritarian: strict parents
Authoritative: in between
Dismissive: very lenient

70
Q

Changes that occur in adult stages of the lifespan

A

Early:
- Muscle development and motor control is at peak (childbearing prime time)
Middle
- hair greys, skin wrinkles, muscle tone decreases, hearing loss, visual activity declines, weight gain, (female = menopausal)
Late
- physically on the decline, physical activity helps prevent dementia.

71
Q

Ageism

A

Prejudice against others because of their age: especially older adults.

72
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Connects left and right hemispheres

Human Growth (2 decks)

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